Basic-well-logging-Design (Sigit Sutiyono, Unocal)

BasicWellLoggingDesign BasicWellLoggingDesign
CoordinatedBy CoordinatedBy
SigitSutiyono SigitSutiyono
UnocalIndonesiaCompany UnocalIndonesiaCompany
A One-day Course on
Consortium Alumni Association Presents
Agenda Agenda
Introduction(8:15)
LectureIBasicTheory/Interpretation
Break(10 10:15)
LectureIILoggingProgram/Design
Break(12:00)
Workshop(1:30 4:00)
Wrapup(4:00 5:00)
Objectives Objectives
Gettoknowvariouslogmeasurements
Recognizefluidtypeandlithologyofmajorreservoirs,
andsomepracticalapplicationoflogdata
Familiarizewithfactorsaffectingthelogresponse
Understandthestrategyinwellevaluation
Gettoknowvariousapproachestowellloggingdesign
Exercisewithwelllogdesign
According to
4th Edition of J.A.Jacksons Glossary of Geology:
Log : A continuous record as a function of depth,
usually graphic and plotted to scale on a narrow
paper strip, of observations made on the rocks
and fluids of the geologic section exposed in
the well-bore.
Definition Definition
Wireline Logging Logging while Drilling
Cable
Tools
LWD Tools
Mud in
Mud out
Drill Bit
WellLoggingHistory WellLoggingHistory
Thefirstelectricallogwasintroducedin1927inFranceusingstationed
resistivitymethod.
Thefirstcommercialelectricalresistivitytoolin1929wasusedin
Venezuela,USAandIndonesia.
SPwasrunalongwithresistivityfirsttimein1931
Schlumbergerdevelopedthefirstcontinuousrecordingin1931
GRandNeutronlogswasstartedin1941
Microresistivityarraydipmeterandlateralogwerefirsttimeintroduced
in1950s
Thefirstinductiontoolwasusedin1956followedbyFormationtester
in1957,FomationDensityin1960s,Electromagnetictoolin1978and
mostofImaginglogsweredevelopedin1980s
Advancedformationtesterwascommercializedinearly1990s
The First Log recorded in 1927
Well in Pechelbronn - France Surface Recording Instrument
LogMeasurements LogMeasurements
Logisanindirectmeasurementofformationproperties
exposedbythewellboreacquiredbyloweringadeviceor
acombinationofdevicesinthewellbore.
Practical definition of a log
A Formation Evaluation Specialist is essential to understand
The theory of measurements, quality control, interpretation
principles, geophysics and petroleum geology as well as
petroleum reservoirs
AdvantagesandLimitationsofWellLogging AdvantagesandLimitationsofWellLogging
Advantages:
- Continuous measurements
- Easy and quick to work with
- Short time acquisition
- Better resolution than seismic data
- Economical
Limitations:
- Indirect measurements
- Limited by tool specification
- Affected by environment
- Varying resolution
BasicTheoryofMeasurements BasicTheoryofMeasurements
LogsareImpliedMeasurements LogsareImpliedMeasurements
Logisnotadirectmeasurementofformationproperties,itisanimplied
measurementbasedononeorcombinationofthefollowingdevices
Electrical (Resistivity and
Induction)
Acoustic
Nuclear
Electromagnetic
Magnetic
BasicTheoryonResistivity BasicTheoryonResistivity
Current path
Unit volume filled with only water
Current path
Unit volume with water and matrix
Rw
Ro
Typical Formation
Rt
Water
Sand grain
Grain surface water
Oil
Measured by the tool
Current path
ResistivityandMeasurementConcept ResistivityandMeasurementConcept
Resistivity is the ability of a substance to impade the flow of electrical current
Rw - Formation Water resistivity
E - Voltage difference across the formation
A - Cross sectional Area
L - Length of brine containerr
I - Current
Rw =
E * A
I * L
L
I
E
A
Rw
ResistivityandMeasurementConcept ResistivityandMeasurementConcept
Schematic diagram of how an induction tool works
Primary magnetic field
created by transmitter
Magnetic field induces
a current in the ground loop
Secondary magnetic field
Created by the ground loop
Secondary magnetic field
Induces a current to flow in the receiver
Transmitter
Receiver
Resistivity is the key to hydrocarbon saturation determination
ResistivityApplication ResistivityApplication
Water Saturation Estimation
Archies Equation
Sw =
F * Rw
Rt
SW - Water saturation
Rw - Formation water resistivity
Rt - True Formation resistivity
( )
1/n
where
F =
1.0
Por
m
Sh = 1 - Sw
Resistivity is also used for well to well correlation, and to pick fluid contacts
F - Formation factor
n - Saturation exponent
m - Cementation factor
SpontaneousPotentialLog(SP) SpontaneousPotentialLog(SP)
SPmeasurementisbasedonElectricalcurrentsflowinginthe
mudfromelectrochemicalandelectrokinetic
Salinitydifferencebetweenmudflitrateandformationwaters,
ionsmovementcreatescurrentsmeasuredinmVolt
NegativeorPositiveSPcurvedeflectionrepresentswhichfluid,
formationormudfiltrate,hasmoreioniccharge.
Itonlyworksinwaterbasedmud!
TheuseofSPlog;bedboundary,distinguishingpermeablefrom
impermeablerock,shalynessindicator,Rwdeterminationand
wellcorrelation.
