Discussion:

Titration is a technique for determining either the concentration of a solution of unknownmolarity or

the number of moles of a substance in a given sample. A chemical reaction is usedfor this purpose,
and the reaction must be fast, be complete, and have a determinable end point.The reactions of
strong acids and bases generally meet these criteria, and acid-base titrations areamong the most
important examples of this technique.In this experiment, the sample is hydrochloric acid and sulfuric
acid as acid substanceand sodium hydroxide as base substance where the concentration of sodium
hydroxide unknown.Given that, the concentration of the both acid are 0.1 M.An indicator is used as
signal the point which the titration is stopped. An acid-baseindicator is a weak acid or base that has a
different colour from its salt. At least one of them-theindicator or its salt-must be intensely coloured
so that it can be seen even in very dilute solution.The colour of the solution is thus different
depending on the acidity or basicity of the solution itis in, and when the acidity of a solution changes
sufficiently, a colour change will occur.In acid base reaction, the general equation is,HA + MOH

H
2
O + MAAcid base water saltThe end point is the neutral point. In end point of acid-base titration,
there are produced salt andwater that are neutral (pH7). For most strong acid-strong base reactions,
ionic equation is:H
+
+ OH
-


H
2
OIn this experiment, the indicator that use is phenolphthalein. If we use base as titrant, andacid as
solution in the Erlenmeyer flask, at the end point, the solution in the Erlenmeyer flask will turn to
light pink. If we use acid as titrant, and base as solution in the Erlenmeyer flask, atthe end point, the
solution in the Erlenmeyer flask will turn to colourless. For this experiment,the solution turn from
the purple to colourless.


The chemical equation is,The reaction between HCl and NaOH,HCl + NaOH NaCl + H
2
OThe reaction between H
2
SO
4
and NaOHH
2
SO
4
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
OThe different between the reactions is the ionize of the acid. HCl is monoprotic acid, whileH
2
SO
4
is diprotic acid.A diprotic acid is an acid that yields two H
+
ions per acid molecule. Examples of diprotic acidsare sulfuric acid, H
2
SO
4
, and carbonic acid, H
2
CO
3
. A diprotic acid dissociates in water in twostages:(1) H
2
X(aq) H
+(aq)
+ HX
-(aq)
(2) HX
-(aq)
H
+(aq)
+ X
2-(aq)
A monoprotic acid is an acid that yields only one H
+
ions per acid molecule. Example of monoprotic acid is Hydrochloric acid. While H
2
SO
4
is a diprotic acid thats yield two mole of H
+
.The mean, when the acid dissociate with NaOH, H
2
SO
4
will need 1 mole of H
2
SO
4
while the NaOH needed 2 mole. Thats mean, we need less amount of acid if we use diprotic acid.
Thatswhy the volume of H
2
SO
4
that has been use is less than HCl.In this experiment, there are some mistake like use more than acid
volume to titratesolution C or NaOH. The volume has pass the end point, so the volume uses is much
more thanneeded. To overcome this problem, we can titrate slowly and shake the volumetric flask
for about30 second when the solutions show changing in colour from dark purple to colourless. The
other reasons is the using of volumetric flask thats had been used with other solution. So,
theconcentration of newest solution will affect. To overcome this problem, we must make sure
thevolumetric flask is totally clean and dry. Thats problems had affect our result. Thats why our


result is not precise and accurate to the correct value. We can see that from the standarddeviation.
But, we had seen the distribution of result is in range of 0.0045 M to 0.0065 M. If werefer to trial 2
and 3 from titration between HCl and solution C (NaOH), the result might be saidas 0.004 M base on
the standard deviation. The standard deviation is the lowest among othersand can be said as
accepted result. But, for the titration using H
2
SO
4
, the accepted value for concentration of solution C (NaOH) is 0.0056 M.
Conclusion:
The concentration and mole of acid or base can be determined using titration process by a
givenvalue for one of the substance. The accepted values of concentration NaOH using HCl is
0.0040M, but the value of concentration NaOH using H
2SO4 is 0.0056 M