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com
Paper I 1 A B C
2. (a) Consider ≡ + + .
1. (a) Method I (u − 1)(u + 1)(u + 3) u − 1 u + 1 u + 3

Consider (1 + x) n + x(1 + x) n = (1 + x) n +1 . Then, 1 ≡ A(u + 1)(u + 3) + B(u − 1)(u + 3) + C (u − 1)(u + 1)

k +1
Compare coefficient of x , we have n C k +1 + n C k = n +1 C k +1 1 1 1
Put u = 1, −1 and −3 , we have A = , B=− and C =
Method II 8 4 8

n! n! (such that A + B + C = 0 )
n C k +1 + n Ck = +
(k + 1)! (n − k − 1)! k! (n − k )! Put u = 2 x , we have

n!  1 1  1 1 1 1 1 1 1
=  +  = ⋅ − ⋅ + ⋅
k! (n − k − 1)!  k + 1 n − k  (2 x − 1)(2 x + 1)(2 x + 3) 8 2 x − 1 4 2 x + 1 8 2 x + 3

n! n +1 n
1 n
1 1 1 1 1 1 
= ×
k! (n − k − 1)! (k + 1)(n − k )
(b) ∑ (2k − 1)(2k + 1)(2k + 3) = ∑  8 ⋅ 2k − 1 − 4 ⋅ 2k + 1 + 8 ⋅ 2k + 3 
k =1 k =1  
(n + 1)! 1  1 1 1 1 
=
(k + 1)! (n − k )!
= n +1 C k +1 = 1 + +  + ... + + 
8  3 5 2n − 3 2n − 1  

 n +1  n  1 1  1 1 1  1 
(b) (1 + x) 2 n +1 = (1 + x) n +1 (1 + x) n =  ∑ n +1 C k x k  ∑ n C r x n − r 
  −  +  + ... + + + 
 k =0  r =0  4 3  5 2n − 3 2n − 1  2n + 1 
n +1 n
1  1 1 1  1 1 
= ∑ ∑ n +1 C k ⋅ n C r x n + k − r +  + ... +
8  5
+ + + 
2n − 3 2n − 1  2n + 1 2n + 3 
k = 0 r =0

n
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Compare coefficient of x n , we have 2 n +1 C n = ∑ n +1 C k ⋅ n C k . = (1 + ) − ( +
8
)+ ( +
3 4 3 2n + 1 8 2n + 1 2n + 3
)
k =0

2008 2008
1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) ∑ ( 2009 C k + 2009 C k +1 ) ⋅ 2009 C k +1 = ∑ 2010 C k +1 ⋅ 2009 C k +1 = − ⋅ + ⋅
12 8 2n + 1 8 2n + 3
→
12
as n → ∞
k =0 k =0

2009 2009
= ∑ 2010 C s ⋅ 2009 C s = ∑ 2010 C s ⋅ 2009 C s − 2010 C 0 ⋅ 2009 C 0
s =1 s =0

= 2( 2009) +1 C 2009 − 1 = 4019 C 2009 − 1

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∞
1 1
(c)
4000
< ∑ (2k − 1)(2k + 1)(2k + 3)  π π   1
 cos 2( ) sin 2( )  
1 

k =m
4. (a) A= 8 8  = 2 2 
∞
1 m −1
1  sin 2( π ) − cos 2( π )   1 −
1 
 
=∑ −∑  8 8   2 
2
k =1 ( 2k − 1)(2k + 1)(2k + 3) k =1 ( 2k − 1)(2k + 1)(2k + 3)

1 1 1 1
 1 1  
  cos 2( − π ) sin 2( − π ) 
= ⋅ − ⋅
8 2(m − 1) + 1 8 2(m − 1) + 3  −
(b) (i) B= 2 2 = 8 8 
1  1 1   −π −π 
= − −   sin 2( 8 ) − cos 2( 8 ) 
4(4m 2 − 1)  2 2  

1001 The geometrical meaning of the transformation of B is

m< ≈ 15.82, greatest positive integer m = 15.
4 −π
The reflection in the straight line y = [tan( )]x .
3. (a) As f and g are both divided by x + 2 , we have f (−2) = 0 = g (−2) . 8
Put x = −2 into the first given condition,
 1 1   1 1   π π
   −   cos − sin 
f (−2) = g (−2) + (−2) 3 + k (−2) 2 + 8(−2) + 8 2  =  0 − 1 = 
(ii) AB =  2 2   2 2 2
 1 1   1 1   1 0   π π
i.e. k=4
 −  − −   sin cos 
 2 2  2 2  2 2 
(b) (i) Let g ( x) = Q( x)( x 2 − 1) + (4 x − 1) for some polynomial Q(x) .
[ ]
Then f ( x) = Q( x)( x 2 − 1) + (4 x − 1) + ( x 3 + 4 x 2 + 8 x + 8) which represents a rotation about the origin in anti-clockwise
= Q ( x)( x 2 − 1) + ( x 3 + 4 x 2 + 12 x + 7) π
direction by an angle .
= Q ( x)( x 2 − 1) + ( x 3 + 4 x 2 + 12 x + 7) 2
= Q ( x)( x 2 − 1) + ( x + 4)( x 2 − 1) + (13x + 11)
∴ f (1) = 13 + 11 = 24
(ii) The remainder = 13x + 11