SpontaneousPotential(SP) SpontaneousPotential(SP)
SP
Shale
Sand
Thick clean wet sand
(-) (+)
- - - - - - -
- - - - - - -
Thick shaly wet sand
Thick clean Gas sand
Thick shaly Gas sand
Rmf >>Rw in all sands
Hydrocarbon effect
SpontaneousPotential(SP) SpontaneousPotential(SP)
20
40 mV
7470
7430
Given:
Rmf = 0.51 at 135 F
Rm = 0.91 at 135 F
TD = 8007 ft
Bottom hole temp.= 135 F
Surface temp. = 60 F
Determine Rw ?
SP
Limitation
SP is not reliable when you have no or very small contrast
Between Formation water salinity and mud filtrate salinity resulting in no
to small SP deflection
RwcalculationfromSPlog RwcalculationfromSPlog
SSP = -K log
Rmfe
Rwe
Steps of Calculation;
- Determine Temperature at Depth of interval
- Correct Rm and Rmf to this temperature (gen-9)
- Determine SP (log) from shale baseline
- Correct SP to SSP using SP thickness corr. chart
- Determine Rmf/Rwe ratio using SP-1 chart
- Determine Rwe from above equation or SP-1 chart
- Correct Rwe to Rw using SP-2 chart
GammaRayLog(GR) GammaRayLog(GR)
GRtoolmeasuresnaturalradioactivityoftheformationfrom
theemmisionofallthese;(TotalGR)
Potasium,UraniumandThorium
GRlogisusedfor;
Welltowellgeologicalcorrelation
Beddefinition,moreaccuratethanSPlog
ShaleVolumeIndicator(mostreliable)
Lithologyandmineralogyindicator(NGT)
IGR =
GRlog - GRmin
GRsh - GRmin
IGR - Gamma ray index
GRmin - GR clean
GRsh - GR shale baseline
Mineral Density DT GR
Quartz 2.64 56 0-15
Calcite 2.71 49 0-15
Dolomite 2.85 44 0-15
Orthoclase 2.52 69 220
Micas 2.82 49 275
Kaolinite 2.41 - 80-130
Chlorite 2.76 - 180-250
Illite 2.52 - 250-300
Montmorillonite 2.12 - 150-200
Anhydrite 2.98 50 low
Pyrite 4.99 39 low
Coal 1.47 high low
Well-1 Well-2 Well-7
GR
Res
GR
Res
GR
Res
NaturalGammaRayLog(NGT) NaturalGammaRayLog(NGT)
NGT tool measures the spectrum of
Potasium,Uranium, and Thorium
NGT log is used for;
- Study of Depositional Environments
- Geochemical logging
- Shale typing
- Source Rocks
- Diagenetic History
- Vclay content correction
With combination of Photoelectric curve can be
used for clay and mica type identification
NaturalGammaRayLog(NGT) NaturalGammaRayLog(NGT)
0
2 4 6 8 10
2
4
6
8
10
0
K, Potasium (%)
Pe
Kaolinite
Montmorillonite
Illite
Glauconite
Muscovite
Biotite
DensityLog DensityLog
Densitytoolisoneofthemostimportantinstrumentsusedto
evaluateformationswhichmeasuresformationdensityand
directlytiestoformationporosity
Thedensitytoolmeasurestheelectrondensity,byemitting
gammarayfromradioactivesourceandreturningtotwo
detectors
TheamountofGammaraysthatreturndependonthenumber
ofelectronspresent,electrondensityisrelatedtobulkdensity
ofmineralorrock
InmostcasesenvironmentalcorrectionforDensitylogisnot
significant,fieldlogdensitycanbereadilyusedfor
interpretation
Main categories in the process of GR energy loss due to
collisions with other atomic particles:
Compton Scattering is selected to be the energy level to
generate GR of the Cesium 137 radioactive source at 662 keV
Porositydeterminationfromdensitylog:
POR =
RHOBma - RHOBlog
RHOBma - RHOBfluid
RHOBma - Matrix density
RHOBfluid - Formation fluid density
RHOBlog - Log density
PORd - Density derived porosity
Exercise: Determine porosity of limestone with field log
density inicated 2.5 gr/cc.
NeutronLog NeutronLog
ThetoolmeasurestheHydrogenIndexwhichisthequantityof
Hydrogenperunitvolume
Thetoolsemithighenergyneutronseitherfromradioactive
sourceorminitron.Theyaresloweddownbycollisionswith
formationnuclei,collisionwillresultenergyloss,andthe
elementmostlysloweddownisH
Waterhashighneutroncounts,Oilhasalittlelesscountsthan
Water,Gaswillhaveverylowneutroncounts
Neutronlogisverysensitivetoenvironmentchange;borehole
size,mudcake,mudweight,temperature,standoff,pressure
andformationsalinity,measurementiscompensationoffar
andnearcountrates.
Neutrontoolhasawiderangeofapplications
PorosityDetermination
GasDetection
Boreholeandformationsalinity
ReservoirSaturation
ReservoirMonitoring
BoreholeFluiddynamics
NeutronradioactivesourceinnormallyusesAm241
Exercise Neutron Log environmental correction
Given: Uncorrected neutron porosity of 34%, 14 borehole size,
0.25 mud cake, 200 kppm borehole salinity, 12 ppg mud at
170 F, 5000 psi pressure, using water based mud with formation
salinity of 50 kppm.
