Azadeh Kamjoo

Alireza Maheri
Ghanim Putrus
Arash Dizqah

School of Computing Engineering and Information Sciences
Northumbria University
Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Email: azadeh.kamjoo@northumbria.ac.uk

OPTIMAL SIZING OF GRID-CONNECTED HYBRID WIND-PV
SYSTEMS WITH BATTERY BANK STORAGE
Outline:
Introduction
Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) Components
Design of HRES
Energy Flow in Grid-connected HRES with a Battery
HRES Components & Design Data
Model Development
Optimisation Problem & Design Scenarios
Case Study- Kent, UK
Results
Conclusions
Drivers
Climate changes and greenhouse effect
Global increase in electricity demand
Limitations in Fossil fuel resources
Remote places with no Grid
connection
Renewable energy resources
available, green and free
Find other energy resources
Climate dependent & unpredictable
Wind Solar
Use more than one renewable energy resource
With a proper backup system such as DG or battery bank
Hybrid Renewable
Energy Systems
(HRES)
Introduction
Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) Components:
HRES
Power production sources
Renewable- based
Non renewable- based
Wind
Solar Thermal
PV
Backup Auxiliary
Grid connected
Stand-alone
Battery bank Hydrogen
Diesel generator
Hydro
Storage
Ground Source
Design Inputs
Load profile
Meteorological data (Solar irradiance and wind speed)
Wind turbine, PV system and battery bank technical specifications
Grid electricity prices (peak and off-peak hours)
Feed-in tariffs (if applicable)











Design of HRES
Design Candidates Analysis
Components modelling
Cost Analysis
Optimisation process and choosing the best (optimum) solution











Energy Flow in Grid-Connected HRES with a Battery
Load
Scenario1:
a) From PV and WT towards the load
b) Sell the surplus to the grid
c) Buy the shortage from grid
(off-peak and peak)

Scenario2:
a) From PV and WT towards the load
b) Charge the battery with excess
power
c) Sell the excess to the grid if the
battery is charged
d) Use grid for power shortage in off-
peak hours and battery for
shortages in peak hours



HRES Components & Design Data
HRES Components
Deterministic
Design Methodology
Under uncertainties
Stand-alone
System Type
Grid-connected
Return On Investment
Assessment Criteria
Reliability
Model Development
To Analyse the overall HRES performance the individual components need to be modelled:
Wind Turbine
PV Panel
Battery Bank











HRES Components Modelling:
Economic Analysis:
Income Modelling
Cost Modelling
Return On Investment











wt w p wt
A V C P
3
2
1
=
Wind Turbine Model
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Wind Speed (m/s)
P
o
w
e
r

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

(
C
p
)
HRES Components Modelling: Wind Turbine System
: Winds available power
: Air density
: Power coefficient
: Hourly average wind speed
: Rotor disk area
p
C
wt
P

w
V
wt
A
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
ref
0
hub
ref w
z
z
ln
z
z
ln
V V
PV Panel Model
PV PV PV
A I P =
HRES Components Modelling: PV Panel System
I
: Horizontal irradiance
: PV panels area
: efficiency of the PV arrays
PV
A
PV
q
Battery Bank Model
bat
C bat
C
t t I
t SOC t SOC
q
o
A
+ = +
) (
(t)) 1 )( ( ) 1 (
bat
bat
C
t t I
t SOC t SOC
A
= +
) (
(t)) 1 )( ( ) 1 ( o
V
t P t P t P
t I
load wt PV
bat
) ( ) ( ) (
) (
+
=
V
t P t P t P
t I
wt PV load
bat
) ( ) ( ) (
) (

=
)
`

A

+ =
t
c SOC t SOC
t SOC SOC c C I t I
bat bat
) 1 )( ) ( (
)) ( ( ( , min , 0 max ) (
min
max max max ,
HRES Components Modelling: Battery Bank
While discharging
While charging
where
where
with constraint of:
Economic Analysis:
Cost Modelling


Initial Capital Cost
Replacement Cost
O & M Cost
Cost of Buying Elec. from Grid
Income Modelling


