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EDINBURGH
PHILOSOPHICAL JOURNAL,
BXBIBITIXO 1 TIEW OE
THE PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY IN NATURAL PHILOSOPHY,
CHEMISTRY, NATURAL HISTORY, PRACTICAL MECHANICS,
GEOGRAPHY, NAVIGATION, STATISTICS, AND THE FINE
AND USEFUL ARTS,"
APRIL 1. OCTOBER 1. 1821.
COXDUCTED BY
DR BREWSTER AND PROFESSOR JAMESON.
BE CONTINUED QUARTERLY.
VOL. V. ""
EDINBURGH:
PRINTED FOR ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE AND COMPANY.
1821.
' Digitized b/VjOOQlC
laid subsequently la the death oftfie Mali Bird. 857
ly three weeks after the death of the cock. These also succeed*
ed. The third nine eggs were destroyed by some beast, after
she had been set for a fortnight; one egg which was preserved
I caused to be broken, when the first stage of the bird was dis-
tinctly seen.
' These results justify me in recommending to those breeding
poultry the Norfolk system. A male turkey is a troublesome
bird, and very expensive to keep in condition; to get rid of him
is very desirable, and it would appear that a week or ten days
of his presence is all the time required for stock.
Though this fact is not new, it is by no means generally
known, and when any poultry breeder has been told of it, he
laughs at its absurdity. Some of my neighbours are so obsti-
nate in their adherence to the idea of distinct impregnation of
every egg previous to protrusion, that though shewn the birds
produced by the eggs laid after the cock's death, they said it was
only a trick. So bunded are we by custom.
AE T. XVIII.On the Ancient History of Leguminous Fruits.
By Professor LINK .
X HE name Leguminous Plants denotes sufficiently the fruits
of which we are now to treat The legume is a two-valved cap-
sule, on the internal margin of which the seeds are placed
alternately on the one and on the other valve. The plants
which carry such legumes, form a natural order, so plain and
distinct, that there can be no doubt among botanists as to its
place. The leaf of this sort of plant has only mild properties;
the seed contains much starch in its lobes; and hence plants of
this order afford a useful nourishment for men and cattle. It
is only in some of them that bitter matter is found, and but in a
few that it becomes poisonous.
We have not yet escaped from the mysterious circle within
which we have long found ourselves in all our speculations re-
specting the edible plants. Of none of those plants, which are
every where cultivated,, and in such great quantities, do we yet
* Read at a Public Sitting of the Royal Academy of Science at Berlin, on the
29th October 1818.
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know die native region with any certainty. If we consult the
systematical writers, we indeed find the native regions of all of
them confidently mentioned, and especially the fields of central
and southern Europe are considered as having this distirtction.
It is. here that the Cluck-pea, Pease, Lentils, Vetches, Lupines,
and others of the same kind, have been sup But
ran we affirm with certauity, thm a spectre grows vrild ma place,
when only now and then a plant of it is there seen to shoot, and
is lost again perhaps the following year, especially if it- is at the
same time cultivated in that region ? How easily may a seed,
dropped by accident with the grain, produce such a plant ? It
does not seem to be recollected, that such plants grow decided-
ly and in quantities annually, on those fields which are their
native places, as we perceive in the weeds, Sinapis arvensist,
Raphanus raphanistrum, Centaurea cyanus, and others. In
the Floras, too, we find the habitats of the cultivated legumi-
nous plants given in but an uncertain manner; commonly the
Linnsean habitat in agris or inter segetes is copied. It must
be granted, that in the fields of Germany, and in the northern
countries of Europe, neither beans nor pease, vetches, chick-
pease, nor other similar plants, are properly in their native re-
gions ; and I may venture to assert the same thing regarding
the south of Europe, in so far as it is known to me. Gerard,
who has published a very good Flora of one of the countries in
the south of Europe, which are the richesTm vegetables, say*,
while speaking of Lathyrus sativus, (Flora Gailo>provinciaus,
p. 404.) : Provenit m agris, cuUis et mcultis, Mnc mdlgenus
Jactus, stent Lathyruit cicera: And further, Lathyrus, Ci-
cera lens, ervum inter indtgenas enumerari possunt, cum non
solum inter segetes cum eeremium oriantur, sed etiam in agris
incuUis quandoque spente proveniani. This is an excellent de-
scription of the manner in which these plants are wild in the
south of Europe, but it is a description from which we may
conclude, that the author is not speaking of that situation in
which they are naturally wild. With the species of grain, the
leguminous fruits also now belong to countries where they are
no longer' in their primitive situation, or to lands where they
have been quite extirpated, and have passed into a state of cul-
tivation.
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Leguminous Fruits. SS9
The Romans by BO means called oar legtuninous fruits only
legumma, but under this, narae they, included all fruits which were
cultivated in the fields, and were .dressed and used for nourish-
ment, bat had not previously been used in .the shape of .meal
and bread. Columella (De Be rustics, L ii. c. 1.) roentions un-
der thb name milium, pankum, cannabis, and tesama, to
which he adds, Bnum and kerdeum. In the same manner^
among the French, the tern legumes has a more extensive
meaning. Bat the Greeks had two words, #{** and *,
the latter of winch corresponds to the word legumina among
the Romans, and the former denotes exactly our leguminous
plants, (Galen, De AHmentar. facultat. 1. i. c. 16.)
Bean (Vicia faba).
Beans {Vicia/aba) may here, as among the ancients, be first
considered. Columella names them before the rest, and Pliny
says, Fabas maximus honos est (Hist. Nat 1. xviii. c. 12.) We
have two species, Faba ekpeina, and Faba hertensis. The Faba
forms a particular subgenus of the genus rscia, and is distin-
guished by its erect stem, which rises without tendrils, and by
its internally spongy pod. In the first edition of the Spec.
Plant. Linnaeus mentions the native country of the bean as un-
certain ; bat, in the second, he says, habitat m JEgypto, doubt-
less by confounding it, along with the ancient writers, with Ne*
himbium specmsum. But in the Syst Veget. it b said, habitat
non promt a Mart Caspiotnconfimis Persia.; and Lerche b cit-
ed as an authority, but whether from oral or written testimony
is not evident, for Lerche, so far as I know, has not published
any thing upon the subject. Gmelin, Pallas, Georgia Hablizl,
do not mention it, nor does Marschall von Bieberstein. But as
the last mentioned author mentions Vicia ttarbonetms as growing
wild in Tauris, and it is very like the Viciajaba, k is very pro-
bable that the two have been confounded.'
