Atlas

Economically Important Plant Parasitic
Nematodes Distribution
ATLAS
Dr M R Khan
Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Entomology
Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya
Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741 235
Dr R K Jain
Project Coordinator (AICRP on Nematodes)
Division of Nematology
Indian Agricultural Research Institute
Pusa, New Delhi 110 012
Dr R V Singh
Professor, Division of Nematology
Indian Agricultural Research Institute
Pusa, New Delhi 110 012
Dr A Pramanik
Nematologist, Department of Agricultural Entomology
Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya
Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741 235
Directorate of Information and Publications of Agriculture
Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan 1, Pusa
New Delhi 110 012
www.icar.org.in
Printed : July 2010
Published by Dr T P Trivedi, Project Director, Directorate of Information and Publications of Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research,
Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan I, Pusa, New Delhi 110 012; Telephone: 011-25842787; Fax: 011-25843285; E-mail: tptrivedi@icar.org.in. printed at
M/s Royal Offset Printers, A-89/1, Naraina Industrial Area, Phase I, New Delhi 110 028.
Project Director : Dr T P Trivedi
Incharge, English Editorial Unit : Dr R P Sharma
Editing : Dr Sudhir Pradhan
Chief Production Officer : V K Bharti
Technical Officer (Production) : Kulbhushan Gupta
All Rights Reserved
2010, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi
iii
FOREWORD
D
ISTRIBUTION atlas of phyto-parasitic nematodes has been a long-felt need that has been accomplished admirably
through this wonderful initiative by the All India Coordinated Research Project on Plant Parasitic Nematodes
with Integrated Approach for their Control.
The Atlas provides details of the distribution of key phyto-parasitic nematodes relevant to given crops of various
states, as depicted on their illustrated maps along with that on the map of India. Time consuming efforts to create
this extensive database has provided vivid picturization of the distribution of various plant parasitic nematodes in
certain agro-ecologies. This publication shall be useful to researchers and students of nematology to assess and
understand the parasitism due to nematodes in crops. Potential crop damage and loss could be assessed in detail by
concerned agencies in the states based on the information herein.
The publication could be further fortified with information on geographic positioning and geographic information
system of the locations that would enable future researchers to easily locate the hot spots. This All India
Coordinated Research Project on Plant Parasitic Nematodes with Integrated Approach for their Control shall also
strive soon to further the knowledge in this regard of the hitherto uncovered states.
The Project Coordinator and the Nematologists from the AICRP centres deserve accolades for this diligent output
created out of the available data and information in the country.
(Dr T P Rajendran)
Assistant Director General
(Plant Protection)
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi 110 114
v
PREFACE
T
HE existence of nematodes known for 4 billion years has contributed for their rich biodiversity, prevalence,
occurrence and distribution under varied agro-eco-systems. The All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP)
on Plant Parasitic Nematode with Integrated Approach for their Control, a discipline oriented project, has generated
quite useful information on distribution of economically important nematodes under different agro-climatic zones
of the country through extensive and intensive nematode surveys carried out by different cooperating centres associated
with the project in last 3 decades. One of the objectives of AICRP on Plant Parasitic Nematode with Integrated
Approach for their Control has been to map out the distribution of nematodes on different crops and to place the
scattered information in one spine. Hence, efforts were made to include information generated through cooperating
centres of AICRP on Plant Parasitic Nematode with Integrated Approach for their Control as well as those provided
by the Nematologists working in crop-based institutes of the ICAR to depict this information as an Atlas. In the
present Nematodes Distribution Atlas, economically important nematode species associated with different crops
have been depicted on national map at a glance as well as on the state maps showing nematode-wise distribution in
different districts of the State. In addition, information on physiography, agro-climatic zones, major nematode
problems of the crops with economic importance and technologies developed so far for their management through
AICRP on Plant Parasitic Nematodes with Integrated Approach for their Control has also been included for ready
reference. In this Nematodes Distribution Atlas, the information belonging to Asom, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat,
Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and
West Bengal where AICRP on Plant Parasitic Nematode with Integrated Approach for their Control centres are
located has been included. However, the distribution of economically important nematodes with respect to Tripura,
Meghalaya, Manipur, Arunchal Pradesh, Nagaland, Bihar, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab,
Goa, Delhi and Uttrakhand needs to be completed in the next phase. This is a maiden attempt to present the information
generated through the project as Atlas, which can be further updated periodically.