AcousticLog AcousticLog
Sonictoolgeneratesacousticsignalstomeasurethetimetravelto
passthroughaformation,logmeasurementintimerequiredto
travelinonefootformation(microsec/foot)
Rockpropertiescanbeimpliedfromsonicmeasurements;
Porosity,Lithology,Gasshows,CompactionandRockstrength
Maincurrentuse: SeismicTie
Mechanicalproperties
Fractureidentification
Tooltypes; Boreholecompensatedsonic
Longspacingsonic
Arraysonictool
Ultrasonicboreholeimage
Dipoleshearsonicimage
SpecialTools SpecialTools
Resistivity Based Imaging Tool
- Pad device on 4 to 6 arm caliper, few mm resolution
- Application: Thin bed Evaluation, Dip meter,
Paleostream direction, fracture evaluation, stratigraphy.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- Using Permanent magnet to realign hydrogen protons to new
magnetic field, a Lithology dependance porosity, saturartion
and permeability estimation
Dipole Shear Sonic
- Shear measurement, AVO and Rock mechanics applications
Borehole sonic imaging
- Acustic based bore hole imaging for 360 deg coverage, lower
resolution than resistivity based imaging tools.
SpecialTools SpecialTools continued
Modular Formation Test
- Very robust formation tester with the capability to take
unlimited pressure tests, pump the fluid into the borehole,
identify the fluid type before sampling
Wellbore Seismic
- VSP: Vertical seismic profile surface guns, wellbore detectors
- SAT: Seismic acquisition tool
- WST: Well seismic tool
- DSA: Downhole seismic array tool (3 axis geophones)
WellboreSeismic WellboreSeismic
LogandSeismicTieEffort LogandSeismicTieEffort
LogDataValidation
Checkthelogquality
Seeifthereisanymissinglogdata
Determinewhethersonicpeaks/anomaliesrepresentingformation
Logediting
VelocityCorrectionSonicoverVSP(using42msecresolution)
SyntheticSeismicGeneration
AcousticImpedance
ConvolutionWavelettotieseismicandlogpeaks
*ExtractedWavelet toutilizewaveletasseenintheseismic
itishighlyrecommended(similarapperance)
*RickrWavelet commonlyusedtohavezerophase
SyntheticSeismograms SyntheticSeismograms
SyntheticSeismogramsareusedtocorrelateseismicsections
Theoreticallythismethodusesmanysimplificationandassumptionsput
intothemodel
Itprovidesimportantlinktounderstandthetiebetweenseismicdataand
welllogresponses
VSP& VSP&
SeismicSection SeismicSection
VelocitySurvey VelocitySurvey
Velocityorcheckshotsurveysareperformedinthewellboretoobtain
verticaltravelpathsthroughtheformationsbylocatingsourcesand
detectors/receiversatcertainconfiguration,normallythereceiversare
placednearthegelogicalhorizons
Thesurveyonlyutilizefirstarrivaltouseintherecordedseismictrace
Firstarrivalsarethenconvertedintoverticaltraveltimesontimedepth
graphswhichcanbeusedtocalculateaveragevelocities
Soniclogcalibrationneedstobedonepriortogenerationofsynthetic
logs,normallyboreholeeffectsarefoundveryoftencausingdrift whichis
toberemovedtopreventshiftingintimeofseismicreflectionsor
pesudoevents
VerticalSeismicProfile VerticalSeismicProfile
VerticalSeismicProfiling(VSP)usesbothentirerecordedseismictraceand
firstbreak.Receiversarespacedatveryclosedintervalsinthewellborein
ordertogetaseismicsectioninthewellbore
Theseismicwaveandalleffectsaremeasuredasafunctionofdepthasit
propagatesthroughtheformations
Thrreceiversareclosetoreflectorswhereupgoinganddowngoingwaves
arerecordedasafunctionofdepth
Thedowngoingwaveletsareusedtodesigndeconvolutionfilters
IngeneralVSPprovidemuchbetterspatialandtemporalresolution,the
signalchangesintermofbandwidthandenergylossaremeasured
ApplicatiosofVSParetocorrelatetheactualseismiceventswithmore
confidence,andwithmuchbetterresolutionduetoshortertravelpathsit
canprovideatooltogeneratehighresolutionmaps,andbetterestimateof
rockproperties
BasicConceptofVSP BasicConceptofVSP
BasicConceptofVSP BasicConceptofVSP
OffsetVSP OffsetVSP
OffsetVSPareusedtodetectfaultsandpincouts
developedtoilluminatestructureawayfromthewellbore
Multiple offset and walkaway VSP
Multiple offset VSP were developed to provide high-resolution seismic
structural details in the area where interference from the shallow layers
The disadvantages is very time consuming, it requires few days for the
acquisition by putting multiple source positioned in different locations
OffsetVSP OffsetVSP
BasicLogInterpretation BasicLogInterpretation
Logs Data Applications
Determine depth and thickness
Identify productive zones
Distinguish fluid types, gas, oil and water
Estimate hydrocarbon reserve
Help geological correlation and subsurface mapping
Determine facies and drilling locations
BasicLogInterpretation BasicLogInterpretation Continued
Gamma Rays
Self Potential
Resistivity
Induction
Density
Neutron
Sonic
Magnetic Resonance
Formation Test
Common Tools in the Logging Industry
Porosity
Water Saturation
Permeability
Fluid types
Fluid contacts
Lithology
Dip angle
Velocity
Basic Log Interpretation Basic Log Interpretation Continued
Typical properties implied or estimated from
the log Measurements:
Porosity =
Volume of pores
Total Volume of Rock
Porosity is estimated using one or combination of
the followings; - Density
- Neutron
- Sonic
Combination of three inputs will get better estimate
Porosity =Storage Capacity
POR = (DENmatrix DENlog)/(DENmatrix DENfluid)
Density Porosity:
Petrophysical Properties Petrophysical Properties
SW =
Formation Water in the pores
Total pore space in the rock
Water Saturation is estimated using combination of
the followings; - Porosity
- Resistivity
It requires formation factor and saturation index
derived from core analysis, and formation water resistivity
Archies Equation
Sw =
1/Por * Rw
Rt
SW - Water saturation
Rw - Formation water resistivity
Rt - True Formation resistivity
( )
1/n
n - Saturation exponent
m - Cementation factor
m
Permeability Estimation from Logs
K=
93 * Por
Swi
Permeability (K) is a measure of rock property to get the fluid passes through the rock.