- The ancients were not acquainted with our mode of horticuh-
ture, but kiuoes among the Greeks, and Jaba among the Bo-
mans, without doubt, denoted our field bean, {Vicia faba.)
According to Theophrastus * b a leguminous plant, (*
yjiiwnn, Hist. Pi." 1. viiij c. 1.), it is the only one of the legumes
that has an erect stent; it has also round leaves, and puts forth
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many leaves, while the seed lobes remain in the earth. All the
other parts of his description agree. A decisive mark is fur-
nished by the black spots on the wings of the flower. The
fuunen Dialis durst not touch beans, durst not even name
them, according to Festus, durst not -eat them, according to
Pliny, ** quoniam m Acre ejus litteras lugubres reperkmtur.'"
(Phh. 1. xviii. c. IS.) On account of these spots, says Didymus
(Geopon. L ii. c. 85,), Pythagoras forbade the eating of them.
Beans have been known from the most ancient times; * *&*+
tXftu ere mentioned in the 15th Book of the Iliad, (v. 589,) that
is to say, black beans as we still find them. The arrow which
Helenus shot at Menelaus, rebounded from his mail like beans'
or chick-pease from the thrashing floor. The poet would cer-
tainly have said Pease, had these been known to him. In an-
cient times, as sometimes at the present day, meal of beans
was added to bread, and this was named Lonumtum..
Pliny assigns a habitat to the bean which is worthy of notice,
(1. xviii. c. IS.) : Nascitur et sua sponte plerisque in locis, sicut
septentrionaUs Oceani insults, quae ob id nostri Jhbarias appel-
lant. Item in Mauritania sylvestri passim, sed pradura et qua
percoqui non possit, (probably therefore this is another species.)
Nascitur et in AZgypto (here the Nelumbium is described).
What islands are those which were thus called Fabarut ? Such
an island lies, according to the same writer, near the Protnon-
tcrium Cimbrorum (Jutland). According to this author, beans
are of northern origin, and this is not altogether improbable.
In the south of Europe, the bean blooms in February, sooner
than all the other leguminous plants, and in the islands of the
south, the bean can be extirpated,a thing which does not hap-
pen with the wild cabbage in England.
The ancients distinguished between the xmuu SAXIMC and
mlyvrruf. The former is our bean, the latter Nelumbium specio-
sum, according to the excellent description in Theophrastus,
(Hist PI. 1. iv. c 9. ed Schneid.) The description of Hioscorl-
des likewise agrees with-it. The fruits, like the cells of bees,
from which the seeds project a little, afford a sure mark. This
plant was found, according to Theophrastus'e information, not
only at Torone in Eubcea, but also in Syria and Cilicia; yet
there the fruit was not ripe, probably because the plants, when
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. Leguminous Fruits. . &
brought there, were not in their natural situation. The plant
has disappeared in Egypt, but few specimens of it are found in
Syria, Cilicia, and Greece; but Nymphcea lotus, of which the
ancients likewise make mention, still grows there. Egypt has
lost several animals and many plants.
Nelumbium speciosum is the holy padma of die Indians, the
celebrated lotos flower, the fruit and root of which are eaten; a
plant with which the mythology of that people delights to sport.
With them the bean is as it was with the ancients, especially
the Romans. The prohibition to eat beans, which is ascribed
to Pythagoras, is derived from the Indians. Gellius ascribes
. the well known verse, in which the eating of beans is forbidden,
to Empedocles, and says, Empedocles, non ajabulo edendo, sed
a rei venerece proluvio vahiisse homines deducere, (Noct. Attic.
1. iv. c 11.) The Geoponicss mentions it as a verse of Orpheus
There is no doubt that this prohibition was derived from the
ancient Egyptians, as is distinctly stated by Herodotus, (1. ii.
c. 37.); and that it was ascribed to all those who disseminated
the ancient Egyptian learning. Originally this prohibition
might have come from India, founded on the holy padma, and
applied by the northern nations to a fruit which served them as
its substitute. The lively padma was an image of procreative
nature, because the embryo lies completely undeveloped in the
nut. The imagination of the ancients saw in the embryo of our
bean, a resemblance to the human members, as Theophrastus
says, (Hist. PL 1. viii. c. 2.) Among the Romans, whose lan-
guage and customs were more nearly related to the Indian than
to the Greek, the bean was a holy fruit, as was evinced by the
fabaria dedicated to the Carna Dea, by the black beans, with
which the Lemures were expelled, and by the Faba referiva,
which was brought back from the seed that had been sowed,
that something might be returned. The bean is widely dis-
persed ; it is cultivated every where in Europe, and in Asia as
far as the north of India and China; and from the most ancient
times, if we may trust the Memoir, s. I. Chinois. In the Ara-
bic, it has a name which is not now in use, JLSLJ instead of
which, the term
is now used.
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Lentil, Ervum Lens.
After the bean, our attention may now be directed to the
Lentil, (Ervum lens, Vicia lens,) since Columella has treated of
them in this order. Beside the large and small lentil, which are
but varieties, the black lentil (Lens nigra), with short, two-
seeded pods, small, flat, sharp-margined, entirely black seeds,
seems to be a different species, as is also perhaps the brown-
spotted lentil (Lens punctata), with short pods, often contain-
ing but one seed, and pretty large, roundish, fine brown-spotted
seeds: But this last is less remote from the common species.
The lentil grows wild among the corn in Germany, Switzer-
land and France. The marks of this species have been already
given. Sibthorp says, (Prodr. Fl. Graec.) quandoque etiam
sponle inter segetes provenit magnitudine minor et cirrhisfere
orbata;a description which is very probable. The Greek
is our lentil; the descriptions - given of it do not disagree
with this supposition; and at this day the lentil is called in
Greece ***. Formerly *** was the name given by Galen to
the lentil when taken from the pod and dressed. In the Geo-
ponica, (1. ii. c. 37.), the fruit is called tuaui, and the plant
<. The stem rises obliquely (irXayiucuvXtf, Theophr. Hist.
PI. 1. viii. c. 3.) Theophrastus says this of all plants which
have tendrils, but are yet able to support themselves without
them. The pods are flat, (c. 5.)