Feed-in Tariff
Selling Elec. to Grid
Return On Invest.
grid , Sell FIT
I I TI + =
grid buy M O rep IC
C C C C TC
, &
+ + + =
Optimisation Problem and Design Scenarios




Design scenario1: The power shortage will be maintained from grid in off-peak
and peak hours



Design Scenario2: The power shortage will be maintained from grid in off-peak
hours and from battery bank during peak hours

+ +
+
=
, P P P
, P P
P
grid PV wt
PV wt
HRES _ Total

+ +
+
=
Bat
grid
PV WT
PV WT
HRES Total
P
P
P P
P P
P
,
_
100
TC
TC TI
ROI max

=
The optimisation problem can be formulated as:
If power generated by wind turbine and PV is sufficient to
cover the load demand.
If power generated by wind turbine and PV is insufficient to
cover the load demand.
If power generated by wind turbine and PV is sufficient to
cover the load demand.
If power generated by wind turbine and PV is insufficient to
cover the load demand during off-peak hours
If power generated by wind turbine and PV is insufficient to
cover the load demand during peak hours
Case Study( Kent, UK)- Design Inputs
COMPONENTS DESIGN PARAMETERS



Efficiency
(%)
Lifetime
(year) Initial Cost O&M Cost
Interest
Rate(%)
Inflation rate
(%)
Feed-in Tariff
(c/kWh)
PV panel 12.3 25 600 ($/m2) 1% of price 8 4
27
WT 20 700 ($/m2) 3% of price 8 4
44
Battery Bank 90 8 1.5 ($/Ah) 1% of price 8 4
-
BATTERY BANKS SPECIFICATION


Nomial Capacity
(Ah)
Nominal Voltage
(V)
DOD
(%)
Number of
Cycles
Battery
Bank
40 24 90 535
Components technical and economical data
Average solar radiation data
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
Hour
S
o
l
a
r

I
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e

(
W
/
m
2
)

Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
Hour
S
o
l
a
r

I
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e

(
W
/
m
2
)

Jan
Feb
Mar
Oct
Nov
Dec
Average wind speed data
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Hour
W
i
n
d

S
p
e
e
d

(
m
/
s
)

Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Hour
W
i
n
d

S
p
e
e
d

(
m
/
s
)

Jan
Feb
Mar
Oct
Nov
Dec
Load profile
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
2800
3200
3600
4000
Hour
D
e
m
a
n
d

(
W
)

Summer
Winter
Grid electricity prices
GRID ELECTRICITY PRICES IN UK
Grid
Standard Tariff
(c/kWh)
First 900kWh 29
Consumptions after
first 900kWh
17
Selling electricity to
grid (c/kWh)
5
OPTIMUM CONFIGURATION OF EACH PRICE RATE


Peak price/Off-peak
price
WT Rotor Disk
Area (m2)
PV Panel
Area(m2)
Number of
Batteries
Grid Supply
for Peak hour
1.1 28.27 0 0 Yes
1.3 28.27 0 0 Yes
1.5 40.72 0 0 Yes
1.7 40.72 0 0 Yes
1.9 40.72 0 0 Yes
2.1 40.72 0 0 Yes
2.3 40.72 0 32 No
2.5 40.72 0 32 No
2.7 40.72 0 32 No
2.9 40.72 0 32 No
Standard electricity tariff in off-peak and peak hours in UK.
The HRES is designed under different assumptions for the peak hours price.
Below table shows the optimum solution for each of peak price assumption.













Results- Optimum Config. Under 10 different Peak hour Tariffs









PV Area vs. HRES Performance and Cost
0
100
200
300
400
40
50
60
70
1
2
3
4
x 10
5
PV Area (m2)
WT & PV total share
in load satisfaction
C
o
s
t
No PV in optimum configuration of any peak hour price assumptions.
The wind power is dominant in the desired site.
The figure shows the effect of adding PV panel on a sample for wind turbine with overall share of
45% in load satisfaction. It can be seen that by increasing the area of PV arrays from zero to 400 m
2

the HRES share increases by 25% in the load demand satisfaction while the total cost of system
increases significantly












Results Economical & Technical Aspects of Adding PV Panel
Adding 400 m
2

of PV panel is capable of
adding 25% to produced
power of HRES which is
not cost effective comparing
to other configurations
without PV panel.









