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D.S. Corpuz, J.L. de Guzman and J.M. Golbin, 2008. The purpose of this experiment is to validate graphically the Carman-
Kozeny, Burke-Plummer, and Ergun Equations. This was done by passing water upward at varying flow rates into a bed of particles. The
experiment gave values of 5x106 for the Kozeny-Carman constant and 36.07 for the Burke-Plummer constant, which is far from theoretical
value. The experiment, however, was able to verify the direct relationship of bed height and bed porosity with the Reynolds number and
relationship of pressure drop with the Reynolds number.
Keywords: bed height, bed porosity, Burke-Plummer Equation, Carman-Kozeny Equation, Ergun Equation, friction factor, mean velocity,
minimum fluidization velocity, porosity, pressure drop, Reynolds number
Packed beds and fluidized beds play a major role in many Burke-Plummer equation
chemical engineering processes. Packed-bed situations include
processes such as filtration, wastewater treatment, and the flow
of crude oil in a petroleum reservoir. Fluidized beds are used
extensively in the chemical process industries, particularly for
the cracking of high-molecular-weight petroleum fractions * equation 7.20 (McCabe, 2001)
(http://www.eng.buffalo.edu). When a fluid is pumped upward
through a bed of fine solid particles at a very low flow rate, the Eq. 3 is used to determine the pressure drop in turbulent flow
fluid penetrates through the void spaces without disturbing the region where the kinetic energy losses significantly affect the
bed. This process is known as the packed bed process. If the system. NRe is greater than 4000. The theoretical constant is
upward flow rate is steadily increased, the pressure drop 1.75.
increases. The pressure drop across the bed counterbalances the
force of gravity on the particles. Increasing the velocity further Ergun Equation
makes the particles separated enough to move about the bed and
become suspended in the fluid. This is the onset of fluidization
and is termed as fluidized bed.
After achieving incipient fluidization, increasing the fluid flow Flow meter Calibration
velocity does not result in any significant increase in the
pressure drop as the bed expands to reduce the resistance to The carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and mercury (Hg) manometer
flow. Finally, at conditions of entrainment, the pressure drop were connected to the valve regulating water flow. Several
decreases as the entrained particles offer little resistance to flow. sample points were gathered to measure the actual flow rate
from no flow to maximum flow. Using the bucket method, flow
rates (F) were calculated by measuring the time required to fill
the bucket with water and the corresponding weight of the water Kozeny-Carman Equation
at different sample points. Concurrently, the manometer level or
∆K O2/ P 1 - .N
g MN N 11
the height difference (∆h) of both fluid (Hg and CCl4) was read.
These calculated F, together with the ∆h, determined the meter L c QR .S
constant Cv by regression analysis. * from equation 22.76 (Foust, 1980)
k2 is the Kozeny-Carman experimental constant obtained using:
0µ 1‐ε2
V lbm
x‐axis ( +
Pressure drop Measurement
,
D2p ε3 ft 2 s 2
lbm
(ft 2s 2+
The flow rate was varied, and the ∆h between the CCl4 and Hg ΔP
y‐axis gY,
manometers was recorded. L
The data recorded in this experiment included the time to fill the [O2/N 1 - .
g c MZ 12
∆K
L QR . S
bucket with a certain mass of water in seconds (t), the mass of
water in pounds (mw), bed height in cm (L), and manometer
level (∆h). These variables will be used to calculate for the * from equation 22.82 (Foust, 1980)
following terms:
lb mass water
volumetric low rate F 5 k4 is the experimental constant obtained using:
s time 02 1‐ε
ρV lb
x‐axis Dp ε3
, (ft2ms 2+
ft F
average velocity V 6 ΔP lbm
s ρH2O Ap y‐axis g , ( +
L Y ft 2 s 2
ft
0 ε · average velocity
supericial velocity V 7
Ergun Equation
s
∆K QRN .S ]^_
gc 2 MN \ MZ 13
L PO/ 1 - .N 1 - .
*from equation 7.14 (McCabe, 2001)
)
bed porosity = ε = ( + 1 - ./
)*
* from equation 22.85 (Foust, 1980)
222
V0 ·ρ·Dp The corresponding equations for the axes of the Ergun equation
NRe 8
µ
are
NRe
x‐axis
*from equation 7.2 (McCabe, 2001) 1‐ε
∆K QRN .S
y‐axis `
L a PO/ 1 - .N
pressure drop ∆hρA ‐ρB 9
During fluidization, several regions are expected to be observed
The flow meter was first calibrated, and the value of the flow which include the laminar, transition, and turbulent regimes. For
meter constant was determined. The calibration equation was the laminar flow, the Kozeny-Carman equation is used.
given as Turbulent flow obeys the Burke-Plummer equation. Meanwhile,
< => ?∆@AABC (10) the Ergun equation can be applied for the entire range of flow
where F is the flow rate in lb/s, and ∆h is in inches. rates, and it is assumed that the kinetic energy and viscous
Determination of Cv
losses are additive.
