1

Electrical Engineering &

Telecommunications
Lecturer:
Ted Spooner
AC Power.
Elec1111 Elec1111
Rm124A EE email: e.spooner@unsw.edu.au
Today
AC Power
Apparent
Real
Reactive
Power factor
Z
V
I
V
Z
L
=a +jb
I
INDUCTIVE
I lags V
V
Z
L
=a +j0
I
RESISTIVE
I in phase with V
V
Z
L
=a - jb
I
CAPACITIVE
I leads V
Instantaneous AC Power
p =const +cosine term in 2
2
) . 2 cos( ) cos(
) cos( ) cos( cos cos 2 Remember
) . cos( ). . cos(
) . cos(
) . cos(
.

+ +
=
+ + =
+ =
+ =
=
=
t VI VI
p
B A B A B A
t t VI p
t I i
t V v
i v p
Z
V
I
2
R Instantaneous AC Power
2
) . 2 cos( ) cos(
.
+ +
=
=
t VI VI
p
i v p
) . 2 cos(
) . 2 cos(
2 2
) . 2 cos(
2
) 0 cos(
2
0 Resistor
t I V I V p
t
VI VI
p
t
VI VI
p
rms rms rms rms

+ =
+ =
+ =
=
NOTE:
V & I are peak values
V
rms
=V/2
I
rms
= I /2
VI/2 =V
rms
I
rms
V
I
L Instantaneous AC Power
2
) . 2 cos( ) cos( + +
=
t VI VI
p
) 90 - . 2 cos(
) 90 - . 2 cos(
2
) 90 . 2 cos(
2
) 90 cos(
2
0 9 Inductor
t I V p
t
VI
p
t
VI VI
p
rms rms

=
=
+ =
=
V
I
C Instantaneous AC Power
2
) . 2 cos( ) cos( + +
=
t VI VI
p
) 90 . 2 cos(
) 90 . 2 cos(
2
) 90 . 2 cos(
2
) 90 cos(
2
0 9 Capacitor
+ =
+ =
+ + =
=
t I V p
t
VI
p
t
VI VI
p
rms rms

V
I
AC Average Power
Average power dissipated in a resistor:
Average power dissipated in inductor or
capacitor =0
R
V
R I I V P
rms
rms rms rms R
2
2
. = = =
3
Apparent power
Z
V
rms
Irms
Apparent Power =V
rms
I
rms
Expressed in VA
Real power
Z
V
rms
Irms
)} . 2 cos( ) {cos( + + = t I V p
rms rms
) cos( P P
Power Real or Average
real ave

rms rms
I V = =
Expressed in Watts
power factor (pf) = cos()
P
real
=(Apparent Power) .(pf)
Reactive power
Z
V
rms
Irms
) sin( P
Power Imaginary or Reactive
imag

rms rms
I V =
Expressed in VArs
Resistive
Load
Z
V
rms
Irms
0 ) 0 sin( P
Power Imaginary or Reactive
) 0 cos( P
Power Real
imag
real
= =
= =
rms rms
rms rms rms rms
I V
I V I V
0
Z
V
I
0 R j0 R Z
~
~
~
~
= =
= + =
R
V
power factor (pf) = cos() =1
4
Inductive
Load
Z
V
rms
Irms
rms rms rms rms
rms rms
I V I V
I V
= =
= =
) 90 sin( P
Power Imaginary or Reactive
0 ) 90 cos( P
Power Real
imag
real
90
. Z
V
I
0 9 . .L j 0 Z
~
~
~
~
= =
= + =
L
V
L

power factor (pf) = cos() =cos(-90) =0
Capacitive
Load
Z
V
rms
Irms
rms rms rms rms
rms rms
I V I V
I V
+ = + =
= + =
) 90 sin( P
Power Imaginary or Reactive
0 ) 90 cos( P
Power Real
imag
real
90 .C
Z
V
I
0 9
.C
1
.C j
1
0 Z
~
~
~
~
+ = =
= + =

V
power factor (pf) = cos() =cos(90) =0
Power
Z
V
rms
Irms
) cos( P
Power

rms rms
I V =
Expressed in Watts
power factor (pf) = cos()
P
real
=(Apparent Power) .(pf)
Z
V
I
V
Z
L
=a +jb
I
INDUCTIVE
V
Z
L
=a +j0
I
RESISTIVE
V
Z
L
=a - jb
I
CAPACITIVE
I lags V
pf <1 lagging
Real Power +ve
Reactive Power +ve
I in phase with V
pf =1
Real Power +ve
Reactive Power 0
I leads V
pf <1 leading
Real Power +ve
Reactive Power -ve
5
Examples
6
Energy
A domestic electricity customer is generally
charged for their electricity based on energy
used.
Energy is expressed in kWh and is Real power
consumed integrated over time.
=V.Icos()
Terms used for Real power are the same
Power, Real Power, Average Power, Active Power
Charges for VA
What if a customer has a load with a very poor
power factor cos()0
Electricity utility has to supply lots of I (which means
lots of I
2
R in the power system wires) but does not
get much in $ return to the utility.
RESULT is that generally commercial and industrial
customers are charged a VA cost as well as a Real
power cost.
Thus there is a real incentive for industrial and
commercial customers to keep their powerfactor
close to 1.
So how do they do this????