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5. (a) Method I (c) An +1 > An is obvious, and

(n + 2)! n n
3 ∞
3 3 1
For n = 1 and 2, n
> 1 is obvious. An = ∑ a k < ∑ ( ) k < ∑ ( ) k = ⋅ =3
4 k =1 k =1 4 k =1 4 4 3
1−
(n + 2)! n + 2 n + 1 5 4 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 4
For n > 2 , n
= ⋅ ... ⋅ ⋅ >1
4 4 4 4 4 4
Thus, { An } is increasing and bounded above by 3, so lim An exists.
n →∞
So, for all positive integers n, (n + 2)! > 4 n

3n 3n 1
i.e. an = < n n
1  n 1 n n n
(n + 2)! 4 6. (a) (i) ∑ S + a ≥ n ∏ S + a  =
 1
=
G
k =1 k  k =1 k 
Method II  n n
 ∏ (S + a k ) 
 
3 1 3  k =1 
When n = 1 , a1 = = < ( )1
(1 + 2)! 2 4 a1 a 2 a
(ii) Apply AM ≥ GM for the set of positive numbers { , ,..., n } :
3 S S S
Assume a k < ( ) k for some positive integer k.
4 1 1
1 n ak  n a n 1  n n G
Then,
3
a k +1 − ( ) k +1 =
3
×
3k 3
− ( ) k +1 ∑ ( + 1) ≥  ∏ ( k + 1)  =  ∏ ( S + a k )  =
n k =1 S
4 k + 3 (k + 2)! 4  k =1 S  S  k =1  S

3 3 3
× ( ) k − ( ) k +1  n 
< (by assumption)  ∑ ak 
k +3 4 4 1 ak n
1  k =1  n +1
Note that ∑ ( + 1) = ⋅ 
n k =1 S n S
+ n =
n
3  4   
= ( ) k +1  − 1  
4  k + 3   

3 1− k n +1 S S n
= ( ) k +1 Thus, ≤ . i.e. ≥
4 k +3 n G G n +1
≤0 as k ≥ 1 n
S  n 1  n
(b) ∑ S +a =  ∑
S + ak
S ≥ ⋅ S
 G
(by (a)(i))
3 k =1 k  k =1 
i.e. a n < ( ) n for all positive integers n.
4 n2
≥ (by (a)(ii))
3 n +1
(b) 0 < an < ( ) n , lim a n = 0 by Sandwich Theorem
4 n →∞

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1 λ 2 (ii) When λ = −1 , D = 0 .
7. (a) (i) coefficient determinant D = 5 − λ 1 = 3(λ − 3)(λ + 1) x − y + 2z = 1 − − − < 1 >
λ −1 1 
(E) becomes: 5 x + y + z = 5 − −− < 2 >
− x − y + z = a − −− < 3 >
(E) has unique solution iff D ≠ 0 iff λ ≠ 3 and λ ≠ −1 
In this case, z 3z
On solving <1>, <2>, we have x = 1− , y=
1 λ 2 2 2
5 −λ 1 For consistent, the above solutions satisfy <3>,
Dx a −1 1 λ a − 2λ − 3
x= = = z 3z
D 3(λ − 3)(λ + 1) (λ − 3)(λ + 1) a = −(1 − ) − + z = −1
2 2

1 1 2 t 3t
Solution set = {( 1− , , t ): t ∈ ℜ }
5 5 1 2 2
Dy λ a 1 −3(λ − a ) (b) Put a = 3 and λ = −2 such that λ ≠ 3 and λ ≠ −1
y= = =
D 3(λ − 3)(λ + 1) (λ − 3)(λ + 1) The solution of the first 3 equations, by (a)(i), is

1 λ 1 x = −1 , y = 3 , z = 4
5 −λ 5 which does not satisfy the last equation, so the given system is inconsistent.
Dz λ −1 a 2λ ( λ − a ) (c) The system is equivalent to (E) by putting λ = −1 and a = −1 .
z= = =
D 3(λ − 3)(λ + 1) (λ − 3)(λ + 1)
t 3t
Solution set = {( 1− , , t ): t ∈ ℜ } (by (a)(ii))
2 2
For consistent, the above solution satisfy 4 x 2 + 2 y − z = 28
(2 − t ) 2 + 3t − t = 28
0 = t 2 − 2t − 24 = (t − 6)(t + 4) , t = −4 or 6
When t = −4 , x = 3 , y = − 6 , z = −4
When t = 6 , x = −2 , y = 9 , z = 6

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r cos θ = −1 − −− <1> 3 3
8. (a)  (d) | 2 I − M |= = 12 ≠ 0
r sin θ = 3 − −− < 2 > − 3 3

< 1 >2 + < 2 >2 : r 2 = 4 , r=2 (as r > 0 ) ∴ 2 I − M is a non-singular matrix.