5
is always' translated
by lens or lenticular among the Romans. According to Colu-
mella, the lentil is sown twice a-year; early, that is in autumn,
or late, that is in February. The meal of lentils is much used
as a medicine. Pliny mentions an Egyptian lentil, rounder and
blacker than the common (1. xviii. c. 12.); and Theophras-
tus speaks (Hist. PI. 1. iv. c. 5.) of Indian lentils, resembling
Fcenum Gracum. From this resemblance I cannot consider
them as the Dolichos catjang, as Sprengel does, (Hist. Rei
Herhar. i. p. 80.) Under the Arabian name \f> 0x4 the lentil
is cultivated in the east throughout Cabul, as far as the north
pf India; and in Hindostan it is called maschuri. It is cer-
tainly a native of a temperate climate, such as the temperate parts
of Europe.
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Leguminous Fruit}. 3r)3.
. . Peas.
Respecting Pease, we are late of finding any information
among the ancients. Yellow pease are not mentioned, as is sup-
posed, by Aristophanes, but he is speaking (Plut. v, 427) only
of a AWA<
{
. The Scholiast says, >%>. means an egg, and
that the former word signifies a buyer of eggs. But A*9, also
signifies vim, and this has its name from Pisa in Elis. What
Theophrastus has said of *pf, does not correspond with our
pease. He places mem, indeed, among the ***> (Hist. PI,
1. viii. c. 1.); but he says, some have round leaves like beans,,
others long leaves, as mtit, &;*, ?, (1. viii. c. 3.), whilst
our pease have very round leaves; Commonly he places Tint
along with Aarvp* and *%?*, (1, viii. c. 3., 1. in. c. 27.). He
says farther, mmt has many leaves, is divided at the root into
many branches, suffers much from the cold, on account of its-
tender roots, is easily broken, and occupies a great space, (De
Caus. 1. in. c. 15.). All this agrees better with a plant related
to Lothyrus safiuus than with our pea, which ha not many
leaves, nor many branches, at the root, and is a hardy plant.
From the Roman writers little that is definite can be gained.
Pisum belongs, according to Columella, to the leginninous fruit
which are used as food, likes a soft, light earth, and a warm,
moist air, (1. ii. c. 7. 10.), and manures the ground when it is
fresh cut, f(c. 11.) Dioscorides does not use the word wit.
Galen (De Alimentor facultat. L i. c. 11.) says little about
it, and places it along with the bean. In the Geoponica (1. ii.
c. 13. 3.), according to Columella's authority, it is said to prefer
a loamy soil. Pliny (1. xviii. c. 12.) says, Pisum impa-
tienttssimumjrigoris, and affirms that it has siliqua cuiindra-
ceer, from which expression, however, there is reason to fear
that he was thinking on xviuis^iius { xau), (Theophr. Hist.
PL 1. viii. c. 5.) It is further said respecting cicercula,Est
mimUi ciceris maquaUs angulosi veiuti pisum, according to
which the grain ought to be angular. It is further worthy of
remark, that the ancient Arabians were not acquainted .with
our pease. They translated pisum by * L; and in a ma-
nuscript of Ebn Baithar's Materia Medka, which lies before
me, I find the following description of it Masch is a small
grain like Ervum, of a green colour, mining, with a navel spot
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like that of the French bean, black and white: the leaf is also
like that of the French bean, as is also the pod. In the Fast
they are cultivated in the gardens, and are eaten. They grow
in the southern regions: in Yemen, they are also called Short-
pods, (Hulse, Us). They have a good taste. After that fol-
lows a translation of what Galen says respecting *. It
thus appears, that Ebn Baithar speaks of a dolichos or
phaseolus, and not of our pea. From all this it is evi-
dent to me, that our pease were altogether unknown to the
ancients, and that their x or pieum belonged to the Lathyrus.
Hence we see the reason of the uncertainties of the modern
tongues. The German word Erbse comes from orobus; the erviila
and ervilha of the Spaniards and Portuguese from ervum, the
pais and piseUo of the French and ItaKans from pisum. In?the
Aew Greek dialect pease are called *mu, by a quite new naJhe;
and in the same manner we have gorochi in the Russian dialect.
Pease belong to northern countries, and are cultivated throtTjgh-
out the whole of Europe, and in Asia as far as China, and nor-
thern India. According to later botanists, the pea grows wild
in the fields of Europe, with which account what I have already
said coirespoods.
Phaselus,
The notices which the ancients have left us respecting Pha-
selus or Phasiolus are few. Theophrastus and the' an-
cient Greeks ' do not mention it. Columella says, (1. ii. c. SO.)
phaselus must be sown early in harvest, in a rich soil, four mooHi
on an jugerum; the seed also is smaller than that of field
beans, and resembles the grains of ** and 9-{*. He places
them among the leguminous fruits which are eaten by man.
Dioscorides (1. ii. c. 130.) speaks inly of their medicinal proper-
ties. Pliny says, (1. xviii. c. 12.) the grains are eat along with
the pod. This agrees exactly with our French beans. But
from Galen's information, (De Alimentor facult. L ii. c. 25, 28.)
we see what mistakes have prevailed respecting the names bf the
leguminous fruits. He mentionslpMiAif along with ^ the small
lathyrus as a bad fruit; and then says, some consider ewiA*
and *9*; as the same; some regard it as a variety of the lat-
ter ; some distinguish between *( and *, and give the
former name to the French bean (>,). There is also no
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Leguminous Fruits. 365
doubt that the words phaaehu and pisum were first used to
denote varieties or species of the lathyrus, and that afterwards
they were appropriated to other leguminous fruits; the former
very early to tire French bean, and the latter at a more recent
period to pease.
DoUchos.
DoRchos in Theophrastus (Hist. PI. 1. viii. c. 10.) seems to
be our French bean, for Theophrastus says it bears good fruit
when it is permitted to climb, but bad when it lies upon the
ground. Galen, (De Aliment, facultat. 1. i. c. 28.) quotes the pas-
sage, and applies it to a fruit which, in his time, was called
short \a*f, silique. The putting of * along with x**, and
*-<** in the book of Hippocrates De Diceta, induces Galen to think,
since A*$VJ* and swift* are not mentioned, that * belongs
to the same arrangement He also appeals to a passage in
Diocles Karystios, where xuut*,
{
, '<* are mentioned, but
not <#
?