We express our sincere gratitudes to all the scientists working in the All India Coordinated Research Project on
Plant Parasitic Nematode with Integrated Approach for their Control, crop-based Nematologists at the ICAR insititutes
located at Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal (Haryana); Indian Institute of Spice Research, Kozhikode (Kerala);
National Research Centre on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Anand (Gujarat); Sugarcane Breeding Institute,
Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu); and Central Tuber Crop Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala) for providing
useful information without which this important work could not have been accomplished.
We extend our sincere gratitude to Dr T P Rajendran, Assistant Director General (Plant Protection), ICAR, New
Delhi, for critically going through the manuscript as well as making the suggestions in upgradation of various
information which have further improved its quality.
We are grateful to Dr S Ayyappan (Secretary, DARE and Director General, ICAR); Dr Mangala Rai (Ex. Secretary,
DARE and Director General, ICAR); Dr Swapan K Datta (Deputy Director-General, Crop Science, ICAR) for their
keen interest, advise and guidance during the preparation of this Nematodes Distribution Atlas. We are also grateful
to Dr T P Trivedi, (Project Director, Directorate of Information and Publications of Agriculture and ADG, ARIS) for
all efforts in bringing out this Nematodes Distribution Atlas in a short duration.
M R Khan
R K Jain
R V Singh
A Pramanik
vii
CONTENTS
Foreword iii
Preface v
Aknowledgements viii
Centres of AICRP on Plant Parasitic Nematodes with Integrated Approach for their Control ix
Generic, Species and English Names of Plant Parasitic Nematodes ix
Symbols x
Distribution and management of economically important of plant parasitic nematodes in India 1
Distribution and management of economically important of plant parasitic nematodes in states 33
Asom 34
Chhattisgarh 41
Gujarat 42
Haryana 54
Himachal Pradesh 62
Karnataka 72
Kerala 86
Madhya Pradesh 95
Maharashtra 105
Orissa 107
Rajasthan 114
Tamil Nadu 121
Uttar Pradesh 131
West Bengal 137
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The inputs from cooperating centres located at:
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, RCA Campus, Udaipur, Rajasthan
Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra
Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneshwar, Orissa
Jawahar Lal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh
Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Asom
Kerala Agricultural University, Vellayani, Kerala
Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh
Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat
Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat
University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka
Chandra Sekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, West Bengal
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh
and Nematologists at other ICAR Institutes are duly acknowledged
ix
Centres of AICRP on Plant Parasitic Nematodes with
Integrated Approach for their Control
Sl. No. Centres
1. Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202 002
2. Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388 110
3. Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Asom 785 013
4. Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741 235
5. Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208 002
6. Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana 125 004
7. Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 062
8. Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482 004
9. Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat 362 001
10. Kerala Agricultural University, Vellayani, Kerala 695 522
11. Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, RCA Campus, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313 001
12. Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra 413 722
13. Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneshwar, Orissa 751 003
14. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003
15. University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 065
16. Project Co-ordinating Cell, Division of Nematology, Lal Bahadur Shastri Building, Indian Agricultural Research
Institute, New Delhi 110 012
Generic, Species and English Names of Plant Parasitic Nematodes
Generic name Species name English Name
Anguina tritici Wheat seed gall nematode
Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi Chrysanthemum foliar nematode
Aphelenchoides besseyi White tip foliar nematode
Ditylenchus dipsaci Stem and bulb nematode
Ditylenchus myceliophagus Mushroom nematode
Ditylenchus angustus Ufra stem nematode
Globodera pallida White potato cyst nematode
Globodera rostochiensis Golden nematode/ potato cyst nematode
Heterodera avenae Cereal cyst nematode
Heterodera cajani Pigeonpea cyst nematode
Heterodera oryzicola Rice cyst nematode
Longidorus spp. Needle nematode
Meloidogyne spp. Root-knot nematode
Meloidogyne arenaria Peanut root-knot nematode
Meloidogyne graminicola Rice root-knot nematode
Meloidogyne hapla Northern root-knot nematode
Meloidogyne incognita Southern root-knot nematode
Meloidogyne javanica Javanese root-knot nematode
Paratylenchus spp. Pin nematode
Pratylenchus spp. Lesion nematode
Pratylenchus thornei Lesion nematode
Helicotylenchus spp. Spiral nematode
Rotylenchulus reniformis Reniform nematode
Trichodorus spp. Stubby root nematode
Tylenchorhynchus spp. Stunt nematode
Xiphinema spp. Dagger nematode
Hirschmanniella spp. Rice root nematode
Radopholus similis Burrowing nematode
Hoplolaimus spp. Lance nematode
Tylenchulus semipenetrans Citrus nematode
x
Symbols
Distribution and management of economically important plant parasitic nematodes in India
1
Distribution and management of
economically important plant
parasitic nematodes in India
Nematodes distribution atlas
2
Distribution and management of economically important plant
parasitic nematodes in India
Economically important nematodes associated with crops in India
Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria, M. graminicola and M. indica)
Reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis)
Cyst nematodes (Heterodera zeae and H. cajani)
Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus coffeae, P. indicus, P. thornei and P. zeae)
White tip nematode (Aphelenchoides besseyi)
Ufra nematode (Ditylenchus angustus)
Burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis)
Citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans)
Potato cyst nematodes (Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida)
Wheat seed gall nematode (Anguina tritici)
Rice root nematode (Hirschmanniella spp.)
