CAT-5 cable is the main cable used for networking.

It has 4 twisted pairs.

Each pair has a plain colour and other striped like zebra.
Four pairs have four distinct colours Orange, Blue, Brown, Green
They are twisted to reduce the interferences of magnetic fields around it and hence,
crosstalk.
Green pair receives data
Orange pair sends data
Plain coloured wire is negative and striped coloured wire is positive.
Blue and Brown are reserved for future.
Bandwidth is the maximum amount of data the cable/network can transmit. It is 10/100
Speed is the rate at which the data is transmitted on the network.
The wires are connected into the RJ45 connector with two standards
568A and 568B.
568A - Striped green, solid green, striped orange, solid blue, striped blue, solid orange,
striped brown, solid brown.

568B - Striped orange, solid orange, striped green, solid blue, striped blue, solid green,
striped brown, solid brown.


The standard should be maintained uniform at both the ends.
Same standards on both the ends ensure straight cable
Different standards on both the ends make cross cable.
Coaxial networks are bus networks. They have a single bus to which all the devices are
connected.
Each device is connected to the bus with a T-connector.
If the bus is broken, unterminated, or has a broken T-Connector, the entire network will go
down.
Connector allows electrons to bridge the gap between the cables and between cables and
network devices and it allow the network to get through.
Terminator allows the electrons to complete the flow of electrons. A resistor at the end,
channels the electrons into the shielding making a loop of the electrons flow.
Fiber optics are of two type single mode and multi mode.
Single mode where light travels in a straight line while multi-mode light travels with multiple
paths with reflections inside the core.
Single mode cables are expensive, but with high bandwidth and longer distance.
They are connected with pre-built connectors at the ends.
Toner and tracer are the basic tools to test problems in the network cables.
They can only test the flow of electrons but not the quality of the signal.
The tracer need not be connected to the other end of the wire, keep close enough can
produce sounds to indicate which wire the toner is connected to.
A multimeter is used to measure the resistance of wire to determine if high resistance is
the reason for the network cut off.