The equations are based on empirical study, accurate K estimation can be obtained from
formation test, drillstem test (DST) or from core analysis
( )
2.2
2
K=
250 * Por
Swi
( )
3
2
Timurs
Tixiers
where Swi =Irreducible water saturation
Gettoknowvariouslogmeasurements Gettoknowvariouslogmeasurements
Recognizefluidtypeandlithologyofmajor Recognizefluidtypeandlithologyofmajor
reservoirs,andsomepracticalapplicationsoflog reservoirs,andsomepracticalapplicationsoflog
data data
Familiarizewithfactorsaffectingthelogresponse Familiarizewithfactorsaffectingthelogresponse
Understandthestrategyinwellevaluation Understandthestrategyinwellevaluation
Gettoknowvariousapproachestowellloggingdesign Gettoknowvariousapproachestowellloggingdesign
Exercisewithwelllogdesign Exercisewithwelllogdesign
FluidandLithologyIdentificationFromtheLogs FluidandLithologyIdentificationFromtheLogs
FluidandLithologyIdentificationFromtheLogs FluidandLithologyIdentificationFromtheLogs
Gas
Oil
Water
Oil-Water Contact
Gas-Oil Contact
Water filled Sand
Water filled Sand
Water filled Sand
Oil Sand
Gas Sand
Coal
Carbonate/Limestone
RES
0.1 100
Fluid and Lithology Identification From the Logs Fluid and Lithology Identification From the Logs
Oil-Water Contact
Gas-Oil Contact
Water filled Sand
Water filled Sand
Water filled Sand
Oil Sand
Gas Sand
Coal
Carbonate/Limestone
HowCanWeRememberTheseEasily? HowCanWeRememberTheseEasily?
AboutLithologyInterpretation
Claystone haslargeamountofwater,andradioactivematerials,isdenserwhenithas
lesswater,isnotharderthanlimestoneandisveryconductive.
Sandstone islessdensethanlimestone,haslesswaterthanclay,containmorewater
thanlimestoneexceptwhenitissaturatedwithdrygas,itsconductivityisdependingon
fluidtypeitcontains,hassmalltononeradioactivefragments.
Limestone isharderthanbothclayandsand,containsleastwaterofthethree,very
resistive,ithaslowradioactivitymaterials,fastvelocity,highdensity.
Coal Normalylowradioactive,rarelyradioactive,lowestdensityandveryresistive
HowCanWeRememberTheseEasily? HowCanWeRememberTheseEasily?
AboutFluidInterpretation
HighRadioactivity HighGR
VeryConductive LowResistivity
HighWater HighNeutronandLowResistivity
HighGas LowNeutronandHighResistivity
HighOil HigherNeutronthanGas,denser
thangasLessNeutronthanwater,
lessdensethanwater,more
resistivethanwater,less
resistivethangaswhenother
propertiesarethesame
DryGas Veryresistive,largestdensity
neutroncrossover
HighGOR Largerdensityneutroncrossover
thanoilwithlowGOR
FreshWater Reservoirfilledwithhighresistivewater
AreThereAnyAnomalies? AreThereAnyAnomalies?
AboutFluidInterpretation
Inagaszone
Mudfiltrateinvasionwillcausetheneutrondensity
crossoverlookslikethatofoilzone,theshallowinvestigation
resistivitywillbelessresistivethanthatofdeeperdepthof
investigation,resistivitydifferenceislargerwhenconductive
mudisused
HighIrreduciblewater(waterboundsinclaysandgrains
surface)willdemonstratelittledensityneutroncrossover
similartothatofoilorwaterzonesbutlessresistivethangas
oroilzoneswithlessirreduciblewater
Inanoilzone similartoabove
How Is Log Anal ysis Calibrated? How Is Log Anal ysis Calibrated?
Core Data
Routie Core Analysis - For Porosity and Permeability Calibration
Special Core Analysis - For detailed rock and fluid properties such as
X Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Petrophysical
parameters (a,m and n determination), PVT, Gas Analysis and finger
prints of fluid samples, and etc.
Formation Test
Fluid Identification from the logs is not direct, when the parameters are
not well established, formation test fluid samples can be used to
calibrate fluid identification using the logs. Formation test is also used
when possible log response anomalies encountered to get conclusive
fluid identification.