1.4
From the calculated flow rates, the Reynolds number for each
1.2
data point as then calculated using Eq. 10 and Eq. 5 to 8. Table 1
Flow rate, lb/s
1
shows the calculated values for a single trial.
0.8 y = 1.137x - 0.091
0.6 R² = 0.966
Table. 1 Sample NRe calculation
?∆@bc , √de
0.4
F, lb/s mean v, ft/s superficial v, ft/s Nre
0.2
0 0.70710 0.80398 0.620968704 0.602774321 887.6871286
0 0.5 1 1.5
0.836660 0.95128 0.734740079 0.717517771 1056.666265
sqrt(H CCl4), sqrt(in)
Fig.1 Determination of Cv 0.894427 1.016963 0.785470184 0.770741047 1135.046539
It was determined from the slope of Fig.1 that the flow meter 0.948683 1.07865 0.83311694 0.818095201 1204.78354
DE⁄F
constant is 1.137 , with an experimental error of -0.091. This In the experiment, all data points fell under the laminar flow
√IJ
error is probably due to the inaccurate bucket method, and that regime, with NRe < 2100. None had an NRe > 4000.
the meter just got repaired. The Cv was used for subsequent
determinations of flow rates. The Kozeny-Carman equation is applicable to laminar flow. Fig.
2 shows the determination of the experimental Kozeny-Carman
From the flow rates and manometer readings, and using some constant.
necessary laboratory constants, such as bed porosity ε and pipe
diameter, the experimental data were plotted (using the
following equations) and compared to the theoretical constants
given by Kozeny-Carman, Burke-Plummer, and Ergun
equations.
Determination of the Kozeny-Carman constant Table 2. Comparison of Experimental and Book Values
14000 KC BP
12000 Trial 1 6.00E+06 22.24
10000 Trial 2 4.00E+06 51.25
8000 Trial 3 5.00E+06 34.65
y = 6E+06x + 2643.
6000 R² = 0.971 average 5.00E+06 36.04667
4000
2000 theoretical 1.50E+02 1.75
0
% error 3.33E+06 1959.81
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 The experimental constants were determined for three trials, and
Fig. 2 Experimental Kozeny-Carman constant were averaged to complete the table. The very high percentage
error may be attributed to the inaccuracy of the manometer and
The slope of Fig. 2 gives the experimental Kozeny-Carman flow rate readings, and to the fact that the equipments were old.
constant, and shown to be is 6x106 with an error of 2643. This In fact, the CCl4 manometers just got broken and repaired prior
error accounts for the inaccuracy of the manometer. Some of the to this experiment. Another source of error was that the initial
error may have also been due to the calculated Cv. ∆h of the manometers were never zero, despite fully closing the
flow regulating valve. This could have affected the flow meter
Based on the calculated NRe, the flow of the liquid was never constant. Ideally, the ∆h should have been set to zero at no flow
turbulent since NRe < 4000. Thus, the Burke-Plummer constant rate.
cannot be proven because the values obtained experimentally
would not permit it. Fig. 3 shows the experimental results using In the experiment, the behavior of the bed from being fixed to an
the Burke-Plummer equation. expanded one was observed. Given that the bed operates at zero
velocity (or even at a very low velocity), the bed was considered
Determination of the Burke-Plummer constant
14000
to be operating as a packed bed. From the given value in the
laboratory, the porosity of bed at no flow, ε0, is 0.414.
12000
10000 Minimum fluidization velocity is required in order to observe
8000 the start of expansion of bed.
y = -189.0x + 19839
6000 R² = 0.667
4000
2000
0
0 20 40 60 80
2.00E+06
If the values for Φs and εmf are not provided, the equation below
can be used.
1 - .kl
0.00E+00
0.00E+00 5.00E+04 1.00E+05 1.50E+05 o 11
mnN .kl
S
Fig. 4 Experimental Illustration of the Ergun Equation
Substituting this to the Ergun equation provides a new equation
for computing NRe.
According to Eq. 15, the slope of Fig. 3 gives the experimental
Burke-Plummer constant, which is shown to be 22.24. The s
intercept, meanwhile, verifies the experimental Kozeny-Carman QRS g[R - [h` N
]^_ p33.7N \ 0.0408 r - 33.7
constant earlier determined by Fig. 2. The Kozeny-Carman PN
constant from Fig. 4 is 7x106, which is consistent with the value
obtained from Fig. 2.
Once NRe is calculated, the values for Vmf may be obtained by
using
The experimental constants were compared to book values, as QR jkl [
]^_,kl
P
shown in Table 2.