; and adds, we may believe that x*9vg*, %{> *
are the same plant To this list * ought to have been add-
ed. He further concludes, that the '^* of Diocles is the
plant which is reared in gardens, and the pods of which are
eaten green. Dioscondes describes under the name of <rfuXo
xtnrZut our French bean very distinctly, (1. ii. c. 176.) The
Arabians understood this, and Eben Baithar quotes, under the
French bean, the <rA*| of Dioscorides. The French beans,
that is to say, the large French beans, but not the creeping
beans, were well known to the ancients, and were denoted by
the words 3;* and ewfo*, which, at a more early period, had
been appropriated to Laihyrus. The native country of the
, common French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), as well as of the
creeping bean (Phaseolus nanus) is India, that is extremely pro-
bable, since these plants cannot endure the slightest frost. In
the catalogues of plants cultivated in India, I find, indeed, Ph.
max. and mungo, but not our French bean, and correct infor-
mation respecting its occurrence in India is entirely wanting.
Willdenow asks, whether the Turkish bean (Ph. multiflorus)
be a native of America, induced, doubtless, by a notice in the
botanical work of Houttuy; namely, that the Admiral Peter
VOL. V. HO. 10. OCTOBER 1821. b
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Hehu first brought thk plant from Brazil. But in the old bo-
tanical works respecting Brazil, I find no notice of it.
The Chick Pea, (Cicer arietinum)
The Chick pea (Cicer arietinum) k found, like the lentil,
growing wild in the corn fields of southern Europe; but it is
only found occasionally, and by accident in them. It is, with-
out doubt, the * of the Greeks. It is a leguminous fruit
(Theophr. Hist. Pi. 1. viii. c. 1.), with a deep seated root (c. ii.),
AeywuuX (c. hi.), with a round pod (c. v.) It is twice sowed
in a year. The Greeks still call it p&ch. It is mentioned in
the Iliad, immediately after the above cited passage, respecting
lentils. There were, as now, many varieties of the fruit, black,
white and red, (Theophr. Hist. Pi. 1. viii. c. 6.) The name &
denotes only the chick pea. The Romans always translated
Sev39w by cicer, and cultivated this fruit very much, as is still
the case in the south of Europe. Chick pease are still called
ceci in Italy, pais ditches in France, kichern in Germany; all
of which names come from cicer. In Spain and Portugal,
they are called by a moorish name garavauzos. A variety was
called by the ancient Greeks , in Latin arietinum, from its
resemblance to the head of a ram. The ancients also speak
often of the acid which chick pease perspire, and which has late-
ly given occasion to many chemical experiments, (S. Scherer's
Journ. fur Chem. Th. viii. s. 272). They call it * or salsugo,
and maintain that it is peculiar to the chick pea, and does not in-
jure its growth. Chick pease are cultivated throughout the whole
of southern Europe, in the East, in Kabul (mickhod), and in
northern India (But). They require such a climate as the south
of Europe. Dioscorides mentions wild chick pease (1. ii. c. 126.),
as does also Pliny (1. ii. c. 25.), but the farmer mentions that
they are different in regard to the fruit, and are therefore cer-
tainly a different species. Cicer punicum, (Columb. 1. ii. c. 10,
20.), I regard as rather a variety of the chick pea, than La-
thyrus sativus.
Lupin.
Every thing relating to the Lupin (Lupinus attrus) is equal-
ly clear. It is the lupinus of the Romans, $iyt. of the Greeks,
a plant which is cultivated throughout the whole south of Eu-
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leguminous Fruit. ^a&l
rope. It has a very distinct property, which is also noticed -by
the ancients; namely, the bitterness of die seeds, whkb makes
them quite inedible, unless they have been steeped in water, be-
fore being cooked, and their bitterness extracted. The Lupi-
ww tubus alone h cultivated in the south of Europe, on account
of ha edible fruit. The Lupmus termis, according to Forskal,
is eukivated ra Egypt. The Arabians have retained the Greek
name in their language. L. anguttifelius is cultivated at Bour-
deaux as fodder. There are many wild species of Lupinus in
the south of Europe, L. varius, pelosus, luteus, angustjjbtnus,
hirsutta; hut it is very remarkable how completely the regular
and numerous growth of these wild species in the corn fields is
distinguished from the solitary and rare appearance of L albus.
Lathyrus Sativus.
In the south, of Europe, the LaOiyrus sativut is frequent-
ly cultivated, and commonly the variety with white flowers;
those with blue flowers came first from Egypt, according to Chi-
sius. Formerly this plant was more cultivated than at present,
as we learn from the ancient books of plants. : Its use has been
at different tunes reckoned hurtful; and at last it has been be-
lieved that lameness may arise from eating its meal mixed with
bread. It is considered to have been the #
{
, of the ancients;
and Theophrastuss notices agree with this idea. It has long
leaves, and lies upon the ground like <, (Hist. PI. 1. viii. c. 3.)
The modern Greeks also call it *9<. Theophrastus - always
places A { ^ and Zyjtn together. Both of than are translated,
sometimes by cicera, sometimes by cicercula; * also is trans-
lated by ervUia. The translation of by Pisum ochrus, is
without any foundation. ASV
?
M and * are certainly not very
different, and so also are cicera and cicercula. Columella says
of cicera (1. n. c. 11.), Haminibus nan imttiiis nee injucunda,
sapore cerfe nil differt a cicercula, colore discernitur, est obsole-
tior et nigra propter. As /.. sativus has angular, and L. ci.
ctra round seeds, the cicercula of the ancients'is probably not
L. .cicera, otherwise Columella would certainly, have noticed
that distinction, and not the mere colour. We thus come to
the conclusion, that 4, x&vtt, *{, pisum, cicera, ci-
Bb2
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cercuh are varieties. In Italy L sativus is called' ckerchia;
in Prance it was formerly called ear*, at present gate, or
pots Ae brebis; in Spain and Portugal chichmro. It is cul-
tivated as far as the north of India, and the Sanskrit name
is hesari, which is-wonderfully like the word cicera. It thrives
hi a climate like that of the south of Europe, and is found,
Bke lentils and other similar plants, growing wild in the fields.
Dioscorides, who passes by no kitchen vegetable, no edible
fruit, does not use A9vfx, wit, rex, but only cmrUxtr, a name
which, according to Galen, agrees with * x, which also shews
the small difference between these names. Lathyrus cicera is
at present cultivated as fodder in some of the districts of
Prance.
Aphaca.
Aphaca is mentioned by Theophrastus, (Hist. PL 1. viii: c. I.)