Modern Formation For Fluid Identification Modern Formation For Fluid Identification
Single Probe Module
Hydraulic Power Module Hydraulic Power Module
Electric Power Module
Fluid Description Module Fluid Description Module
MDT String Configuration
Multi sample Chambers Multi sample Chambers
Test Probe Test Probe
Large sample Chamber Large sample Chamber
Basiccomponentsofthetool Basiccomponentsofthetool
Probe
Multi-sample
Chambers
Resist.
sensor
Pump Out
Module
Pre-Test
Strain Gauge
Quartz Gauge
Isolation
Valve
Optical Fluid
Analyzer
Flow line
Probe
HP Gauge
Valve
Pre-Test
Two Sample Chambers
OLD OLD
NEW NEW
OFA Gas Detector Optics
Gas Detector System Gas Detector System
Light Emitting Diode
Cylindrical Lens
Polarizer
Fluid Flow Gas
Liquid
Gas
Sapphire
Prism
Photodetector
Array
Sapphire window
OFA Spectrometer
How OFA Divice Operates How OFA Divice Operates
Fluid flow
Sapphire
Lamp
Light
Distributor
Source
Light path
Solenoids
Measure
Light Path
Filter lens
Photodiode
Chopper motor
Filter Lens
Catridge
OFA Spectrometer
How Can We Differenciate Fluid Types ? How Can We Differenciate Fluid Types ?
Diesel
Fuel
Oil
Mud
Filtrate
Crude Oil A
Crude Oil B
Water
Visible Near infra-red
0.0
4.0
O
p
t
i
c
a
l

D
e
n
s
i
t
y
500 1000 1500 2000
Wave Length - (NM)
Example Example- -1 : Gas OFA 1 : Gas OFA
Example Example- -2 : Water OFA 2 : Water OFA
Example Example- -3 : Oil OFA 3 : Oil OFA
AreThereAnyOtherLogsApplications? AreThereAnyOtherLogsApplications?
VolumeofHydrocarbon
Fluidcontinuity
ReservoirExtent
ReservoirRockProperties
DepositionalEnvirontment
DiagenesisandCompaction
Trapping
Heterogeneity
Selecting Drilling Location
Well Completion
Subsurface Geological Mapping
Reservoir Characterization
All are useful for
The Logs Can Help Us to Determine:
Hydrocarbon Reserves Estimate Hydrocarbon Reserves Estimate
Oil rec =
7758 * (1-Sw) * h * Por * RF * A
BoI
(43560 * DEPTH*0.43)* (1-Sw)* h* Por*RF*A
15
Where : RF - Recovery Factor
h - Thickness, A - Area
BoI - Oil Vol. factor
BoI =1.05 +0.5 * (Gas Oil Ratio/100)
Gas rec =
LateralContinuity? LateralContinuity?
Well-1 Well-2 Well-7
GR
Res
GR
Res
GR
Res
CompactionTrend? CompactionTrend?
GR
Res
DT
Recognizefluidtypeandlithologyofmajorreservoirs,and Recognizefluidtypeandlithologyofmajorreservoirs,and
somepracticalapplicationsoflogdata somepracticalapplicationsoflogdata
Depth of Investigation and Resolution Depth of Investigation and Resolution
of Logging Tools of Logging Tools
0 cm 50 cm 100 cm 150 cm 200 cm 250 cm
2 cm
5 cm
60 cm
20 cm
30 cm
40 cm
80 cm
80 cm
Dipmeter
Micro resistivity
Micro log
Sonic
Density
Gamma-ray
Neutron
Laterolog
Induction
log
Resistivity
Radioactivity
Acoustic
Resistivity
Depth of Investigation
R
e
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
AIT SDT LDT CNT SGT LEH TCC AMS
Additional combinable tools:
- Dipmeter
- Magnetic Resonance
- Borehole Imager
- Dipole Sonic
- Formation Tester
- Others
Tools Size and Measuring point for Typical Tools Size and Measuring point for Typical
Oil Based Mud Environment Oil Based Mud Environment
I
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
S
o
n
i
c
D
e
n
s
i
t
y
N
e
u
t
r
o
n
G
R
Measuring point from
the bottom of the tool
Tool Length
This slide helps you to configure the tool string that is appropriate for your well
ToolSpecification ToolSpecification
ResistivityMeasurementProblemsandLimitations ResistivityMeasurementProblemsandLimitations
Resistivity measurements are not reliable when you have:
Severe invasion due to overbalanced mud
Large washed-out borehole
Shoulder bed affects
High content of conductive minerals
Some older tool generations have limited vertical resolution
Ri
EffectsofBoreholeEnvironment EffectsofBoreholeEnvironment
Rm
Rxo
Rmf
Sxo
Ri
Rz
Si
Ro
Rt
Rw
Sw
Undisturbed
Formation
Invaded
Zone
Flushed
Zone
Mud Cake
Rmc
InvasionProfile InvasionProfile
Fresh Mud Rmf >RW
Salt Mud Rmf <Rw
Rxo
Rxo
Rt
Rt
Rm
Rm
D M S
D M S
Low
High
SPLogLimitations SPLogLimitations
The tool is only for water based borehole environment
SP is not reliable when you have no or very small contrast
between Formation water salinity and mud filtrate salinity resulting in no
to small SP deflection
GR Log Limitations GR Log Limitations
Standard GR tool is not reliable when you log an interval with radioactive
mineral rich rocks. NGT is recommended to use for this type of
Formation to get reliable GR derived clay volume calculation.