Stunt nematode (Tylenchorhynchus brevilineatus)
National loss
Rs 21,068.73 million
Nematode Management Technologies
Nursery bed treatment with carbofuran @ 0.3 g a.i./m
2
followed by field application of carbofuran @ 1 kg a.i./ha 40 days
after transplanting in endemic spots at farmers field has been recommended for management of root-knot nematode
(Meloidogyne graminicola) and rice root nematode (Hirschmanniella oryzae) in rice.
Hot water treatment of rice seeds for 10 min at 50
0
to 55
0
C followed by foliar spray with carbosulfan (25 EC) @ 0.1% 40
days after transplanting reduced the infestation of white-tip nematode (Aphelenchoides besseyi).
Soil solarization of nursery beds by a transparent polythene sheet (25-50 m) for 15 days during summer and application of
carbofuran @ 0.3 g a.i./m
2
before sowing followed by root dip treatment of transplantable seedlings of vegetable crops with
carbosulfan (25 EC) @ 500 ppm before transplanting in the main field has been recommended and adopted by the farmers
against root-knot nematode disease of tomato, brinjal and chillies. Deep summer ploughing in states having hot and dry
summers help in reducing infestation of root-knot and cereal cyst nematodes.
Solarization of nematode-infested field + seed dressing of direct-seeded crops with carbosulfan (25 DS) @ 3% a.i. (w/w) in
mungbean, cowpea, blackgram, okra, cucurbits etc. reduced the attack of root-knot, reniform and lesion nematodes.
Use of bioagents, viz. Pseudomonas fluorescens/Trichoderma viride @ 10 g/kg seed has been found effective against root-
knot nematodes and pigeonpea cyst nematode (Heterodera cajani) infecting pulse crops.
Seed treatment of chickpea with neem-seed kernel powder or Trichoderma viride @ 10 g/kg seed has been recommended for
the effective management of Pratylenchus thornei.
Use of organic amendments including neem and castor cakes @ 1 tonne/ha has been found to reduce root-knot nematode
damage in vegetables and groundnut. Their combinations with seed treatment of carbosulfan (25 DS) @ 3% a.i. (w/w)
further improved efficacy in reducing the nematode population and enhancing the yield significantly.
Farmers of South Saurashtra region of Gujarat have been advised to sow groundnut with castor as an intercrop (row
ratio 2:1) along with soil application of carbofuran @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha to reduce the population of root-knot nematodes infecting
groundnut.
Seed-dressing treatment with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus strain
35 to 47) along with soil application of carbofuran @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha has been found effective against root-knot nematode
(Meloidogyne incognita) infecting cotton.
Paring and hot water treatment of banana suckers at 55
0
C for 20 min combined with application of neem-cake @ 1 kg/plant
and carbofuran @ 16.6 g/plant in the pit before planting was effective against nematode disease complex of banana.
3
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major crops in India
4
Economically important nematodes associated with wheat and barley in India
Cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae)
Wheat seed gall nematode (Anguina tritici)
Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei)
Economic losses
Wheat 32.4-66.6% (Heterodera avenae)
Barley 70.2% (Heterodera avenae)
Management Options
Molya disease
Deep summer ploughings 2 to 3 times at an interval of 10 to15 days between May and June.
Early sowing of wheat in first fortnight of November.
Use of non-host crops like mustard, chickpea, mungbean, carrot and coriander etc. continuously form 2 to 3 years.