It ought to be sowed late: the pods are broad as in the lentil;
it has a resemblance to the human members, like the bean,
(c. fir) Dioscorides describes (1. ii. c. 177.) aphaca as a plant
taller than the lentil, with small leaves, with pods larger than
those of the lentil, in which from three to four seeds are found.
Aphaca is not to be confounded with Lathyrus, as is easily un-
derstood, since this last has round leaves. The Romans do not
mention Aphaca, only Pliny speaks of it as a wild plant,
(I. xxi. c. 13.); he also uses the words Amaru aphace, (c 17.)
Instead of it the Romans speak only of Vicia, but not the
Greeks, except the later Greeks, who have admitted the word
. Columella speaks of the cultivation of vetches, (1. ii.
c: 11.) and there is nothing which should prevent us from be-
lieving that the Ficia of the Romans is our Vicia sativa. The
name Vicia ha also passed into all languages. But how was
Ficio named among die older Greeks ? The Arabians seem to
be correct in translating aphaca by Vicia: the deecriptions of
the Greeks also agree extremely well with our vetch, and Galen
uses both names, yet he does not speak distinctly respecting
their agreement. The native country of the vetch is uncertain:
Of the garden vegetable Aphaca, we shall speak by and bye.
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leguminous Fruits. -369
Ervum of the Romans.
'tofUWi of the Greeks, ervum of the Romans, is, as is gene-
rally supposed, Ervum eroilia. It has a mark which points
it out, namely, its stupifying property. Of this property
Theophrastus, Columella and others, make mention. It is be-
lieved that this property depends upon the time at which the
grain was sown. The plant actally grows wild in the south of
Europe. The modern Greeks call the fruit p# ervum has
passed into most of the other modern dialects; the Italians
call it veggiola.
Trigoueua Foenum Graxum was much cultivated by the
ancients, and is still cultivated, especially for fodder. The
seeds were very much used by the ancients as medicine. They
also made use of their mucilage. According to Galen, the
green plant was eaten. In Theophrastus's writings.only *
is mentioned among the later Greeks, the plants k called '*'-;
Galen says there is no difference between them, and adds also
the name my&atmt. The Romans cultivated the plant under the
name Foenum Grtecum, which has passed into all modern lan-
guages. The Arabians also valued the plant greatly as a medi-
cine. It seems to grow wild in the south of Europe.
"Apvuf k quoted by Galen as another name of Lathyrus, which
appears in a play of Aristotle that has not been preserved. In
Theqphrastus (Hist. PI. I. viii. c. 8.) there is mention of a weed
of this name. Galen speaks of a weed called at*%*i, which,
without doubt, is the same. Sprengel supposes the former to
be Pisum aroense, the latter Ervum tetraspermum or Vkia
lathyroiaes. The latter does not appear in the south of Europe
as a weed, and with respect to the two former, we may as well
suppose another species of Latiiyrus or Vicia. It is equally
uncertain what *)% means in Theophrastus (1. i. c 11.
c 6. ed. Schneid.) The plant brings forth its fruit under the
ground, whence Sprengel supposes it to be Lathyrus amphkar-
pos, in the History of Botany; and Arachis hypogtea, in the
Herbar. Botanic. But, according to Theophrastus, the plant
has no leaves, not even any thing resembling them, and all
known plants have leaves.
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THE
EDINBURGH
PHILOSOPHICAL JOURNAL,
EXHIBITING 1 TTEW
P ROGS ES S OF DISCOVERY IN NATURAL PHILOSOPHY,
CHEMI S T R Y , NATURAL HISTORY, PRACTICAL MECHANICS,
GEOGRA P HY , NAVIGATION, STATISTICS, AND THE FINE
A N D USEF UL ARTS,
Rtcel
OCTOBER 1.1821, APRIL 1. 1822.
CONDUCTED BE
D E BREWSTER AND PROFESSOR JAMESON.
T O BE CONTINUED QUARTERLY.
VOL. VI.
EDINBURGH:
- P R I N T E D FOR ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE AND COMPANY.
1822.
Digitized by Vj OOQ l C
128 Dr Cliamisso on the Volcano de Taal.
lying at that time on the banks of the Laguna, and several
villages, were totally ruined and overthrown. The mouth of
the volcano was too confined for such eruptions; it widened
considerably, and a second opened, which likewise threw up
fire and mud. Nay, even more, the fire broke out in several
places in the Laguna, at a considerable depth below the surface
of the water, which boiled up. The earth opened in many
places, and a deep gulf yawned particularly wide, extending
far in the direction to Calanbong. The mountain continued to
, smoke a long time. There have since been eruptions, though
with decreasing violence.
ART. XXILOre the Ancient History of Leguminous Fruit*.
By Professor LINK. (Continued from Vol. V. p. 369.)
On Plants used as Fodder.
XJY Plants used as Fodder, we mean those plants which are
cut for feeding cattle, before the seed is ripe. Their cultivation
belongs to the recent arts of agriculture, and came long after
the cultivation of the species of grain, and of the leguminous
fruits.
It was during the preceding century that attempts were first
made to cultivate the species of Grasses in prepared meadows
At first attempts were made only with some grasses, by degrees
others were tried, and the. love of gain which came into play
during this trade in seeds, recommended so many species for culti-
vation, that contempt of the whole was repeatedly excited. Avena
datkrr, Lolium perenne, Holcus lanoius, Poa aquatica, Phleum
pratense, Alopecurus pratensis, Avena flavescens,. Bromus gi-
ganteus, Elymus sibhicus, Agrostis alba, have been cultivated
with more or less advantage.
The culture of Trifolium pratense was quite unknown to the
ancients; they do not even once mention this plant in its wild
state, unless it be concealed under the name Lotus, as the com-
mon people at present call all plants with triple leaves Clover.
But all botanical writers of the middle ages mention clover as
a plant used for fodder, and it must have been early cultivated.
y
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. Link on Leguminous Fruits, Sec. 123
It grows wild only on cold soils, and never where the Aloe
blossoms in the hedges; its culture must therefore have been
found out by the northern nations As little do we find any
traces among die ancients that another species of clover, Hedy-
sartm coronarium, which is now a common article of fodder in
Italy, or the Hedysarum Onobrychis, were cultivated.
