Cairo University Module Code: StatA500

Module Title: Statistical Reasoning

Sheet 3 Probability
SO!" T#" $OO%&'( PRO)"MS
*+. Chose the correct ans,er -or each o- the -ollo,ing .uestions
1) Which of the following probability approaches can be applied only to
experiments with equally likely outcomes?
(a) Classical probability (b) !mpirical probability (c) "ub#ecti$e probability

%) &wo equally likely e$ents.
(a) 'a$e the same probability of occurrence. (b) Cannot occur together.
(c) 'a$e no effect on the occurrence of each other.
() &wo mutually exclusi$e e$ents
(a) 'a$e the same probability (b) cannot occur together
(c) 'a$e no effect on the occurrence of each other.
*/. &he sum of the probabilities of all final outcomes of an experiment is always
1) 1)) %) 1 () *ero
*3. &he #oint probability of two mutually exclusi$e e$ents is always
1) 1 %) between ) and 1 () *ero
*0. &wo independent e$ents are+ (1) ,lways complementary
(1) ,lways mutually exclusi$e (%) -e$er mutually exclusi$e
*5. .or an experiment /(,) 0 ).12 /(3) 0 ).45 and /(, or 3 ) 0 ).65
a) .ind /(, and 3) and /(,7 3).
b) ,re , and 3 mutually exclusi$e e$ent? ,re they independent e$ent?
*1. , uni$ersity president has proposed that all students must take a course in ethics
as a requirement for graduation. &he following table gi$es a two way classification of the
responses of ()) faculty members and students about their opinion on this issue.
fa$or oppose -eutral
.aculty member 42 12 1)
"tudent 8) 11) ()
"uppose one person is selected at random from this group find the following
probabilities.
(1) /(faculty member)9 (%) /(student and oppose) (() /(fa$or or neutral)
(4) /(oppose gi$en that he is faculty member)
(2) ,re the e$ents :faculty member; and :fa$or; independent? Why or Why not?
*2. .or an experiment /(,) 0.4% /(3)0.%8 and /(, or 3) 0.61. .ind /(, and 3) and
/(,<3). ,re , and 3 mutually exclusi$e e$ents? ,re they independent e$ents?
/age 1 of (
Cairo University Module Code: StatA500
Module Title: Statistical Reasoning
Sheet 3 Probability
*3. &he probability of a student getting an , in an economics class is .%4 and that of
getting a 3 is .%5. What is the probability that a randomly selected student from this class
will get an , or a 3 in this class?
*4. "uppose that there are 1)) students in your accounting class of whom 1) are left=
handed. &wo students are selected at random. >raw a probability tree and insert the
probabilities for each branch. What is the probability of the following e$ents?
(1) 3oth are right=handed. (%) 3oth are left=handed. (() ,t least one is right=handed
(4) ?ne is right=handed and the other is left=handed.
*+0. , small company has %) employees and 1% of them are married. @f the %
employees are selected randomly from this company what is the probability that the first
one of them is married and the second one are not? >raw a tree diagram
*++. , statistical experiment has 1) equally likely outcomes that are denoted by 1 %
(421658 and 1). Aet e$ent , 0 B( 4 1 8C and e$ent 3 0 B1 % 2C.
(a) ,re e$ents , and 3 mutually exclusi$e e$ents? Why?
(b) ,re e$ents , and 3 independent e$ents? Why?
(c) What are the complements of e$ent ,?
*+/. , group of 12) randomly selected chief executi$e officers (C!?s) was tested for
personality type. &he following table gi$es the results of this sur$ey
&ype , &ype 3
Den 65 4%
Women 18 11

@f C!? is selected at random from this group find the probability that this C!?+
a) 'as a type , personality. b) @s a woman
c) @s a man gi$en he has a type , personality.
d) 'as a type 3 personality gi$en she is a woman.
e) 'as a type , personality and is a women.
f) @s a man or has type 3 personality.
g) ,re the e$ents woman and type 3 personality mutually exclusi$e? Why or
why not?
h) ,re the e$ents type , and man independent? Why or why not?
*+3. , box contains 1) pens two of them are black. @f two pens are randomly selected
without replacement from this box find the probability that the two pens are+
(a) 3lack (b) -ot black (c) >raw a tree diagram for this problem.
*+0. "uppose we ha$e the following #oint probabilities
1
A
%
A
(
A
1
B ).12 ).%) ).1)
%
B ).%2 ).%2 ).)2
1) Compute the marginal probabilities.
%) Compute
) < ( ) < (
% % % %
A B P B A P
and
) < (
% 1
A B P
.
/age % of (
Cairo University Module Code: StatA500
Module Title: Statistical Reasoning
Sheet 3 Probability
() ,re the e$ents
1
B
and
(
A
independent? Why or why not?
4) ,re the e$ents
1
A
and
(
A
independent? Why or why not?
/age ( of (