Use of resistant varieties like C 164 and Raj Kiran of barley and (Raj MR-I) of wheat in nematode-infested areas.
Use of rhizospheric rhizobacteria, Azotobactor chroococcum (Strain HT-54) as seed treatment.
Application of carbofuran @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha in soil at sowing time.
Seed gall or ear cockle and tundu disease
Use of cockle-free healthy certified seeds
Removal of cockles from contaminated seeds either by water floatation or salt sedimentation (seeds may be dipped in
10% salt solution for 5 to 10 min), followed by thorough washing in plain water and drying of seeds to avoid adverse
effect of salts on seed germination.
5
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting wheat and barley crops in India
6
Economically important nematodes associated with rice in India
White tip nematode (Aphelenchoides besseyi)
Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne graminicola)
Ufra nematode (Ditylenchus angustus)
Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus indicus)
Rice root nematode (Hirschmanniella oryzae/H. gracilis/H. mucronata)
Rice cyst nematode (Heterodera oryzicola)
Economic losses
Rice 10.54% (A. besseyi, M. graminicola, D. angustus and H. oryzicola)
Management Options
Foliar nematodes (Ufra and white tip)
Destruction of infested stubbles/weeds/straw/debris followed by ploughing to keep the fields dry helps in reduction of the
nematode population.
Rice variety Rayada 116, identified resistant to rice stem nematode, can be recommended under nematode-infested conditions.
Seed treatment of rice with carbosulfan ( 25 DS) @ 3% a.i. weight by weight (w/w) and foliar spray with carbosulfan (25
EC) @ 0.1% a.i. at 40 and 120 days after transplanting was found effective against ufra nematode.
Soaking of paddy seeds in carbosulfan (25 EC@ 0.1% a.i. for 6 hr followed with foliar spray with 0.02% carbosulfan 40
days after transplanting reduced Aphelenchoides besseyi populations considerably.
Hot water treatment of white tip contaminated/infected rice seeds for 10 min at 50
0
to 55
0
C before sowing.
Use of healthy/certified seeds to check the spread of white tip nematode problem.
Root parasitic nematodes (rice root-knot and rice root nematodes)
Potato, groundnut and blackgram identified as non-host, if grown in rotation with rice helps in reducing the nematode
population was reduced.
Growing resistant varieties/lines of rice like ARC 12620, ARC 14988, 5988, CR 94 CCRP 51, INRC 202 against Meloidogyne
graminicola and TMK 9, CR 142-3-2, CR 52, N 136 and W 136 against Hirschmanniella spp. in hot spots areas.
Soaking of rice seeds in 0.1% (w/v) solution of carbosulfan (25 EC) reduced the egg mass production of Meloidogyne
graminicola.
Use of bioagents Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 20 g/m
2
as nursery bed treatment has been found to be effective against
Meloidogyne graminicola.
Nursery bed treatment of rice with carbofuran @ 0.3 g a.i./m
2
and field application of carbofuran @ 1 kg a.i./ha 40 days after
transplanting helps in checking the disease.
Summer solarization of nursery beds of rice for 15 days, nursery bed treatment with carbofuran @ 0.3 g a.i./m
2
followed by
main field treatment with carbofuran @ 1 kg a.i./ha at 40 days after transplanting were found effective.
7
Distribution of plant parasitic nematods infecting rice crop in India
8
Economically important nematodes associated with maize in India
Maize cyst nematode (Heterodera zeae)
Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus zeae)
Economic losses
Maize 17-29% (Heterodera zeae)
Management Options
Deep summer ploughings 2 to 3 times at an interval of 10 to 15 days between April and May and summer fallowing with
destruction of weeds reduces off-season population of Heterodera zeae in soil.
Use of non-cereal crops like vegetables, oilseeds and pulses etc. keep nematode population below economic threshold level.
Use of moderately resistant maize varieties like Ageti-71 in the nematode-infested areas.
Organic amendment like combined application of mustard and tobacco dust @ 2.5 q/ha was found most effective against
Heterodera zeae.
Seed dressing with carbosulfan (25 DS) @ 3 % a.i. (w/w) or neem-based formulation (Achook or neem-seed-kernel powder)
at 5 % was found effective.
Soil application of carbofuran @ 2.0 kg a.i./ha has been found very effective to reduce nematode population in soil.
9
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting maize crop in India
10
Economically important nematodes associated with pulse crops in India
Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.)