GR measurements in cased hole environment need to be normalized
due to casing, and cement attenuation
Density Log Limitations Density Log Limitations
Density log is a pad device, it is very sensitive to the pad contact with
The borehole wall, make sure to consult with your petrophysicist prior to
using the data for any other applications.
NeutronLogLimitations NeutronLogLimitations
Neutron log is very sensitive to environment change; bore hole size,
mud cake, mud weight, temperature, stand-off, invasion, pressure and
formation salinity, measurement is compensation of far and near count
rates.
Sonic Log Limitations Sonic Log Limitations
Sonic log is likely affected by strong attenuation when we log
unconsolidated formation, fractured formation, gas saturated reservoirs,
aerated muds, rugose and enlarged borehole sections. Typically shows
some curve skippings.
Formation Test Log Limitations Formation Test Log Limitations
Formation test problems normally occur when you don not have a good
Rubber pad seal, causing a communication with the mud giving you much
Higher pressure reading. Depleted and highly invaded zone would cause
long fluid pumping before you get clean sample or fluid identification
Recognizefluidtypeandthelithologyofmajorreservoirs, Recognizefluidtypeandthelithologyofmajorreservoirs,
andpracticalusesoflogdata andpracticalusesoflogdata
Understandthestrategyofawellevaluation Understandthestrategyofawellevaluation
WhyWirelineWelllogging WhyWirelineWelllogging
1. Better Resolution
2. More advanced tools
3. Better depth control
4. Only choice available (certain tools)
5. More certain on data quality
DisadvantagesofWireline DisadvantagesofWireline
logging logging
1. Invasion effect
2. Hole condition dependant
3. Unable to log in high angle wells (>60 deg)
4. Acquired after drilling, more rig time
5. More uncertainty in getting data or good
data in problem prone wells
ImportantIssueswith ImportantIssueswith
RunningWirelinelogs RunningWirelinelogs
1. Borehole fluid type
2. Borehole size
3. Well deviation
4. Tool combination
5. High Mud Weight resulting in over balanced
Logging while Drilling
WhyLWD? WhyLWD?
ReduceRigTime
RealTimeDecisions
MinimizedBoreholeProblems
HighAngle/HorizontalWells
DisadvantagesofLWD DisadvantagesofLWD
Boreholesizeandrugosityarenotknown
Gooddatacollectedonlywhenthetoolisrotating
Dataqualityisratedependant
Logresolutionisgenerallypoorerthanthatofwireline
Abilitytoconfigurethetoolsislimited
Notagoodapplicationforaslowdrillingrateforcost
considerationespeciallyforexpensiverig.
Depthcontrolispoorerthanwirelinedata
LWDandWirelineComparison LWDandWirelineComparison
X800
X900
Invasion
X800
X900
WirelineLogExample WirelineLogExample
X400
X450
LWDRealtimeandRecordedLogs LWDRealtimeandRecordedLogs
GR
GR
D. RES
D. RES
DEN
DEN NEU NEU
X500
X600
X700
X500
X600
X700
SelectingtheToolstorun SelectingtheToolstorun
Itdependsonwhattypeofinformationyouareabouttoget
andthecostyouarewillingtospend.
NeedWant
What is the value of information you are getting?
What tools do you run in the hole?
AbilitytoDefineYourNeed AbilitytoDefineYourNeed
Geological
Geophysical
Reservoir
Petrophysical
Mechanical
TypeofInformationtoAcquire TypeofInformationtoAcquire
Geology Geology
Sanddevelopmentandsandthickness
Stratigraphicinformation
Lateralcontinuity
Hydrocarbonsource
Geophysics Geophysics
Velocityuncertainty
Welltoseismictie
Seismicandfluids/lithologycorrelation
TypeofInformation TypeofInformation continued
Petrophysics Petrophysics
Porosity
Watersaturation
Permeability
Mineralogy
Reservoir Reservoir
Compartment
Fluidproperties
Reservoirpressure
Reservoirmonitoring
RockMechanics RockMechanics
Stressdirection
Pressureprofile
Fractureorientation
UnderstandtheScalesOfObservation UnderstandtheScalesOfObservation
Seismic Section
Wireline Logs
Out-Crops/Core
Thin Sections
ScalesOfObservation ScalesOfObservation
Gettoknowvariouswellloggingdesigns Gettoknowvariouswellloggingdesigns
WellLoggingDesignObjective WellLoggingDesignObjective
The objectives of a well logging design should follow
your drilling objectives, if drilling objective is not met,
the objectives of logging program should be adjusted
accordingly.
A logging program would vary depending on drilling
Objectives.
WellLoggingDesign WellLoggingDesign11
Onshorewell Onshorewell
Adevelopmentwell,A5,istodrillupdipstructureofASand
toaccelerateoilproduction,theA4wellhasproducedthis
Reservoirforayear,andcurrentlyproduces80%water.The
reservoirhasastrongaquiverdrivemechanism.
WellLoggingDesign WellLoggingDesign1 1continued
DrillingobjectiveistodrillandcompletetheASandLevel
Loggingprogramobjectiveforthiswellisthentolocatethe
topoftheASandandmakesurethattheintervalisstillinthe
oilcolumn.
Otherinformation:Strongwaterdrivemeansithasgood
pressuremaintenance,therefore,noneedtotakepressure
data.