<2> 2π (e) Note that M 2010 = 2 2010 I (by (b), as 2010 is a multiple of 3)
: tan θ = − 3 , θ= ( cos θ < 0 and sin θ > 0 )
<1> 3 Put A = 2 I in (c),
n 2009 2009
 cos θ − sin θ   cos nθ − sin nθ 
(b) M n = r n   = r n   ∑ 2 2009 −r M r = ∑ (2I ) 2009−r M r − 2 2009 I
 sin θ cos θ   sin nθ cos nθ  r =1 r =0

For M n to be a diagonal matrix, = (2 I − M ) −1 [(2 I ) 2010 − M 2010 ] − 2 2009 I

2nπ = (2 I − M ) −1 [2 2010 I − 2 2010 I ] − 2 2009 I

0 = sin nθ = sin
3 = − 2 2009 I
n = 3k for all integer k ≥ 1 .

2 nπ
In such case, cos nθ = cos = cos 2kπ = 1
3

1 0
Then M n = 2 n  
0 1
(c) As AM = MA , MA r M = A r M for all integer r ≥ 0 .
2009 2009 2009
( A − M ) ∑ A 2009 − r M r = ∑ A 2010− r M r − ∑ M ⋅ A 2009−r M r
r =0 r =0 r =0

2009 2009
= ∑ A 2010 −r M r − ∑ A 2009−r M r +1
r =0 r =0

2009 2010
= ∑ A 2010 −r M r − ∑ A 2010− r M r
r =0 r =1

= A 2010 M 0 − A 0 M 2010 = A 2010 − M 2010

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9. (a) (**): 0 = ( x 2 + px) 2 + q( x 2 + px) + r = x 4 + 2 px 3 + ( p 2 + q) x 2 + pqx + r 10. (a) Let g (t ) = t ln t − (1 + t ) ln(1 + t ) for t > 0 .
(*) can be written as (**) g ' (t ) = ln t − ln(1 + t ) < 0 for t > 0
⇔ A = 2p , B = p 2 + q , C = pq , D = r g (t ) is strictly decreasing for t > 0 and g (t ) is continuous at t = 0 ,

A  A 2  2 p  2 (2 p ) 2 
 = pq = C
so g (t ) < g (0 ) = 0 for t > 0
⇔ B− = ( p + q) −
2  4  2  4 
 i.e. t ln t − (1 + t ) ln(1 + t ) < 0 for t > 0
(b) (***) can be written as (**), then a x ln a
x⋅ − ln(1 + a x )
− 20  (−20) 2  1+ a x a x ln a x − (1 + a x ) ln(1 + a x )
230 = λ− , λ = 77 (b) f ' ( x) = =
2   2
4  x x 2 (1 + a x )

So, (***) can be written as ( x 2 + px) 2 + q( x 2 + px) + r = 0 <0 for all x > 0 (by (a), as a x > 0 for a > 0 )
where −20 = 2 p , 77 = p 2 + q , 230 = pq and 120 = r (c) (i) Q f (t ) is strictly decreasing for t > 0 ,
i.e. p = −10 , q = −23 and r = 120 ∴ f ( p ) ≤ f (q) as p ≥ q > 0
2 2 2
∴ (***) becomes: 0 = ( x − 10 x) − 23( x − 10 x) + 120 ln(1 + a p ) ln(1 + a q )
≤
= ( x 2 − 10 x − 15)( x 2 − 10 x − 8) p q

= [ x − (5 − 40 )][ x − (5 + 40 )] ln(1 + a p ) q ≤ ln(1 + a q ) p

× [ x − (5 − 33 )][ x − (5 + 33 )] i.e. (1 + a p ) q ≤ (1 + a q ) p for a > 0
i.e. roots are 5 ± 40 or 5 ± 33 (as log is a strictly increasing function.)

µ
(ii) Put a = > 0 in (c)(i), then
(c) Put A = µ , B = 77 , C = 230 , D = 60 into (a) λ

µ µ
(1 + ( ) p ) q ≤ (1 + ( ) q ) p , i.e. (λ p + µ p ) q ≤ (λq + µ q ) p
µ µ2  λ λ
230 =  77 − ,
2  4 


0 = µ 3 − 308µ + 1840 = (µ + 20)(µ 2 − 20µ + 92) = (µ + 20)[(µ − 10) 2 − 8]

∴ µ = −20 , 10 ± 2 2

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(iii) For n = 1, the statement is trivial. Method II
q p
 r   r  1 1
Assume  ∑ a k p  ≤  ∑ a k q  for some integer r ≥ 1 . Note that ≥ >0 (as p ≥ q > 0 )
 k =1   k =1  q p
q q
 r +1 p   r  1 1
 ∑ a k  =  ∑ a k p + a r +1 p  By (c)(iii), replacing p by and q by , we have
 k =1   k =1  q p
q
 p   n 1 
q
 n 1 
p
  r  q p  a q  ≤ a p  .
≤  ∑ a k  + a r +1 
q
(by assumption)  ∑ k   ∑ k 
 k =1    k =1   k =1 
 