Pigeonpea cyst nematode (Heterodera cajani)
Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei)
Economic losses
Mungbean and Urdbean 8.90% (Meloidogyne incognita)
Pigeonpea 12.62% (Heterodera cajani)
Cowpea 27.30% (Rotylenehulus reniformis and Meloidogyne incognita)
Chickpea 18.30% (Rotylenehulus reniformis, Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, Pratylenchus thornei)
Management Options
Root-knot nematodes
Use of organic amendments including neem and castor cakes @ 1 tonne/ha ten days before sowing in infested fields and
their combinations with seed treatment with carbosulfan (25 DS) @ 3% a.i. (w/w) has been found to reduce root-knot
nematode damage in pulse crops.
Among various bio-agents, seed treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescens + Trichoderma viride each @ 5 g/kg seed was
found most effective for the management of reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis infecting cowpea.
Seed dressing with carbosulfan (25 DS) @ 3% a.i. (w/w) has been found quite effective.
Pigeonpea cyst nematode
Growing of non-host crops like wheat, maize, rice etc. reduces the population of pigeonpea cyst nematodes..
Seed dressing with carbosulfan (25 DS) @ 3.0% a.i. (w/w) has been found effective.
Seed treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viride formulations each @ 5g/kg seeds decreased pigeonpea
cyst nematode and wilt complex and increased yield significantly.
Inter-cropping of pigeonpea with sorghum (row ratio 2:1) has been found effective to reduce the population of pigeonpea
cyst nematodes.
11
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major pulse crops in India
12
Economically important nematodes associated with oilseed crops in India
Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.)
Cyst nematode (Heterodera cajani)
Economic losses
Groundnut 21.60% (Meloidogyne arenaria and M. javanica)
Castor 13.93% (Rotylenchulus reniformis)
Sesame 4.40% (Heterodera cajani)
Management Options
Groundnut
Use of organic amendments, neem or castor cakes @ 1 tonne/ha seven days prior to sowing has been found to reduce root-
knot nematode damage in groundnut. Their combinations with seed treatment, with carbosulfan (25 DS) @ 3% a.i. (w/w)
further improved efficacy in reducing the nematode population and enhancing the yield significantly.
Farmers of South Saurashtra region of Gujarat have been advised to sow groundnut with castor as an intercrop (row ratio
2:1) alongwith soil application of carbofuran @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha to reduce the population of root-knot nematodes infecting
groundnut.
Castor
Growing of castor varieties/lines viz., RG 5, RG 450 (VI 2-1), RG 460 (VI 18), SHB 110, SHB 118, SKI 50; SPS 43-2, JI 5,
JI 59; RC 879/1, RC 13676, RC 1203, RC 55212 and AS 7 resistant to reniform nematode, in hot spot areas.
Soil application of carbofuran @ 1 kg a.i./ha was found effective to reduce Rotylenchulus reniformis population in castor.
13
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major oilseed crops in India
14
Economically important nematodes associated with vegetable crops in India
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica)
Economic losses
Tomato 27.20% (Meloidogyne incognita/ M. javanica)
Brinjal 16.62% (Meloidogyne incognita/ M. javanica)
Okra 14.10% (Meloidogyne incognita/M. javanica)
Chilli 12.85% (Meloidogyne incognita/M. javanica)
Cucurbits 18.20% (Meloidogyne incognita/ M. javanica)
Carrot 18.20% (Meloidogyne incognita/ M. javanica)
Management Options
Deep summer ploughings of nematode infested fields 2 to 3 times at an interval of 10 to 15 days during the hot
summer months of May and June under tropical and sub-tropical conditions helps in reducing the population of root-
knot nematodes in the soil.
Use of non-host crops like mustard, garlic, onion and cereals at least for 2 to 3 years in a suitable cropping system
helps in controlling the nematodes.
Use of tomato resistant varieties like Hisar Lalit, Punjab NR 7 and SL 120 etc. may be used in nematode-infested
areas.
Use nematode free transplants and raise the nursery (tomato, brinjal, chilli) in root-knot nematode-free soil.
Nursery bed treatment with carbofuran @ 0.3 g a.i./m
2
+ bare root dip treatment with carbosulfan (25 EC) @ 500 ppm
for 1 hr before transplanting.
Seedlings may be raised in solarized nursery beds treated with carbofuran @ 0.3 g a.i./m
2
+ neem cake @ 500 kg/ha
in nematode-infested fields ten days before transplanting in the field.
