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TABLE OF CONTENT




ITEM

CONTENT


PAGE

1.0


ABSTRACT
Objective
Requirement
Introduction
Theory


2

2.0


EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE

8

3.0


EXPERIMET RESULT

9

4.0


DISCUSSION

10

5.0


CONCLUSION

10

6.0


REFERENCE

11















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1.0 ABSTRACT

The main Objectives of the experiment are :
1. To obtain the B-H curve for a single-phase transformer.
2. To obtain result for total magnetic flux.

List Of Requirements:

Equipment Quantity
Single Phase Variac 20V(164 1
2 A a.c ammeter 1
300 V voltmeter 1
150 V voltmeter 3
Laminated core transformer 800 50Hz 1
Laminated core transformer 400 50Hz 1

Theory :

For performance prediction of electromagnetic devices, magnetic field analysis is
required. Analytical solution of field distribution by the Maxwells equations, however, is
very difficult or sometimes impossible owing to the complex structures of practical devices.
Powerful numerical methods, such as the finite difference and finite element methods, are
out of the scope of this subject. In this chapter, we introduce a simple method of magnetic
circuit analysis based on an analogy to dc electrical circuits.

A Simple Magnetic Circuit
Consider a simple structure consisting of a current carrying coil of N turns and a
magnetic core of mean length l
c
and a cross sectional area Ac as shown in the diagram
below. The permeability of the core material is mc. Assume that the size of the device and
the operation frequency are such that the displacement current in Maxwells equations are
negligible, and that the permeability of the core material is very high so that all magnetic
flux will be confined within the core. By Amperes law,



we can write
where H
c
is the magnetic field strength in the core, and Ni the magnetomotive force. The
magnetic flux through the cross section of the core can expressed as



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where fc is the flux in the core and Bc the flux density in the core. The constitutive equation
of the core material is






If we take the magnetic flux fc as the current, the magnetomotive force F=Ni as the emf
of a voltage source, and R
c
=l
c
/(
c
A
c
) (known as the magnetic reluctance) as the
resistance in the magnetic circuit, we have an analog of Ohms law in electrical circuit
theory.



















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Magnetic Circuital Laws
Consider the magnetic circuit in the last section with an air gap of length lg cut in the
middle of a leg as shown in figure (a) in the diagram below. As they cross the air gap, the
magnetic flux lines bulge outward somewhat as illustrate in figure (b). The effect of the
fringing field is to increase the effective cross sectional area Ag of the air gap. By Amperes
law, we can write




































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That is, the above magnetic circuit with an air gap is analogous to a series electric circuit.
Further, if we regard H
c
l
c
and H
g
l
g
as the voltage drops across the reluctance of the core
and airgap respectively, the above equation from Amperes law can be interpreted as an
analog to the Kirchhoffs voltage law (KVL) in electric circuit theory, or



The Kirchhoffs current law (KCL) can be derived from the Gauss law in magnetics.
Consider a magnetic circuit as shown below. When the Gauss law is applied to the T joint
in the circuit, we have












Having derived the Ohms law, KVL
and KCL in magnetic circuits, we can solve very complex magnetic circuits by applying
these basic laws. All electrical dc circuit analysis techniques, such as mesh analysis and
nodal analysis, can also be applied in magnetic circuit analysis.
For nonlinear magnetic circuits where the nonlinear magnetization curves need to be
considered, the magnetic reluctance is a function of magnetic flux since the permeability is a
function of the magnetic field strength or flux density. Numerical or graphical methods are
required to solve nonlinear problems.

Magnetic Circuit Model of Permanent Magnets
Permanent magnets are commonly used to generate magnetic fields for
electromechanical energy conversion in a number of electromagnetic devices, such as
actuators, permanent magnet generators and motors. As mentioned earlier, the
characteristics of permanent magnets are described by demagnetization curves (the part of
hysteresis loop in the second quadrant). The diagram below depicts the demagnetization
curve of five permanent magnets. It can be seen that the demagnetization curves of some
most commonly used permanent magnets: Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB), Samarium
Cobalt, and Ceramic 7 are linear. For the convenience of analysis, we consider the magnets
with linear demagnetization curves first.
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Consider a piece of permanent magnet of a uniform cross sectional area of Am and a
length lm. The demagnetization curve of the magnet is a straight line with a coercive force
of Hc and a remanent flux density of Br as shown below. The demagnetization curve can be
expressed analytically as




where
m
=B
r
/H
c
is the permeability of the permanent magnet, which is very close to
o
, the
permeability of free space. For a NdFeB magnet,
m
=1.05
o
.

















Demagnetization curves of permanent magnets












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which is a function of the magnetic field in the magnet. Notice that H
m
is a negative value
since it is in the opposite direction of B
m
. The derivation for the magnetic circuit model of a
nonlinear magnet is illustrated graphically by the diagram below.