1
 r q
( p
= A + a r +1 p q
), where A =  ∑ a k q 
 k =1 

(
≤ A q + a r +1 p ) p
(by (c)(ii))

p
 r 
=  ∑ a k p + a r +1 p 
 k =1 
p
 r +1 
=  ∑ a k p 
 k =1 
i.e. the statement is true for all positive integers n.
(iv) Method I
q p
 n   n 
By (c)(iii), we have  ∑ bk p  ≤  ∑ bk p  for positive bk ' s .
 k =1   k =1 
1
pq
For given a k ' s > 0 , put bk = a k > 0, then

q p
 n 1   n 1 
 a q  ≤ a p  .
 ∑ k   ∑ k 
 k =1   k =1 

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11. (a) (i) z 10 = 1 = cis 2kπ for k ∈ Z. (b) (i) z n = cos nθ + i sin nθ , z − n = cos nθ − i sin nθ
2kπ 1
z = cis for k = −4,−3,−2,...,3,4,5 zn + = 2 cos nθ
10 zn

4π 3π 2π π 1
= cis(± ) , cis(± ) , cis(± ) , cis(± ) , 1 or −1 (ii) zn − = 2i sin nθ
5 5 5 5 zn

∴ z 10 − 1 sin 5θ sin 5θ θ
(c) (i) lim = 5 lim ⋅ = 5 × 1× 1 = 5
4 θ→0 sin θ θ→ 0 5θ sin θ
kπ − kπ
= ( z + 1)( z − 1)∏ ( z − cis )( z + cis )
k =1 5 5 (ii) Substitute z = cos θ + i sin θ into (a) (ii),
4 together with the result in (b), we have
kπ kπ kπ kπ
= ( z + 1)( z − 1)∏ [( z − cos ) − i sin ][( z − cos ) + i sin ]
k =1 5 5 5 5 4
kπ
2i sin 5θ = 2i sin θ∏ (2 cos θ − 2 cos )
4
kπ 2 kπ k =1 5
= ( z + 1)( z − 1)∏ [( z − cos ) sin 2 ]
k =1 5 5 4
kπ
∴ sin 5θ = 16 sin θ∏ (cos θ − cos )
4
kπ k =1 5
= ( z + 1)( z − 1)∏ ( z 2 − 2 z cos + 1)
k =1 5 sin 5θ 4
kπ
lim = 16 lim ∏ (cos θ − cos )
4 θ→0 sin θ θ→0 k =1 5
kπ
(ii) z 10 − 1 = ( z 2 − 1)∏ ( z 2 − 2 z cos + 1)
k =1 5 4
kπ
∴ 5 = 16∏ (1 − cos )
1 1 4
kπ k =1 5
∴ z5 − = ( z 2 − 1)∏ ( z 2 − 2 z cos + 1)
z5 z5 k =1 5 4
kπ
= 16∏ (2 sin 2 )
4 k =1 10
kπ
z 2 − 1 k =1
∏ ( z 2 − 2 z cos 5
+ 1)
4
kπ 5
= × 4 ∏ sin 2 10 =
z z k =1 16 2
4 4
1 1 kπ kπ 5 kπ
= (z − )
z
∏ ( z + z − 2 cos 5
) i.e. ∏ sin 10 =
16
as sin
10
> 0 for k = 1 , 2, 3, 4.
k =1 k =1

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Paper II (b) From the graph, we have f ( x) ≤ 5 for all x ∈ ℜ .

0
So, f is not surjective as f ( x) ≠ 6 for for all x ∈ ℜ .
x ( ) x x
(e − 1) sin x 0 (e − 1) cos x + e sin x x + 2 for x ≤ 1
1. (a) lim = lim
x →0 1 − cos x x →0 sin x 
(c) (i) Note that f ( x − 1) =  x + 2 for 1 < x ≤ 3 ,
5 for x > 3
0

( )
0 (e x − 1)(− sin x) + 2e x cos x + e x sin x x + 4 for x ≤ 1
= lim
x →0 cos x 
f ( x + 1) = 5 for 1 < x ≤ 3
5 for x > 3
=2 
1 1 2 x for x ≤ 1
4 cot x − sin 4 cos x − sin x sin
x = lim x = 4−0 = 4 
(b) lim ∴ g ( x) = f ( x − 1) + f ( x + 1) − 6 =  x + 1 for 1 < x ≤ 3
x→0 1 x →0 1 1+ 0 4
cot x + 4 sin cos x + 4 sin x sin  for x > 3
x x
y
1 1
(since lim sin x sin = 0 as lim sin x = 0 and | sin |≤ 1 )
x →0 x x → 0 x
6
5 y = g (x)
y 4
2. (a)
3
6 y = f (x ) 2
5 1
4 x
– 5– 4 – 3– 2 – 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 –1
2 –2
1 –3
x –4
– 5– 4 – 3– 2 – 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 –5
–1
–2 –6
–3
–4 (ii) g (x) is not differentiable at x = 1 and x = 3 .
–5
–6