In the direct-seeded crop like okra and cucurbits, seed dressing with carbosulfan (25 DS) @ 3% a.i. (w/w) + deep
summer ploughing of the infested field is recommended.
15
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major vegetable crops in India
16
Economically important nematodes associated with fibre crops in India
Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)
Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica)
Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp.)
Stunt nematode (Tylenchorhynchus spp.)
Spiral nematode (Helicotylenchus spp.)
Economic losses
Jute 12.0-54.4% (Meloidogyne incognita)
Cotton 18-32% (Rotylenchulus reniformis)
12.3-20.8% (Meloidogyne incognita)
Management Options
Jute
Seed treatment with carbosulfan (25 DS) @ 3.0% a.i. (w/w) + soil application with carbofuran @ 1 kg a.i./ha has been
recommended for management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita.
Cotton
Use of plant growth rhizospheric bacteria (Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus Strain 35-47) prepared in charcoal powder @
100 g/5 kg seed and applied as seed-dressing treatment has been found effective against both root-knot nematode and
reniform nematode.
Seed-dressing treatment with carbosulfan (25 DS) @ 3% a.i. w/w + soil application with carbofuran @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha is
effective against Rotylenchulus reniformis and Meloidogyne incognita.
17
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting fibre crops in India
18
Economically important nematodes associated with banana
Spiral nematode (Helicotylenchus multicinctus)
Cyst nematode (Heterodera oryzicola)
Economic losses
Meloidogyne incognita 7.9-34.6%
Radopholus similis 12.02-21.8%
Management Options
Paring + hot water treatment of suckers at 55
0
C for 20 min + carbofuran application @ 16.6 g/plant + neem cake @ 1 kg/
plant applied in the pit before planting is effective against nematode complex of banana.
19
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting banana crop in India
20
Economically important nematodes associated with citrus
Citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans)
Stunt nematode (Tylenchorhynchus brevilineatus)
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne indica) [prevalent in Gujarat]
Economic losses
Tylenchulus semipenetrans 6.8-17.5%
Management options against Tylenchulus semipenetrans
Application of Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 20 g/m
2
in the root rhizosphere at the time of flowering is effective.
Application of carbofuran @ 13 g/m
2
(about 9 m
2
around tree tank) just before flowering. Pulverize the soil in the basin area
and mixed the chemical thoroughly followed by irrigation.
2
+ 1 kg neem cake (around 9 m
2
around tree trunk) just before flowering. Pulverize the
soil in the basin area and mix with the chemical thoroughly followed by irrigation.
Use of resistant root stocks, e.g. Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) and its hybrids can be recommended in the nematode
hot spot areas.
21
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting citrus crop in India
22
Economically important nematodes associated with grapevine
Economic losses
Root-knot nematodes 11-28%
Management Options
Soil application of carbofuran @ 7 g/m
2
at the flowering + growing of garlic as an intercrop.
2
around grapevine plant just before flowering.
Application of Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 20 g/m
2
/ Trichoderma viride @ 20 g/m
2
at flowering have been found to be
effective.
23
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting grapevine in India
24
Economically important nematodes associated with spices
Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus coffeae)
Economic losses
Radopholus similis and Meloidogyne incognita 38.5-64.6%
Management Options
Use nematode-free planting material
Application of neem-cake @ 2 kg/vine is effective against root-knot nematodes.
25
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting spices crops in India
26
Economically important nematodes associated with betelvine
Economic losses
Meloidogyne incognita: 4-50%
Management Options
Crop rotation with sesame/groundnut/marigold prior to planting of betelvine helps in reducing the nematode population.
Application of neem-cake @ 2 tonnes/ha in betelvine gardens is effective in reducing nematode population and in increasing
the yield.
Castor/neem cake @ 500 kg/ha along with fungal bioagent, Paecilomyces lilacinus helps in controlling the nematodes
infecting betelvine.
27
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting betelvine crop in India
28
Economically important nematodes associated with sugarcane
Stunt nematode (Tylenchorhynchus spp.)
Management Options
Deep summer ploughing of nematode-infested fields helps in reducing the nematode populations.
Crop rotation with sunhemp/mustard helps in controlling the nematode populations.
Application of pressmud in nematode-infested sugarcane fields @ 40 tonnes/ha has been found to reduce nematode populations.