Among the plants,used as fodder by the ancients, is ranked the
Cytisus, and on no plant of antiquity has so much been written as
this. In 1731, there appeared at London " A Dissertation on
the Cytisus of the Ancients," by Stephen Switzer, with which I am.
not acquainted. Afterwards it was noticed by Miller in his Garde-
ners' Dictionary, by Voss on the Georgics of Virgil, by Schneider
on Columella, and by Sprengel in the treatise " De Antiquitatibus
Botanicis." Voss and Sprengel, like the more ancient botanists,
consider the Cytisus as Medicago arborea; Schneider as a Cy-
tisus of the moderns; and Miller, contrary to all testimonies, as
no shrub at all. This contrariety deserves to be more particu-
larly examined in another respect.
Aristotle says (Hist Anim. 1. iii. c. 18. 8.), the Cytisus ever
eases the milk of cows, and only hurts them when it is in blossom.
Perhaps this passage gave the first opportunity of recommend-
ing the Cytisus as fodder. Theophrastus only mentions the
Cytisus in passing, (Hist. PL L i. c. 6.); he ascribes to it a very
hardwood, even in the inner parts of the stem,a circumstance
which suits very well with Medicago arborea; but he says nothing
at all as to its cultivation for fodder. In the time of the school
of Alexandria, there appeared the work of Aristarchus on the
Cytisus, to whom Democritus and others succeeded. Cynihos,
one of the Cyclades, was celebrated for its excellent cheese: the
cytisus grew there in great abundance; the excellence of the
cheese was ascribed to this, and along with the praises of the
cytisus, its cultivation as a fodder plant was recommended. It
is probable that this cytisus was the Medicago arborea. Be-
sides Theophrastus, its hard wood is mentioned by Pliny, (1. xvL
c 38. 40.) ; and Cytisus laburnum, alpimus, the wood of which
is not less hard, have bitter leaves, which no animal eats. But
the cultivation of the cytisus seems to have been very limited and
transient. Pliny says (1.13. c. 24.), Invenitur nvefrutex in
Cythtto insula, inde Uanslatus in omnes Cyclades, mow in urbes
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124 . Link on tlte Ancient History of
Gracas magno casei proventu ; propter quod maxime miror ra-
rum esse in Italia. Dioscorides describes (1. iv. c. 118.) the
cytisus as a whitish shrub, like the Rhamnus, with branches an
ell long, with leaves like those of Fcenum Gracum, or *** ret
<, only smaller, and having a larger middle row; which
leaves being rubbed, give out a smell like Brassica Eruca, and
taste like green chick-pease. This suits Medicago arborea ex-
tremely well. He adds, some plant it for the sake of bees.
There is thus not a word about its cultivation as fodder, which
on other occasions Dioscorides did not use to overlook : he even
separates it entirely from such plants, and treats of it in another
place, among the shrubs. Varro only mentions the cytisus inci-
dentally among the fodder plants (1. i. c. 28. 8., 1. ii. c. 1. 26.
1. ii. c. 2. 28.), and always along with medica. He also says,
that two Spaniards, brothers, had planted it for the sake of
bees (1. iii. c. 16. 14.), and by that means became rich. But
Columella distinguishes, in regard to bees, between the Cytisus
sua spontis and Cytisus sativa (1. ix. c. 4.); and especially in
Spain, but also in Italy, there are so many species of Cytisus
and Spartium, which afford the materials of honey to the bees,
that they might easily be used instead of the true cytisus. Co-
lumella speaks circumstantially of the cultivation of cytisus, but
not where he is speaking of plants for fodder, but of nurseries,
and says, (1. v. c. 11.), At priusquam finem libri jaciamus, de
cytiso dicere tempestivum esti Then follows an entire chapter
on the culture of cytisus, which seems, however, to have been
borrowed from the Greek of Andromachus. This is probable
from comparing it with the notices in Pliny, who follows Aris-
tomachus in his own account, but, as usual, often after a hasty
and incorrect perusal. The Geoponica mentions the cytisus on-
ly incidentally, and not as fodder (1. x. c. 3. 8., 1. xiv. c. 16. 8.,
1. xv. c. 2. 6.); only (1. iii. c 1. 8.) it is said the cytisus
should be cut green in J anuary; which direction is taken
t%rS B(WMf .} , KtirriAi,, and from some Roman writers, who
doubtless had their information from Aristomachus, since the
time of the year which is mentioned agrees better with the cli-
mate of Egypt than of Rome. We also find (1. xvii. c. 8. 1.)
the account of Didymus, that milch cows should be fed with
Cytisus or Medica, but that it should be thrown to them but
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Leguminous Fruits, i}c. . 125
occasionally. There is, therefore, no proof, that among the un-
dents the cytisus was much cultivated as fodder; and the pro-
posal of Aristomachus seems- to have met with the same fate,
which has attended so many proposals of our.modern learned
economists. Although the learned poet at the court of the Pto-
lemies, and his imitator Virgil, frequently speak in their poems
of the cytisus, it does not follow that the plant was generally
cultivated.
A very ancient fodder is the Herba medico. Theophrastus
mentions it, and says manure injures it, (Hist. PI. 1. viii. c. 7.
7. ed. Schn.) Dtoscorides (1. ii. c. 177.) describes it as the
' (Psoralea bituminosa), but with small leaves, seeds re-
sembling those of lentils, and twisted pods. The latter mark,
which is an essential one, is wanting in our editions, but there is
a hiatus; and in the Arabian translations the words are found.
He adds, that the plant is cultivated for fodder. This exactly
suits the Medicago saliva, the Lucent. What Columella says
(1. ii. c. 11.) of its culture, and of its lasting for ten years, like-
wise agrees with this. Of the name, Pliny says, (1. xviii. c. 16.):
Medico externa etiam Graciee, et a Medis advecta per beUa Per-
tanm quo Darius intulU. The lucern is not a native of Eu-
rope, for it only grows wild where it is now cultivated, or for-
merly had keen. It also is easily frozen in cold climates.
Of the Vetch, the TrigoneUa Farnum Gretcum and* the Ervi-
ha*, I have already spoken. Pliny has explained what the an-
cients called Jwrrago and ocymura, (1. xviii. c. 16.) The for-
mer consists of beer or barley sowed along with vetches; the latter
of a mixture of beans, vetches, Emilia and Avena Greeca, cut
son cadit semen. What this Avena Greeca is, we cannot exact-
ly determine. According to Varro, this mixture has the ocy-
num from , moist, because it grows rapidly. But in Pliny's
time, ocymum was altogether unknown. An unproved hus-
bandry had done away with the mixed fodder.