It should also be understood that the operating point
(Hm,Bm) will not move along the nonlinear
demagnetization curve if a small (such that the magnet
will not be demagnetized) periodic external magnetic
field is applied to the magnet. Instead, the operating
point will move along a minor loop or simply a straight
line (center line of the minor loop) as illustrated in the
diagram on the right hand side.


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2.0 PROCEDURE

PART A : MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

1. The Transformer was examined and the values of N
1
, N
2
, L and A was recorded.
2. The circuit was completed as figure below
3. The variac reading was setted to zero and switch the switch was turned on
4. A low input primary voltage use as start (started with 100V), The primary current I
1
and
the open circuited secondary voltage was measured and recorded.
5. Step 4 was repeated by increasing the primary voltage in step (start from 100V until
200V)
6. The Graph of B
m
versus H
m
and
r
Versus H
m
.











PART B : APPLICATION OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ANALOGIES IN MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

1. The circuit was connected as in figure below
2. The variac voltage was increased in step from 100V to 200V and the voltmeter reading
was recorded
3. The number of turn for all winding was recorded and the brach flux was calculated using
equation

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3.0 RESULTS

PART A : MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

V
1


Primary
Current, I
1

Secondary
Voltage, V
2

Maximum Flux
Density, B
m

100 0.45 40 1272.7922 0.0050 3.1261
110 0.51 43 1442.4978 0.0054 2.9790
120 0.56 48 1583.9192 0.0060 3.0145
130 0.61 52 1725.3405 0.0065 2.9980
140 0.67 55 1895.0462 0.0069 2.8975
150 0.73 60 2064.7518 0.0075 2.8906
160 0.79 63 2234.4574 0.0079 2.8135
170 0.85 67 2404.1631 0.0084 2.7804
180 0.91 70 2573.8687 0.0086 2.6589
190 0.98 74 2771.8586 0.0093 2.6699
200 1.05 77 2969.8485 0.0096 2.5723
210 1.13 81 3196.1227 0.0101 2.5147
220 1.20 85 3394.1126 0.0106 2.4852


PART B : APPLICATION OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ANALOGIES IN MAGNETIC CIRCUIT


V
s



V
1

1


V
2

2


V
3

2
+
3

100 20 0.000450 27 0.000304 06 0.000135 0.000439
110 23 0.000518 30 0.000388 07 0.000158 0.000546
120 26 0.000585 33 0.000372 08 0.000180 0.000552
130 28 0.000631 36 0.000405 09 0.000203 0.000608
140 30 0.000676 39 0.000439 10 0.000225 0.000664
150 32 0.000721 42 0.000473 11 0.000248 0.000721
160 35 0.000766 45 0.000507 11 0.000248 0.000755
170 37 0.000788 47 0.000529 12 0.000270 0.000799
180 39 0.000878 50 0.000563 13 0.000293 0.000856
190 41 0.000923 52 0.000586 13 0.000293 0.000879
200 44 0.000991 55 0.000619 14 0.000315 0.000934

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5.0 CONCLUSION
PART A : MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

What can be concluded from part A is the value of magnetic force actually affect the value of the
maximum flux density. The value of maximum flux density will increase if the value of the
magnetic force increased. Maximum flux density, B
m
depends on secondary voltage V
2
. The
value of permeability regularly closed. The variac reading is switched on to the recorded the
result. The value of primary current is too small so that the magnetic force, H
m
increase slowly
of the experiment is the value of Hm is proportional to the value of Bm obtain from the graph.
Based on the graph we obtain in comparison to the B-H curve provided by the faculty, it shows
that the graph we obtain is very similar to sheet steel graph with just slight different that might
be occur because of error in experiment

PART B : APPLICATION OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ANALOGIES IN MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

Conclusion of this part of experiment is that the magnetic circuit behavior is very similar to the
electric circuit behavior, its can be said that magnetic circuit is the analogies of electric circuit
theory because of the similarity that can be observe from the experiment. Based on the result,
the values of the magnetic flux are decreasing if the distance of the winding from the source is
increased. The number of turns of N
2
cannot be equal to the number of turns N
3
, meaning that
the N
3
must be smaller than N
2
. The total magnetic flux entering a junction of a magnetic circuit
is equal to the total magnetic flux leaving that junction











=
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6.0 REFERENCE
1. Matthew N.O sadiku, Charles K. Alexander, Fundamental Of Electric Circuit 4-th edition,
Singapore:Mc Graw Hill 2009

2. Vladimir Karapetoff, The Magnetic Circuit, New York: Mc Graw Hill 1911


3. Du Bois, H, The magnetic circuit in theory and practice, London : Longmans.

4. Rusnani Ariffin, Mohd Aminuddin Murad, Laboratory Manual : Electrical Engineering
Laboratory 1 EEE230, Shah Alam: University Publication Centre (UPENA) Universiti
Teknologi Mara, 2009

5. www1.mmu.edu.my/~wslim/lecture_notes/Chapter4.pdf

6. www.brighthub.com/engineering/electrical/articles/3829.aspx

7. media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/07/.../0471280607.pdf