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−5
−3 ( n +1) n(n + 2) ( n −1)
3. (a) ( x + 25) f ' ( x) = ( x + 25)[( )(2 x)( x 2 + 25)
2 2 2 ] (b) Put x = 0 , f ( 0) = − f (0) for all n ≥ 1 .
2 25

−3 −5
= −3x( x 2 + 25) 2 = −3xf ( x) Recall that f ' ( x) = −3x( x 2 + 25) 2 , so f ' (0) = 0

Method I −3
1
Further, f (0) = (25 + 0) 2 =
Differentiate the above result n times with respect to x by Leibniz’s formula 125
−4 ⋅ 6 −4 ⋅ 6 −2 ⋅ 4
[( x 2
+ 25) f ' ( x) ]
(n)
= −3[xf ( x)]( n ) , (i) f ( 5)
(0) =
25
f (3)
(0) =
25
×
25
f ' ( 0) = 0

( n +1) n(n − 1) ( n −1) ( 6) −5 ⋅ 7 ( 4) −5 ⋅ 7 −3 ⋅ 5 ( 2)

( x 2 + 25) f ( x ) + n( 2 x ) f (n)
( x) + ⋅2⋅ f ( x) (ii) f (0) = f (0) = × f (0)
2 25 25 25
= −3 xf [ (n)
( x) + n ⋅1⋅ xf ( n −1)
( x) ] =
−5 ⋅ 7 −3 ⋅ 5 −1 ⋅ 3
× × f ( 0) =
−5 ⋅ 7 −3 ⋅ 5 −1 ⋅ 3 1
× × ×
2 ( n +1) (n) ( n −1) 25 25 25 25 25 25 125
i.e. ( x + 25) f ( x) + (2n + 3) xf ( x ) + n ( n + 2) f ( x) = 0
Method II −63
=
2 78125
Differentiate ( x + 25) f ' ( x) + 3 xf ( x) = 0 with respect to x,
( x 2 + 25) f ( 2)
( x ) + 2 xf (1)
( x) + 3[ xf (1)
( x) + f ( x)] = 0 4. (a) f (0) = 3
2 ( 2) (1) (b) f ' ( x ) = −2 f ( x )
i.e. ( x + 25) f ( x) + (2 ⋅1 + 3) xf ( x) + 1 ⋅ (1 + 2) f ( x) = 0
∴ The statement is true for n = 1. d (e 2 x f ( x))
2 ( k +1) (k ) ( k −1)
(c) = e 2 x f ' ( x) + 2e 2 x f ( x) = 0 (by (b))
Assume ( x + 25) f ( x) + (2k + 3) xf ( x) + k (k + 2) f ( x) = 0 dx
for some positive integer k. e 2 x f ( x) = C , C = e 2⋅0 f (0) = 3 (by (a))
2x
Differentiate the assumption once with respect to x, ∴ e f ( x) = 3
( k + 2) ( k +1)
( x 2 + 25) f ( x) + 2 xf ( x) i.e. f ( x) = 3e −2 x .
( k +1) (k ) (k )
+ (2k + 3)[ xf ( x) + f ( x)] + k (k + 2) f ( x) = 0
( k + 2) ( k +1)
∴ ( x 2 + 25) f ( x) + (2k + 5) xf ( x) + (k 2 + 4k + 3) f (k )
( x) = 0
2 ( k + 2) ( k +1) (k )
i.e. ( x + 25) f ( x) + [2(k + 1) + 3]xf ( x) + (k + 1)(k + 3) f ( x) = 0
∴ The statement is also true for n = k + 1 .
i.e. By induction, the statement is true for all positive integers n.

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1 1 1 6. (a) (i) Note that x1 , y1 ≠ 0

5. (a) (i) ∫ cos 2 tdt =
2∫
(1 + cos 2t )dt = t + sin 2t + C
2 4 d d dy
( y 2 − 4x 2 ) = ( 4) , 2y − 8x = 0
1 dx dx dx
(ii) ∫ cos 3 tdt = ∫ (1 − sin 2 t )d sin t = sin t − sin 3 t + C
3 dy 4 x1
∴ slope of tangent at A = = (as y1 ≠ 0 )
(b) Volume dx ( x1 , y1 ) y1

π/3 Equation of tangent at A should be in the form of

= π∫ [ y (t )] 2 dx(t )
−π / 3 (4 x1 ) x − y1 y = C

π/3 As the above line passes through ( x1 , y1 ),

= π∫ (2 cos t − 1) 2 ⋅ 3 cos tdt
−π / 3
C = (4 x1 ) x1 − y1 y1 = −( y1 2 − 4 x1 2 ) = −4
π/3 i.e. Equation of tangent at A: 4 x1 x − y1 y + 4 = 0
= π∫ (2 cos t − 1) 2 ⋅ 3 cos tdt
−π / 3
(ii) Since the line in (a)(i) passes through C (c, c)