Grains and Culinary Plants.
Most of the species of grain which we grow in Europe are
from foreign countries, and are not natives of Europe. On the
other hand, most of the garden plants and greens are natives of
Europe, and have been transplanted to other parts of the world.
Vicia ervilia, Krvum ervilia, Linn.
126 . Link on the Ancient History of
The west has thus in some measure repaid to the east what it
received from it, and it has thus obtained a share in the promo-
tion of human happiness. Only some kitchen plants, those of
the cucumber kind, come from warmer regions; and t he leek
species have an unknown native country.
The Cabbage {Brasaica oleraced) was very early known.
Pythagoras wrote respecting its healing powers,' as Pliny in-
forms us, (1. xx. c. 9); and although this piece of information,
like many others attributed to Pythagoras, may be without
foundation, it yet shews that the use of the cabbage was consi-
dered as very ancient- In the Homeric writings, perhaps from
accident, there is no mention of the cabbage. But, at a later
period, it is frequently mentioned by Aristophanes. The old
Greeks named the cabbage f!it>mt: afterwards the name of the
curled variety, *(*, was given to the whole species. The
Scholiast on the Plutus of Aristophanes says distinctly, (ed.
Brunk. p. 544.), that which the ancients called ;?<* is now
called ; and Athenssus explains {* by *, (Deip-
nosoph. 1. ix. c, 9) There is, therefore, no reason for explain-
ing *** by radish with Theophrastus, as Schneider has just-
ly remarked. Although the ancients have hot exactly described
the cabbage, yet their accounts of its varieties, the manner of cul-
tivating it, and even the name (caulis), are sufficiently distinctive
of this plant Theophrastus, Cato, Pliny, and Athenseus, speak
of the varieties of cabbage in such a manner, that we are able
to recognise several of the varieties which are still known. The
curled cabbage is called *;, because it is curled like the
curled parsley; and this first had the name *. The white
cabbage was also known to the ancients, as is evident from the
description of the head (caput) in Pliny. But I find no traces
of cauliflower, because the cyma, which is understood to denote
it, is a species of sprat, and Prosper Alpinus speaks of cauli-
flower in Egypt as a new discovery. The ancients blanched
the flower-stalks, by binding the leaves together, and then they
ate them. They also speak of a cabbage on the sea-shores,
which has round leaves, and is of a sharp taste; probably they
mean the wild cabbage, not Br. arctica, which is shrubby.
Cabbage grows wild on the sea-coasts of England in several
places, and Sibthorp found it on the coasts of Greece. It is sin-
y
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Leguminous Fruits, e}c. 127
gular that it grows wild only in such different regions; and it
is very probable, that it formerly grew wild on other coasts of
Europe, but was gradually extirpated by the cattle. The cul-
tore of sea-cabbage {Crambe maritima), a plant which grows
wild on many of the coasts of Northern Europe, is entirely new,
and has not yet become general in England. In China a pecu-
liar species of cabbage is cultivated, called by Barrow Brassiea
omentaUs, which, however, ought not to be confounded with
Brassiea omentaUs, Lin.
Theophrastus places three garden-plants together, (Hist PL
L i. c 14*. 2. ed. Scbneid.), , irfyatmfa, pttmnt. To the .
second he ascribes a straight descending root, from which all the
other roots come, (L. H. c. 2.) According to Dicecorides, (1. ii.
c. 145.), some call it ^(^*: the blade is eaten dressed, it
is blanched. Aristophanus mentions it The Ilomans trans-
lated >3(* by Atriplex, (Plin. Hist. Nat 1. xx. c. 90.); but
they afford few means of enabling us to ascertain it more correct-
ly. In general, their Atriplex is considered as an Atriplex hor-
tensis, and there is nothing against the idea, but nothing, .that
confirms it Atriplex hortensis was found by the elder Gmelin,
growing wild in Southern Siberia The & is generally men-
tioned to have been the Amaranthus blitum. The notices of the
ancients, of Pliny, Dioscorldes, and Galen, are so short, and so-
little descriptive, that the opinion above stated rests merely oa
tradition. Formerly this plant was more generally eaten than
at present. In Portugal, the greatest number of different spe-
cies of amaranths (not Am. blitum) were eaten under the name
of Bredos, which, from the usual practice of this language of
changing I, after consonant in the beginning of a word, into r,
as also by the frequent change of i into e, and of t into d, has
doubtless arisen from Blitum. A. memgostanus and gangetkus
are the most common plants in Northern India. Probably the
ancients did not even eat A. blitum, but A. albus, and perhaps
some other species, which are more tender than A. blitum, and
are more common in the south of Europe.
Regarding Spinage (Spinacia oleracea), Beck man (Hist, of
Inventions, iv. 116.) has instituted some such investigation as
might be expected from this industrious scholar. He has shewn
that no trace of this plant is found among the ancients, but that,
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128 . Link on the Ancient History of
according to Du Fresno's Glossary, Spinage is first mentioned
in the middle ages. I add to this, that among the Arabians
Spinage was well known, although they did not reckon it worth
their while to describe it, as appears from Ebn Baitar. Ye t the
name Spinachia seems to be the original, for the Arabian name
has not the appearance of an original Arabic word. The Span-
ish word Kraut, which is quoted by some authors, is doubtless
a corruption of the Arabic word, which is written Hospanach
and Hispanach. The native country of spinage is unknown.
But Marshal of
1 0
found a nearly related species, Sp.
tetrandra, growing wild in eastern Armenia, which is also eaten
by the natives; and he thinks our Sp. oleracea is merely a va-
riety of it; a very likely supposition. /
. A garden-vegetable, well known to the ancients, was the La-
patkum, and there is no doubt that it is the Rumex patientia.
Dioecorides describes several species of Lapathum, (1. ii. c. 144).
141.), but it is difficult to deduce any thing from his descrip-
tions. Some expressions of Theophrastus (1. vii. c. 2. s. 7.)
are .characteristic; those which relate to the size and strength of
the root, as we see in Rumex patientia. The plant grows wild
on the elevated meadows of middle and southern Europe,
Thus says Horace, Herba lapathi prata a/mantis. Pliny asserts
that the wild Lapathum is better than the cultivated, and al-
ways contains more acid. Formerly Rumex patientia was much
eaten as greens in Germany, and to this day it is occasion-
ally cultivated .as greens, under the name of English Spinage.