29
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting sugarcane crop in India
30
Economically important nematodes associated with tuber crops
Lesion nematode (Scutellonema bradys)
31
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting tuber crops in India
Distribution and management of
economically important plant
parasitic nematodes in states
Distribution and management of economically important plant parasitic nematodes in states
35
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41
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major crops in Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh
Distribution and management of economically important plant parasitic nematodes in Chhattishgarh
43
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54
Physiography
Haryana state is located 27.39-30.55 North latitude and 74.27-77.36 East longitude, covering 44, 212 km
2
area. Entire state is
divided in 20 districts. The state has its boundaries with Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Delhi.
Agro-climatic zones, soil and climatic conditions
The state is divided into 7 agro-climatic zones, viz. moist zone, slightly moist zone, slightly dry zone, moderately dry zone, semi-
dry zone, dry zone and extremely dry zone. Arid semi-arid climate is prevalent in state. Weather is subtropical to tropical.
Soil : Soil types are sand, loamy sand, sandy loam and loam. Temperature : December to February is cold season (average
temperature 3
0
- 23
0
C). Hot season starts from March to June (average temperature 13.8-33.2
0
C), main Monsoon months
are July-August and September. The minimum temperature may go down upto 1.5
0
C and the maximum touches upto 48
0
C.
Rainfall : Total annual rainfall ranges from 205 mm to 1,060 mm. Sources of irrigation : Canal water, groundwater, tube-well,
sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation are the major sources of irrigation in Haryana.
Agriculture
Agriculture is mainstay of more than 70% population in the state. Cultivated area is only 10.4% of total area and 80% of area is
rainfed. Marginal and small farmers constitute 84.5% of total land holding. About 80% population is engaged in agriculture
directly or indirectly, contributing 4.5 m tonnes of foodgrain to central pool. It is the food bowl of India. Principal crops : Rice,
cotton, sugarcane, sorghum, pearl millet, maize, oilseeds and pulses are cultivated in kharif, while wheat, gram, barley and
oilseeds and pulses are grown in rabi. Commercial cash crops are also grown like sugarcane, cotton and oilseeds. Vegetable and
many horticultural crops are also grown. Potato, tomato, brinjal, okra, cabbage etc., guava, citrus, mango,litchi, peach, plum etc.
are among the vegetable and fruit crops respectively. The predominant cropping patterns are wheat-rice and wheat-cotton.
Major nematode problems encountered
Molya disease in wheat and barley, root-knot nematode in vegetables (tomato, brinjal and okra), pulses (mungbean and chickpea)
and fruits (grapevine, peach, papaya), citrus nematode in citrus, rice root nematode in rice and pigeonpea cyst nematode in
pigeonpea are major nematode problems.
Emerging nematode problem
(a) Rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola : It was first reported in Haryana in 1993. Its occurrence is noticed from
Kaithal (Kaul), Karnal, Kurukshetra, Sonepat, Jhajjar,Rewari, Bhiwani, Sirsa and Hisar districts. It causes 10-80% yield loss
particularly in Sirsa, Bhiwani and Rewari districts which are having light-textured soil and non-traditional rice growing areas,
(b) Rotylenchulus reniformis occurrence has been reported on cowpea, (c) Pratylenchus spp. occurrence is reported on
mentha, citrus and guava (d) Ectoparasites: Hoplolaimus, Tylenchorhynchus, Helicotylenchus spp. occurrence reported on
various other crops and (e) mushroom nematode (Aphelenchoides spp.) in mushroom houses.
Technology developed/recommended for specific nematode problems
In rice, for the control of rice root-nematode (Hirschmanniella oryzae), use of carbofuran @ 3.5g/m
2
in the nursery beds
before sowing.
Two-three deep summer ploughing of the nematode infested field at 10-15 days interval during May-June, helps in controlling
root-knot nematodes in vegetable crops and Heterodera avenae in wheat and barley.
In vegetable crops, application of carbofuran @ 7 g/m
2
in nursery beds at sowing time.
Growing of root-knot nematode resistant tomato variety, Hisar lalit, Sl 120 and Nematax.
In fruits, use of carbofuran @ 13 g/m
2
against citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) in citrus in 9 m
2
area around tree
trunk before flowering followed by flood irrigation.
2
+ 1 kg neem cake/tree in 9 m
2
area around tree trunk before flowering for the control of
citrus nematode in citrus.