Peak price tariffs can be divided into three categories:

Peak Prices<= 1.3Off-peak hours
The wind turbine size is small
The shortage is obtained from grid in off-peak and
peak hours

1.3<Peak Prices< 2.3Off-peak hours
Larger wind turbine
Less power from grid in off-peak and peak hours.

Peak Prices>= 2.3Off-peak hours
The battery bank is added for peak hours shortage
The grid provides the power shortage in off-peak
hours




Results- Resources Share Vs. Peak Hour Tariffs
















Share vs. Peak Hour Price Rate
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Peak Hour Price/Off-peak hour Price
S
h
a
r
e

(
%
)


Battery Bank
Grid
Wind Turbine
(1) Peak price=1.1 Off-peak (2) Peak price=1.9 Off-peak (3) Peak price= 2.3 Off-peak
5 5.25 5.5 5.75 6 6.25 6.5 6.75 7 7.25 7.5
x 10
4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
S
h
a
r
e

(
%
)
Total Cost ($)


5 5.25 5.5 5.75 6 6.25 6.5 6.75 7 7.25 7.5
x 10
4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
R
e
t
u
r
n

o
n

I
n
v
e
s
t
m
e
n
t

(
%
)
Battery Share
Grid Share
Renewable Share
ROI
6.85 6.9 6.95 7 7.05 7.1 7.15 7.2 7.25
x 10
4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
S
h
a
r
e

(
%
)
Total Cost ($)


6.85 6.9 6.95 7 7.05 7.1 7.15 7.2 7.25
x 10
4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
R
e
t
u
r
n

o
n

I
n
v
e
s
t
m
e
n
t

(
%
)
Battery Share
Grid Share
Renewable Share
ROI
6.9 6.95 7 7.05 7.1 7.15 7.2 7.25 7.3 7.35 7.4 7.45 7.5
x 10
4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
S
h
a
r
e

(
%
)
Total Cost ($)


6.9 6.95 7 7.05 7.1 7.15 7.2 7.25 7.3 7.35 7.4 7.45 7.5
x 10
4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
R
e
t
u
r
n

o
n

I
n
v
e
s
t
m
e
n
t

(
%
)
Battery Share
Grid Share
Renewable Share
ROI



















Comparison between two best solutions of three different Peak prices

The figure shows that at peak tariffs less than 1.5 there is no justification to add the battery
bank.
As the peak hour price increases to 1.5 times the off-peak hour the configuration with batteries
appear as the second best options yet not the best one.
The configuration with the battery bank becomes the optimum configuration when the peak
hour price reaches to 2.3 times more than the off-peak hour price.




Results- Comparison Between 2 Best Config. Of 3 Peak Hour Tariff














The produced power of each source for typical months

Hour (February)
P
o
w
e
r

(
W
)


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Demand
WT Power
Battery Power
Grid Power
Hour (October)
P
o
w
e
r

(
W
)


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Demand
WT Power
Battery Power
Grid Power
Hour (November)
P
o
w
e
r

(
W
)


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Demand
WT Power
Battery Power
Grid Power
Hour (December)
P
o
w
e
r

(
W
)


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Demand
WT Power
Battery Power
Grid Power
The battery bank is used in four months of the year in which the wind speed is low.
In other months either the wind turbine produces sufficient power or the shortage occurs in off-
peak hours and the shortage is maintained from the grid.



Results- Demand & Power Of Each Resource

Based on desired site meteorological characteristic adding a renewable
resource may not be economically viable. (Ex. PV panels in current case study)
Different prices at different hours requires development of new design methods
in grid-connected HRES, where the grid is required to provide electricity
during the shortage hours.
At some grid electricity prices adding the battery may have no justification
Adding a small storage system to cover the electricity shortage during peak
hours can be a good solution at peak hour tariffs.
The outcome of the design would be economically more profitable
The HRES owner would be less dependent on the grid.



Conclusions
Thank You.