L, cm
Obtaining Lmf, the pressure drop can be calculated. 10
8
2.015 20
0 500 1000 1500 2000
log dP
2.01
2.005 Nre
2
Fig. 8 Bed Expansion as a function of Reynolds number
1.995
Notice that the plot is almost linear. This means that the bed
1.99 becomes more fluidized as the flow rate (thus Reynolds number)
2.9 2.95 3 3.05 3.1 3.15 3.2 3.25 is increased. Ideally, the intercept should be zero; however, the
log Nre
experimental results give a value of -15.30. This discrepancy
Fig. 6 Determining the Minimum Fluidization Point can be due to the inaccuracy of the bed height and manometer
readings, and in the inaccuracy of the experimental flow meter
The linear part of the graph in Fig. 6 illustrates the behavior of a constant.
fixed bed. The peak of the graph is where the fluidization starts,
and is known as the point of fluidization. Beyond the peak, the Foust (1980) provided a method of determining the modified
bed is completely fluidized. Increasing further the flow rate friction factor based on the Reynolds number. Fig. 9 shows the
would only result to the same pressure drop, shown by the plot that calculated using
horizontal part. Only the Reynolds number will be affected. ]vw
u
1 - .
-∆K`a QR .S
The minimum NRe and the minimum pressure drop can be read
directly from the graph, and the minimum fluidization velocity x
may be computed from NRe. The porosity at the fluidization L [Onk 1 - .
N
point may be obtained from the modified Ergun equation. The Modified Friction Factor
values at incipient fluidization are shown in Table 4. 250
Foust, A.S. (1980). Principles of Unit Operations. Singapore: 1.6 1 9 3.543307087 0.973955556
John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd. 1.6 1.05 11.5 4.527559055 0.979617391
0.89442719 1.01696371 0.785470184 0.762455907 1122.84527 0.26246 0.10833 85.2119 10445.5 0.0018545 61.54811
0.94868329 1.07865291 0.83311694 0.809588915 1192.25659 0.27887 0.133333 104.876 12099.8 0.0017680 67.46245
1 1.137 0.878182363 0.855310591 1259.58949
0.36089 0.133333 104.876 9349.84 0.001114 59.19571
1.02469507 1.16507830 0.899869143 0.881527463 1298.19827
0.39370 0.133333 104.876 8570.69 0.0009894 60.93501
1.04880884 1.19249566 0.921045432 0.904438275 1331.93831
1.14017542 1.29637945 1.001281949 0.983228065 1447.96960 0.42650 0.133333 104.876 7911.41 0.0009292 68.64200
1.16189500 1.32107461 1.0203557 1.001957902 1475.55246
0.45931 0.133333 104.876 7346.30 0.0008687 75.22924
1.24498996 1.41555358 1.093328224 1.076243149 1584.95005
0.49212 0.133333 104.876 6856.55 0.0007835 75.52929
1.26491106 1.43820388 1.110822587 1.093464133 1610.31086
1.30384048 1.48246662 1.145009714 1.129222051 1662.97044 0.50853 0.133333 104.876 6635.37 0.0007587 78.27370
0.89442719 1.016963716 0.785470184 0.768732528 1132.08865 0.328083 0.133333333 104.87627 8119698.198 45079.61882
0.94868329 1.07865291 0.83311694 0.816843389 1202.94003 0.4101049 0.133333333 104.87627 9585474.866 60529.35897
1.04880884 1.19249566 0.921045432 0.904438275 1331.93831
0.4265091 0.133333333 104.87627 9412584.784 66818.19972
1.14017542 1.296379458 1.001281949 0.984517628 1449.86870
1.18321595 1.345316543 1.039079384 1.022842037 1506.30788 0.4429133 0.133333333 104.87627 8853494.639 76763.63362
1.22474487 1.392534919 1.075549345 1.059284263 1559.97522 0.4921259 0.133333333 104.87627 9080929.569 92887.02617
Trial 1
log Nre log dP
2.948259923 1.992648517
3.023937842 2.020677241
3.055013669 2.020677241
3.080909025 2.020677241
3.124779363 2.020677241
3.161821407 2.020677241
3.170016615 2.020677241
3.17834443 2.020677241
3.193879147 2.020677241
3.200999366 2.020677241
Trial 2
log Nre log dP
3.050319914 1.770799768
3.076369733 2.020677241
3.10022903 2.020677241
3.113341027 2.020677241
3.124484113 2.020677241
3.160759447 2.020677241
3.168954655 2.020677241
3.20001558 2.020677241
3.206909722 2.020677241
3.220884531 2.020677241
Trial 3
log Nre log dP
2.987850546 1.930500611
3.02209437 2.020677241
3.053880439 2.020677241
3.080243979 2.020677241
3.124484113 2.020677241
3.161328677 2.020677241
3.177913749 2.020677241
3.193117701 2.020677241