Rigtype:OnshoreRig(inexpensive),averticalwell.
LoggingDesign:WirelineGRResistivityNeutronDensity
WellLoggingDesign WellLoggingDesign22
Offshorewell Offshorewell
Athirdappraisalwellisproposedonthewestflankofthe
structure.Firsttwowellssuggestthatwelltowelllog
correlationisnoteasy,howeverpressuredatahashelpedthe
welltowellcorrelation.Thiswellistorevealthelateral
continuityandthecompartmentissueofthereservoirs.
WellLoggingDesign WellLoggingDesign1 1continued
Drillingobjectiveistodrillandtofindoutthelateralcontinuity
ofsomereservoirs.
Loggingprogramobjectiveistocollectasmuchdatato
confirmlateralcontinuityandwelltowellcorrelation.
Otherinformation:Thewellisstillintheappraisalphase.
Rigtype:OffhoreRig(expensive),directionalwell?
LoggingDesign:
LWDGRResistivityDensityNeutron
WirelineGRResistivityDensityNeutronascontigency
incaseLWDdataisnotreliable
Wirelineformationtestforpressurecorrelation
WirelineOBMIforstratigraphicinformation
tohelpwelltowellcorrelation
Example Example1 1 LoggingProgram LoggingProgram
26Conductor 3500to3700MD
None
20Casing 3700to4100MD
None
171/2Holesection4100to6000MD
LWD: GRResistivity
121/4HoleSection6000to9000MD
LWD: GRResistivityDensityNeutron
Wireline: TriplecomboonlywhenLWDfail
Formationtestasrequired
81/2Holesection9000to12000MD
LWD: GRResistivityDensityNeutron
Wireline: TriplecomboonlywhenLWDfail
Formationtestasrequired
Boreholeimageasrequired
NuclearMagnetictoolasrequired
Example Example2LoggingProgram 2LoggingProgram Continued
81/2HoleSection9000to12000MD
LWD:
GRResistivityDensityNeutron
Wireline:
TriplecomboasacontingencywhenLWDfail
WetCase:
TriplecomboasacontingencywhenLWDdataisnotreliable
Formationtestsforpressuresandwatersamples
H.C.Case:
TriplecomboasacontingencywhenLWDdataisnotreliable
Formationtestsforpressuresandfluidsamples
Boreholeimagelogfordipandstratigraphicinformation
NuclearMagnetictoolwhenconsiderablethickshalysandreservoirsare
penetrated
Boreholeseismicforvelocitysurvey
ImportantAspectsToConsider ImportantAspectsToConsider
Risk
Cost
Environment
HoleSize
WellDesign
ToolSpeed
Someexamples Someexamples
Risk
Whilewearerunninginholewithwirelinetools,the
toolscouldnotgodownatcertaindepth.Thecompany
representativehasdecidedtopulloutofholetorun
differenttoolconfiguration.
Incaseofariskthatwearenotabletogodownpassing
thesamedepthwithnewtoolconfiguration,the
petrophysicisthasaskedthelogengineertologupwhile
pullingoutofholetogetdataassurance.
Cost
AfterthewellreachedTDat6000ft,theteamfoundout
thattheydonothaveroomtogetalllogdatatothebaseof
thereservoirnearTDiftheyusetypicaltriplecombination
wirelinetools,todrilladditional50ftwouldtake24hourrig
timeincludingRIHandPOOH.
Thepetrophysicisthasthendecidedtosplitthetoolsinto
tworuns,whichonlyrequireadditional6hourrigtimefor
secondwirelinerun.Bydoingthatitwouldhavesaved18
hourrigtimeiftheydrilladditional50fttohaveonlyone
loggingrun
Environment
ThewellistodrillcomplexlithologyintervalinJurasic
section.Wherecoal,shale,sand,limestonecanbe
penetratedinthesameholesection.
Thegeologistandpetrophysicisthavesuggestedtheir
drillingteamtodrillthewellwithoilbasedmudtohelp
possibleswellingclayproblem,formationoflimestone
ledgesandwashedoutsandsection,thereforeitwould
promoteasmoothandsuccessfulloggingoperationafter
theyreachTD.
HoleSize
TheDrillingengineerhassuggestedtorunonlyLWDinthe
121/4holesectiontoreducewellcost.
Thepetrophysicisthasarguedandsuggestedtorun
wirelinebecausebasedonpreviouswellsinthisfieldwhere
theyhavedrilledataveragerateof300ft/hrresultinginnot
reliabledata.Theteamhassupportedtheirpetrophysicistto
runwirelinebecauseitwouldhelptosupportfield
certification.
WellDesign
AftertheG&Gteamprovidethetargetstothedrilling
engineer,theteamhastoendupwithawelldesignthatit
requiresahighlydeviatedwellexceeding60deg.
LWDlogdataacquisitionisthenputintheirlogging
programbecausebasedontheirexperienceinthisfield50
degwellwasthehighestdeviatedwellthattheycouldlog
withwireline.
ToolSpeed
BasedonthestatisticsdrillingthePliocenesectionisvery
quick,averaging400ft/hr,thecompanyisdrillinga
horizontalgaswellatabout3000ftTVD.
LWDengineerandthepetrophyscisthaveworkedtogether
andhavegivenarecommendationtodocontrolleddrillingat
about200ft/hrtogetanacceptablelogdataquality.