The name Patientia is derived from the French word patience,
because it is eaten at a time of the year when there are few
greens, and people arc forced to make use of this. Under the
species of Lapathum, Dioecorides also mentions the <, or
M(V(. Our Sorrel (Rumex acetosa) cannot be this plant, for
it is described as being very low; probably it is the Rumex
scutatus, the Garden-sorrel, a plant which is very common in
the whole of southern or central Europe.
', or &*1, Lactuca, if we judge by the name, which
remains unchanged in all the modern tongues, is our Lactuca
saliva. The plant was too well known to be particularly de-
scribed. What the ancients say of the effects of Lactuca, does
not oppose the idea, that our Lactuca was the same with the
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Leguminous Plants. 1 S&
Mwtctuca of the ancients. Even the milky juice, whence the
name Lactuea, points out this identity. But some related plants
sean also to have received this name. The Lactuea with
tiisUe-leaves, mentioned by Theophrastus (H. PI. 1. vii. c.4.
8. 5.), is probably a curled variety; but the broad-stalked, front
the stems of which garden-gates were made, was, although a
tiionstrous production {eaule fliscratri), yet a related specie
Under the name Lactuea satvoa, there are at present two spe-
cies included. Where the IJuAuat grows wild, is quite unknown.
The wild Lactuea of the ancients (Dioscorid. 1. xxvi. c. 61.) is
Lactuea virosa. The Lactuea was known in very early times;
The ancients seem to have eaten a great many plants of the
natural order Setniflosculosa, which Theophrastus reckons up -
under the names #), , , vmxi"e,U> it?W
m
i hnd
which were called *^*?, from the similarity of their leaves
Dioscorides cites ipyie* (1 i
y
c
97.), which is translated
Senecio, and the description of which agrees pretty well with
Senecio vulgaris, or some related-species; But this plant is not
eatable. Dioscorides also does not speak of its use as greens,
and does not cite this plant along with the other plants used as
greens, (lalen says nothing whatever respecting it; Probably
the word had received a different meaning in later times. '!>*-
%# is compared by Theophrastus with ;(<, (Bust PI. 1. vii.
c. 11. s. 4.); but it is said to be smoother, softer to the eye
{( tf {'), and sweeter. The comparison between it
and Ckkorium shews, that the plants which have been taken
for it, Hyoseris, Hedypnois, Hypocharis, Linn, do not belong
to it. 'A3
s
t/A* is mentioned in this passage alone; is de-
scribed (c. 11. s. 4.) as not eatable. The word is used among
the names of garden-greens, and among the Cicharacea by
Theophrastus only, and by Pliny, who translates these passages.
Bauhin does not comprehend why Theophrastus quotes this
plant among the garden-greens, and yet afterwards says it is
not eatable; If we insert {the ali, which has occasioned so much
perplexity tb Schneider, the passage (1 vii. e. 4. s. 1.) then inti-
mates that these plants were also named jUgsiw, simply on ac-
count of their resemblance to Ckharium, It is quite in vain to
endeavour to ascertain these plants, especially as later writers
do not mention many of them. Tome they seem partly to de-
VOL. VI. NO; 11. JANUA*Y 1828; ' I
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180 Mr Link on the Ancient History of
bote only varieties of Succory or Endive, which itself may- be
only a variety of Succory. *? (Theophrast. Hist PL L vi i .
c. 11. s. 3.), which is also called ripe (Dioscor. 1. ii. c. 160-),
and by the Latins Intybus (Galen, de Aliment Facultat. L L) ,
is so described by the ancients, that the description suite com-
pletely our Succory or Endive. (See particularly Theophrest,
L vii. c. 8. s. 8.) vVilldenow thinks die Endive grows wild i n
the East Indies, because he had a specimen from thence; bmt
-it is much to be doubted whether'it be the same specie*. Succory
is Well known as a wild plant throughout the whole of Europe.
There was a plant very common, and from the earliest times
cultivated by die Greeks and Romans, the use of which has
been quite lost since the middle ages: it is the Malva of the
Remans, *<1 of the Greeks. That the ancients, by the word
, which word is used by Hesiod, or *, meant one of
the Maliacea, is evident, from the excellent description of t he
fruit of Fhanias in Athenaeus (1. ii. c. 52.), to which the Malva
is well known to have been related. But what plants of this
genus Were eateh, is not easily determined. The ancients dis-
tinguished between the wild Malva and the cultivated, (Dioscor.
1. ii. c. 144.); and Theophrastus says, respecting the latter, that
it is almost shrubby, (Hist PL 1. i. c 5.) Hence Sprengel also
considers this plant to have been Lavatera arborea, and Sib-
thorp considers it as Akea rosea, which commonly grows wild
in Greece. But the leaves of these plants are very hard. Pro-
bably another large, but tender, species of the Malva is desig-
nated by this name, perhaps Malva crispa, a plant which is
-suspected to be a native of the East, having tender leaves, and
a stem which is often very high. It does not follow from the
writings of the ancients, that the Malva grows wild in Greece,
because what they call wild and cultivated plants, are often
different species, as we have seen above respecting Lactuca.
But the ancients had also another smaller .species (Plin. L xx.
c. 81. Afric'l. iii. c. 8.), which is probably ML rotundifbMa.
They made this plant savoury with some additions to it.
The Beet (Beta rubra, and Viola) was well known to the
ancients, and respecting its designation there is no doubt. The
Romans named it Beta, the Greeks -nvrJu, wvris, or IOT-AM*.
Theophrastus distinguishes two species (Hist.Pl. 1. vii. c. 4. 4.),
the black, which we called the red, and the white. Instead of
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Leguminous Plants. 1S1
these, the Romans distinguished between, winter and summer
heet, (Plin. 1. xix. c. 8.) Atheiueus has four species of beet
(1. IX. C. 11.), nrmnit, , ,, TO,?,^,. The twp latter
have been determined, the other two remain still doubtful.
tcotvxOw was probably the same large variety, of which The,
phrastus speaks as an woody plant, (Hist. PL 1. i. c. 2. s. 8.
Schn.) Linnaeus has placed the native country of the white
-beet in Portugal, on the banks of the Tagus; and the na-
tive country of the red variety in the south of Europe generally.
The former locality is not altogether incorrect: there grows in
that country an intermediate species between the red and white
beet, which, however, may well be reckoned the original species,
and which probably grows in several places in the south of
Europe. .
3
part, ii. p. 33. Cambridge 1821.
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