π/3 ∴ c(4 x1 − y1 ) = −4 ≠ 0 i.e. c≠0

= 3π∫ (4 cos 3 t − 4 cos 2 t + cos t )dt
−π / 3
(iii) By similar argument as in (a),

π/3 Equation of tangent at B: 4x2 x − y2 y + 4 = 0

= 6π ∫ (4 cos 3 t − 4 cos 2 t + cos t )dt (Q cos n t is even function for
0
As the 2 tangents at A and B pass through C, then
positive integer n) (4c ) x1 − cy1 + 4 = 0

(4c ) x 2 − cy 2 + 4 = 0
  1 
π/3
1 1 
π/3 
= 6π4sin t − sin 3 t  − 4  t − sin 2t  + [sin t ]0π / 3  So, the straight line passes through ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x 2 , y 2 ) is given by
  3 0 2 4 0 
(4c) x − cy + 4 = 0 ---<*>

= 9 3π − 4π 2

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(b) Let the M( x 0 , y 0 ) be the mid point of AB.
 x 2 + 16 x
 y 2 − 4 x 2 = 4 − − − < 1 >  for 0 < x < 2 or x > 2
Consider  ,  x − 2
4cx − cy + 4 = 0 − −− < 2 > 7. f ( x) = 0 for x = 0
 2
− x + 16 x
2 2 2 2
4c = (cy ) − 4c x by <1> for x < 0
 x−2
= (4cx + 4) 2 − 4c 2 x 2 by <2>
i.e. 3c 2 x 2 + 8cx + (4 − c 2 ) = 0 --- x1 and x 2 are the roots. f ( x ) − f ( 0) x + 16
(a) (i) lim = lim+ = −8
x1 + x2 1 1 −8c 4 x→0 + x−0 x → 0 x−2
x0 = = (Sum of roots) = × 2 = −
2 2 2 3c 3c f ( x ) − f (0 ) −( x + 16) f ( x ) − f ( 0)
lim = lim− = 8 ≠ lim+
Further, M( x 0 , y 0 ) lies on <*>, so x→0 − x−0 x → 0 x−2 x → 0 x−0

4 4 i.e. f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0 .

y 0 = 4x0 + =−
c 3c
 36
−4 −4  x + 18 + x − 2 for 0 < x < 2 or x > 2
i.e. mid point of AB = ( , ) (ii) f (x) = 
3c 3c − x − 18 − 36 for x < 0
 x−2

 36
1 − 2
for 0 < x < 2 or x > 2
 ( x − 2)
f ' ( x) = 
− 1 + 36 for x < 0
 ( x − 2) 2

 ( x − 8)( x + 4)
 2
for 0 < x < 2 or x > 2
 ( x − 2)
=
− ( x − 8)( x + 4) for x < 0
 ( x − 2) 2


 72
 3
for 0 < x < 2 or x > 2
 ( x − 2)
f " ( x) = 
− 72 for x < 0
 ( x − 2) 3

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(b) (i) −4 < x < 0 or x > 8 Method II
(ii) x < 0 or x > 2
 36
x + 18 + for 0 < x < 2 or x > 2
(c) Max point = (0, 0)  x−2
f (x) = 
Min point = ( −4 , −8 ) and (8, 32) − x − 18 − 36 for x < 0
 x−2
Point of inflexion = (0, 0)
 x + 18 as x → +∞
− ∞ as x → 2 − →
(d) f ( x) →  , x = 2 is the vertical asymptote.  − x − 18 as x → −∞
+ ∞ as x → 2 +
i.e. The non-vertical asymptotes are
For non-vertical asymptotes: y = x + 18 (for x > 0 ) and
Method I y = − x − 18 (for x < 0 )
Let y = mx + c be the non-vertical asymptote. (e)
Case (i) x > 0:
y
f ( x) x + 16 y = f (x )
m = lim = lim =1
x → +∞ x x → +∞ x − 2 (8, 32)

18 x
c = lim [ f ( x) − mx] = lim = 18
x → +∞ x → +∞ x−2 y = x + 18

Case (ii) x<0:

f ( x) −( x + 16) –16 O
m = lim = lim = −1 x
x → −∞ x x → −∞ x−2 (– 4, – 8)
–18
−18 x
c = lim [ f ( x) − mx] = lim = −18
x → −∞ x → −∞ x − 2

i.e. The non-vertical asymptotes are y = − x − 18

y = x + 18 (for x > 0 ) and

y = − x − 18 (for x < 0 )