Whatdoyouhaveinmind? Whatdoyouhaveinmind?
On Shore
Development Well
Off Shore
Deep water
development-well
In respect to Risk, Cost, Environment, Hole Size, Well Design, Tool Speed
ExploratoryWell ExploratoryWell
SeismicInformation
RegionalGeologyInformation
DrillingthewellusingLearningwhiledoing
concept
HighRiskbutmustbemanageable
MostlyVerticalwell
DevelopmentWell DevelopmentWell
InManycaseswithlittletononeedofseismic
information
LocalGeologyInformation
Drillingwithfullknowledge
LowRiskmainlymechanical
Vertical,highlydeviatedtohorizontalwells
AnExampleofrathercomplexLoggingProgram AnExampleofrathercomplexLoggingProgram
DecisionTree DecisionTree
West Seno Data Gathering Strategy
Standard
well
PAY
Fully
Loaded
Wireline
Full
Cores
SAMPLING
12 1/4
PAY
LWD
SAMPLES
LWD
WIRELINE
PRESSURE
P. O
PEX
MDT
CST
Cores
Special
Logging
Velocity
Uncertainty
UBI or CBL
SAMPLING
Cased Hole GR
CSAT
or VSP
GR to bottom of 13 3/8
STOP
STOP
Objective
driven-logging
Y
N
Y
Y Y Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
LWD
MDT
Objective
Deepest
Well
VSP
STOP
N
AnotherWayToSaveCost! AnotherWayToSaveCost!
ACQUIREDATAWITHOUTUSINGCOSTLYRIGTIME
(PIPEDECISIONNOTNECESSARY NODRYHOLES)
GATHERDATAREALTIMEWHILEDRILLING
GATHERDATATHROUGHTUBINGAFTERCOMPLETION
COMBINATIONOFBOTH
ProjectBaseApproach ProjectBaseApproach
UOMEcompanyhas$200MMprogramfor
exploratorywellsfortheyear2004.
Asafollowupoftheirexplorationcampaign,
UOMECompanyhas$600MMprogramfor
developinganewdeepwaterfieldfortheyear
2005thatwillhavepeakproductionof100,000
BOPD
Gettoknowvariouswellloggingdesigns Gettoknowvariouswellloggingdesigns
Exercise1
PTIndooilCo.,thesoleownerofmineralrightonBlockA,onshore,2kmin
adjacenttoaknownoilproducingareaintheBlockB.Thecompanyislookingata
prospecttodrillthefirstwell,Indoco1,intheblocktargetingforthesame
producingintervalinBlockBatabout4000ftdepth,anditisestimated50ftdown
dipinthisblock.
Thecostsforvariousavailablelogdataacquisitionareasfollow:
WirelineGR $1/ft,Induction $4/ft,BHCSonic $1/ft,Density$2/ft,Neutron$2/ft
Formationtest $100/pressure,$1000/fluididentification,$2000/fluidsample
DepthchargeforeachWirelinetoolisfree.
LWDGRandInduction $10,000/day,DensityandNeutron $10,000/day
Therigcostis$5000/day
1)Whatisyourrecommendeddatagatheringstrategyandwellloggingdesignfor
thewell?
2)Whiledrilling,thewellpenetrates5thicksandunitswithhighmudloggasfrom
3,000to4,200ft.Howdoyourecommendthecompanyontheloggingdesign?
3)AfterthewellreachedtheproposedTD,therewerenoencouragementseenfrom
themudlogsigns,whatwouldyoudoforyourloggingprogram?
Exercise2
Theexercise1wasseismicallytotesttheamplitudeanomaly
atOrangehorizon,equivalenttotheBeraniClasticFormation.
TheIndoco1wellencountered300ftofOilcolumnandwas
completedandproducedfromthislevelforoveroneyear
withcumulativeproductionof4mmbo.Thecompanyis
lookingatsimilarseismiccharacter11/2kmawayfrom
Indoco1well,whichwasconnectedbydimeventtothe
amplitudeattheIndoco1well.Ithasbeeninterpretedasa
differentchannellobe.Thecompanydidlowprofileandran
onlysimplewirelineGR,resistivity,density,neutronandsonic
ontheInoco1well.
WhatisyourdatagatheringstrategyforthisIndoco2well?
Exercise3
Asubsurfaceteamisevaluatingafourwayclosurestructure
offshoreEastKalimantan,basedontheirsynthesis,ifthe
timingofmigrationisright,itisabigstructurefilledwith
hydrocarbon.Thewaterdeptharoundtheprospectisabout
4500ft.Toproperlyevaluatetheprospect,theteamthinks
thattheyneedatleast8wellsdrilledatvariouslocationson
thestructure.Someapparentfaultsduetoregional
compressivestresscutthestructureintopossiblemany
compartments.
Makeassessmentonoptionsthecompanyneedstodoand
makerecommendationonwellevaluationstrategy.
Exercise4
AnoffshorewellisproposedtoredrilltheA5well
withupdipdirectionfromthiswelltogetthegasleg
ofcleanandblockysandfoundwithgaswater
contactintheA5well.Thecompanyistryingtoget
moregasproduction.Theteamislookingatdrilling
horizontalwellwithabout500ftofproducing
section.Whatisyourrecommendedlogging
programforthiswellandwhy?

Basic-well-logging-Design (Sigit Sutiyono, Unocal)

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