Use of carbofuran @ 13 g/m
2
against Meloidogyne javanica in grapevine in 9 m
2
area around vine trunk three weeks after
pruning followed by flood irrigation.
2
in combination with garlic (Allium sativum) as an intercrop between vine rows for the
control of Meloidogyne javanica in grapevine.
In wheat, use of Bioteeka (Azotobactor chroococcum, strain HT-54) as seed treatment. Crop rotation with non-host crops
like gram, mustard, use of carbofuran @ 1 kg a.i./ha at sowing time against cereal cyst nematode was found effective.
Institute/University/Organization/Government Department undertaking nematological
research in the state
Department of Nematology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125 004.
Haryana
55
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major crops in Haryana
56
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting rice in Haryana
57
Distribution of plant parasitic nematode infecting wheat and barley in Haryana
58
Distribution of pigeonpea cyst nematode infecting chickpea and pigeonpea in Haryana
59
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting mentha in Haryana
60
Distribution of root-knot nematodes infecting grapevine in Haryana
61
Distribution of citrus nematode infecting citrus in Haryana
63
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major crops in Himachal Pradesh
64
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting ginger in Himachal Pradesh
65
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major fruit crops in Himachal Pradesh
66
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting rice in Himachal Pradesh
67
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting maize in Himachal Pradesh
68
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting wheat in Himachal Pradesh
69
Distribution of Meloidogyne spp. infecting vegetable crops in Himachal Pradesh
70
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting carnation in Himachal Pradesh
71
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting mushroom in Himachal Pradesh
73
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major crops in Karnataka
74
Distribution of Meloidogyne incognita infecting major vegetable crops in Karnataka
75
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting cotton in Karnataka
76
Distribution of Meloidogyne graminicola infecting rice in Karnataka
77
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major fruit crops in Karnataka
78
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting coffee in Karnataka
79
Distribution of Radopholus similis infecting black pepper in Karnataka
80
Distribution of Meloidogyne incognita infecting cardamom in Karnataka
81
Distribution of Heterodera cajani infecting pigeonpea in Karnataka
82
Distribution of Meloidogyne incognita infecting sunflower and soybean in Karnataka
83
Distribution of root knot nematodes infecting mulberry in Karnataka
84
Distribution of Meloidogyne incognita infecting coleus and safed musli in Karnataka
85
Distribution of Meloidogyne incognita infecting major flower crops in Karnataka
87
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major crops in Kerala
88
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting rice in Kerala
89
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting banana in Kerala
90
Distribution of Meloidogyne incognita infecting ginger and turmeric in Kerala
91
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting kacholam (Kaempferia galanga) in Kerala
92
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting koduveli (Plumbago rosea) in Kerala
93
Distribution of Meloidogyne incognita infecting black pepper in Kerala
94
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting thippaly (Piper longum) in Kerala
96
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115
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major crops in Rajasthan
116
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting wheat in Rajasthan
117
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major vegetable crops in Rajasthan
118
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting cotton in Rajasthan
119
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major pulse crops in Rajasthan
120
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major fruit crops in Rajasthan
122
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major crops in Tamil Nadu
123
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting rice in Tamil Nadu
124
Distribution of Globodera spp. infecting potato in Tamil Nadu
125
Distribution of root knot nematodes infecting major vegetable crops in Tamil Nadu
126
Distribution of Heterodera cajani infecting mungbean, urdbean and pigeonpea in Tamil Nadu
127
Distribution of Rotylenchulus reniformis infecting cotton in Tamil Nadu
128
Distribution of Meloidogyne incognita infecting grapevine in Tamil Nadu
129
Distribution of Radopholus similis infecting banana in Tamil Nadu
130
Distribution of Tylenchulus semipenetrans infecting citrus in Tamil Nadu
132
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138
Institute/University/Organization/Government Departments undertaking nematological
research in the State
Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva Bharati, Sriniketan, Birbhum 731 235
Zoological Survey of India, New Alipur, Kolkata 700 053
Department of Zoology, University of Burdwan, Rajbati, Burdwan 713 145
Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, Birbhum 731 235
Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700 120
139
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major crops in West Bengal
140
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting rice in West Bengal
141
Distribution of Meloidogyne incognita infecting Jute in West Bengal
142
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting vegetable crops in West Bengal
143
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting pulse crops in West Bengal
144
Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting banana in West Bengal
145
Distribution of Tylenchulus semipenetrans infecting citrus in West Bengal

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