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Suggested Solution for Pure Mathematics 2009 mini-forum [Last update 3-April-2009] email: ykng2007@hotmail.com
π
a 0 π π
8. (a) (i) ∫0 ln cos(a − x)dx = − ∫ ln cos udu
a
(put u = a − x ) (ii) Note that 0= ∫ 0
4
ln(cos + sin tan x)dx by (a)(ii)
4 4
π
a
= ∫ ln cos xdx 1 + tan x
0
= ∫ ln
4
dx
0
2
π π
a
(ii) ∫0 ln(cos a + sin a tan x)dx 4
= ∫ ln(1 + tan x)dx − ln 2 ∫ dx
0 0
4

π
a cos a cos x + sin a sin x π ln 2
= ∫ ln dx 4
= ∫ ln(1 + tan x)dx −
0 cos x 0 8
π
a a π ln 2
= ∫ ln(cos a cos x + sin a sin x)dx − ∫ ln cos xdx 4
0 0 ∴ ∫0
ln(1 + tan x)dx =
8
--- <*>

π
a a
= ∫ ln cos(a − x)dx − ∫ ln cos xdx tan −1 x
1 π ln 2 4
0 0 Therefore, ∫ dx = − ∫ ln(1 + tan θ)dθ (by (b)(i))
0 1+ x 4 0

=0 (by (a)(i)) π ln 2 π ln 2
= − (by <*>)
1tan −1 x 1
4 8
−1
(b) (i) ∫0 1 + x dx = ∫0 tan xd ln(1 + x)
π ln 2
=
8
[ ]
1 1 ln(1 +
= ln(1 + x) ⋅ tan −1 x 0 − ∫
0
1+ x
x)
2
dx
12 n
1  k − 2n 
(c) lim ∑ tan −1  
π n →∞ k = 2 n +1 8n + k  10n 
π ln 2 ln(1 + tan θ)
4
= −∫ (sec 2 θdθ) (put x = tan θ )
4 1 + tan 2 θ
0 10 n
1  s 
= lim ∑ 10n + s tan −1  10n  (put k = 2n + s )
π n→∞ s =1  
π ln 2 4
= − ∫ ln(1 + tan θ)dθ
4 0
1 − 0 10 n 1  1− 0 
= lim ∑ 1− 0
tan −1 1 + s ⋅ 
n→ ∞ 10n s =1
1 + (1 + s ⋅ )  10n 
10n

1tan −1 x π ln 2
=∫ dx =
0 1+ x 8

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9. (a) (i) f n ' ( x) = x n −1e − x (n − x) > 0 for all x ∈ (0, 1)  1 r 1 1 
= (r + 1)!1 − ∑ − 

i.e. f n (x) is strictly increasing on (0, 1).  e k =0 k! e(r + 1)! 
(ii) Q f n (x) is strictly increasing on (0, 1) and  1 r +1 1 
= (r + 1)!1 − ∑ 
f n (x) is continuous at x = 0 and x = 1  e k = 0 k! 
1 i.e. By induction, the statement is true for all positive integers n.
∴ 0 = f n (0) < f n ( x) < f n (1) =
e (b) 0 < eI n < 1 (by (ii))

1 1 11  n
1
∴ ∫0 0dx < ∫ f n ( x)dx < ∫ dx ∴ 0 < n ! e − ∑  < 1 (by (v))
0 0 e  k = 0 k! 
n
1
i.e. 0 < In < ∴ 0 < e(n ! ) − ∑ (n)(n − 1)...(n − k + 1) < 1
e k =0

Suppose the converse that e is a rational number,

(iii)
1
0 0
1
I 1 = ∫ xe − x dx = − ∫ xde − x = − xe − x [ ] 1
0
1
+ ∫ e − x dx
0
p
namely where p, q ∈ Z+.
q
1
= − − e −x
e
[ ] 1
0 = 1−
2
e

1 1
Consider the case that n is sufficient large such that n ≥ q ,
(iv) I n +1 = ∫ x n +1e − x dx = − ∫ x n +1 de − x
0 0 then e(n ! ) is obviously an integer.
n
[
= − x n +1 e − x ]
1
0
1
+ (n + 1) ∫ x n e − x dx = (n + 1) I n −
0
1
e
Further, ∑ (n)(n − 1)...(n − k + 1) is also an integer and hence
k =0

2  1 1 1 n
(v) When n = 1 , I1 = 1 − = 1!1 − ∑  (by (iii)) e(n !) − ∑ (n)(n − 1)...(n − k + 1) .
e  e k = 0 k!  k =0

 1 r 1 However, an integer cannot lie within the interval (0, 1),

Assume I r = r! 1 − ∑  for some positive integer r.
 e k = 0 k!  thus contradiction arise.

1
Now I r +1 = (r + 1) I r − (by (iv))
e i.e. e is an irrational number.
 1 r 1 1
= (r + 1) × r!1 − ∑  −
 e k = 0 k!  e

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10. (a) (i) As f is twice differentiable for x > 0 , then n
1
(ii) Let An = ∑ r
for n = 1, 2, 3, ….
f is differentiable and hence continuous for x > 0 . k =1 k

∴ f is differentiable on (k, k + 1)and continuous on (k, k + 1). 1

(1) An +1 − An = >0
By Mean Value Theorem, there exists ξ ∈ (k , k + 1) such that (n + 1) r

f (k + 1) − f (k ) 1 1 1 r
f ' ( ξ) = = f (k + 1) − f (k ) (2) An ≤ 1 − r −1
+ < 1+ = (by (b)(i))
(k + 1) − k (r − 1)n r −1 r −1 r −1

Further, f " ( x) ≥ 0 for all x > 0 r

∴ { An } is increasing and bounded above by .
∴ f ' ( x) is increasing for x > 0 r −1
∴ f ' (k ) ≤ f ' (ξ) ≤ f ' (k + 1) n
1
i.e. lim ∑ r
= lim An exists.
Thus, f ' (k ) ≤ f (k + 1) − f (k ) ≤ f ' (k + 1) for all integers k ≥ 1 n →∞ k =1 k n →∞

n −1 n −1 n −1 n (c) (i) Put f ( x) = − ln x for x > 0 .

(ii) ∑ f ' (k ) ≤ ∑ [ f (k + 1) − f (k )] ≤ ∑ f ' (k + 1) = ∑ f ' (k )
k =1 k =1 k =1 k =2 −1 1
Then f ' ( x) = , f " ( x) = 2 > 0 for x > 0 .
n −1 n x x
i.e. ∑ f ' (k ) ≤ f (n) − f (1) ≤ ∑ f ' (k ) n
k =1 k =2 −1 n
∑ = ∑ f ' (k ) ≤ f (n + 1) − f (1) (by(a))
1 k =1 k k =1
(b) (i) Put f ( x) = for x > 0 .
(r − 1) x r −1 = − ln(n + 1) + ln 1 = − ln(n + 1)
n
−1 r 1
Then f ' ( x) = r
, f " ( x) = r +1
> 0 for x > 0 . i.e. ∑ k ≥ ln(n + 1) for all positive integers n.
x x k =1

n −1 n −1 n n
1 1 1 1
Note that (1) ∑ f ' (k ) = − ∑ r
= r
−∑ r
(ii) Since ∑ k ≥ ln(n + 1) and ln(n + 1) → +∞ as n → +∞
k =1 k =1 k n k =1 k k =1

1 1 n
1
(2) f (n) − f (1) =
(r − 1)n r −1
−
r −1
we have ∑ k → +∞ as n → +∞ .
k =1

n n n ∞
1 1 1
(3) ∑ f ' (k ) = − ∑ r
= 1− ∑ r
i.e. ∑k is divergent.
k =2 k =2 k k =1 k k =1

By using (a)(ii), we have the desired results.

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d d dy x 1 1
11. (a) (x 2 ) = (4 y ) , = RS = [(s − ) − 2 s ] 2 + [(1 + s 2 + 2 ) − s 2 ] 2
dx dx dx 2 s s
 dy  −1 1 2 1
Slope of L1 = − 1 /  =
 s = (s 2 + 2 + ) + (1 + + )
2 2
 dx S  s s s4
Equation of L1 : x + sy = (2s ) + s ( s 2 ) = 2 s + s 3 . 3
6 4 2 2
(b) (i) Slope of FS = slope of ST, where F = (0, 1) s + 3s + 3s + 1 1
= 4
= 2
(1 + s 2 )
s s
s 2 −1 t 2 − s 2 t+s
= (= as t ≠ s )
2s − 0 2t − 2s 2 (iv) By similar argument as in (iii), we have
∴ 2 s 2 − 2 = 2st + 2s 2 3
3
3 2
i.e. st = −1 1 2 1 (1 + s 2 )
RT = 2
(1 + t 2 ) = s 2 (1 + 2
)2 =
−1 −1 t s |s|
(ii) −1 = × = ( slope of L1 ) × ( slope of L 2 )
s t π
As ∠TRS = ,
i.e. L1 ⊥ L 2 2

1
 x + sy = 2s + s 3 − − − < 1 > Area of ∆RST (, say A ) = × RT × RS
(iii)  2
 x + ty = 2t + t 3 − −− < 2 >
3
(1 + s 2 ) 3 | 1 + s 2 |3 1 1
= = = s+
< 2 > − <1> : (t − s ) y = 2(t − s ) + (t − s )(t 2 + st + s 2 ) 2s 2 | s | 2 | s |3 2 s
∴ y = 2 + s 2 + st + t 2 3
1 1
3
1 1
1 (1) For s > 0 : A = s +  ≥ 2 s×  = 4
= 1+ s 2 + 2 s 
2 s 
2
s
t× < 1 > − s× < 2 > : (t − s ) x = st ( s 2 − t 2 ) 1 1 1
3
1 
3
(2) For s < 0 : A=−  s +  = −  (− s ) + 
1 2 s 2 (− s ) 
∴ x = − st ( s + t ) = s −
s
3
1 1 
1 1 ≥  2 (− s) × =4
∴ R = (s − , 1 + s 2 + 2 ) 2  (− s ) 
s s
i.e. least area of ∆RST is 4.

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