be found

Then y = kL
n
where k is a constant
Taking logarithms:
log y = n log L + log k which is in the straight line form (y = mx + C)
Thus !lotting logy against log L will gi"e a straight#line gra!h of slo!e $n% and $k% may
be determined
3.1 Width calculation
&n this ex!eriment beams of the same material but of different width are used The
s!an and loading are ke!t the same for each beam 'ence kee!ing all !ossible
"ariables other than width and deflection constant the relationshi! between y and b is
determined
Let yb
n
where n is to be found
Then y = kb
n
where k is a constant
Taking logarithms(
log y = n log b + log k which is in the straight line from : (y = mx + C)
Thus !lotting logy against log b will gi"e a straight line of slo!e $n% and $)% may be
determined
4.1 PROCEDURE (Length calculation)
a) *ark the centre of the beam on each side of this !oint mark off distances off
+,,( -,,( .,,, mm
b) /ith a s!an of +,, mm measure the height of the central !oint on the
deflection #measuring de"ice 0!!ly a central load of +,,g and measure the
new height
c) 1e!eat 2 for s!ans of -,,( .,,,
d) 3nter your results in the table below and com!lete the table
e) 4lot the gra!h of log y against log L with log y on the $y% axis and logL on the
$x% axis
f) 5raw the mean straight line of the gra!h and measure its slo!e to determine
n
4.1.1 Results
A/A Width
(!!)
Length L
(!!)
De"lection #
(!!)
LogL Log#
.
6,
2
6
7
+
-
8L943 = n = yL
n

4.$ PROCEDURE (Width calculation)
a) *ark the beams with the same s!an so that they will be su!!orted near their
ends and also mark the mid !oint of the s!an
b) Take the beam of largest width( measure the width with the "ernier Cali!ers
c) 8u!!ort the beam at the two marked su!!orting !oints and measure the
height of the mid#!oint with the deflection measuring de"ice
d) 0!!ly the +,, g load as the mid !oint and once again measure the height at
the centre
e) 1e!eat 2( 6( and 7 for each beam
f) 3nter your results in the table below and com!lete the table
g) 4lot the gra!h of logy against logb with logy on the $y% axis and logb on the $x%
axis
h) 5raw the mean straight line of the gra!h and measure its slo!e to determine
n
4.$.1 Results
A/A Length
L (!!)
Width
(!!)
De"lection #
(!!)
Log Log#
.
:,,
2
6
7
+
-
8L943 = n = yb
n

%. &UE'()O*'
4lot the gra!h of log y against log L with log y on the $y% axis and logL on the
$x% axis 5etermine slo!e n 'ow does your result com!are with the generally
acce!ted relationshi!;
4lot the gra!h of logy against logb with logy on the $y% axis and logb on the $x%
axis 5etermine slo!e n 'ow does your result com!are with the generally
acce!ted relationshi!;
Calculate the corres!onding deflections y( during length calculation (b has
constant "alue)( according to the formula shown below
Calculate the corres!onding deflections y( during width calculation (b has
"ariables "alues)( according to the formula shown below
Com!are the obser"ed and calculated "alues of deflections y
h=0.004 m
=
< = L
6
y
7 : = 3 = &
L = length of beam (m)
y = deflection of beam (m)
F = force (N)
E = Young's Modulus (N/m
2
)
I = moment of inertia of beam (m
4
)
E+,e-i!ent ./ De"lection o" ea!s (0acaula#1s 0ethod)
1. O23EC()4E
To determine ex!erimentally the deflection at two !oints on a sim!ly#su!!orted beam
carrying !oint loads and to check the results by *acaulay>s method
$. APPARA(U'
?eam deflection a!!aratus( steel beam( two dial test#indicators and stands(
micrometer( rule( two hangers( weights
3. PROCEDURE (E+,e-i!ental)
0ssemble the a!!aratus as shown in fig . with the beam sim!ly su!!orted at its
ends 0 and ? 4lace load hangers at !oint C and 5 distant a and b
/
.
/
2
@
.
@
2
0 A C 5 ?
1
.
b 1
2
l
Figure 1
1es!ecti"ely from end 0 8elect two !oints B and @ a!!roximately in !ositions
shown in the figure and set u! the dial gauges to bear at these !oints on the u!!er
surface of the beam Cero the dial gauges with the hangers in !osition
0!!ly suitable loads /
.
and /
2
at C and 5 res!ecti"ely and note the deflections at B
and @ as indicated by the dial gauges 1ecord the "alues of /
.
and /
2
and the
corres!onding deflections at B and @ 8ketch the arrangement and indicate on the
sketch the distances a( b( and l 0lso the distances of !oints B and @ from end 0
*easure the cross#sectional dimensions of the beam( using a micrometer
Calculate the deflections at B and @( using *acaulay>s method and com!are the
"alues with the obser"ed results
4. (5EOR6
Consider the sim!ly#su!!orted beam loaded as shown in fig2
/
.
/
2
B
0 A C 5 ?
1
0
b 1
?
x l
Figure 2
<or "alues of x between b and l
( ) ( ) b x W a x W x R M
l A XX
=
2
(i)
<or "alues of x between a and b
( ) a x W x R M
l A XX
=
(ii)
<or "alues of x between o and a
x R M
A XX
= (iii)
3gn (i) gi"es the bending moment at any section of the beam !ro"ided bracketed
terms are discarded when they become negati"e <or this reason( the bracketed
terms are known as the $*acaulay Dhost Terms%
8ince M
dx
y d
EI =
2
2
3& ) ( ) (
2 1
2
2
b x W a x W x R
dx
y d
A
= (i")
&n *acauley>s method( the bracketed terms are intergraded as a whole This is
Eustified since

=
1
) (
x
x
x
dx a x

1
2
) ( ) (
x
x
a x d a x

3& A b x
W
a x
W x
R
dx
dy
A
+ =
2 2
2
) (
2
2
) (
2 2
(")
3&y B AX b x
W
a x
W x
R
A
+ + =
3 3
3
) (
6
2
) (
6
1
6
("i)
?y integrating the bracketed Fuantities as a whole( the constants 0 and ? ha"e the
same "alues for all "alues of x
This may be shown to be the case as follows:
4ut x = a in eFn (") and omit the term in (x#b) since it is then negati"e
Then( A a a
WI a
R
dx
dy
EI
A
+ =
2
2
) (
2 2
A
a
R
A
+ =
2
2
<or "alues of x between o and a
3& x R
dx
y d
A
=
2
2
&ntegrating
3&
1
2
2
A
x
R
dx
dy
A
+ =
4utting x = a
3&
1
2
2
A
a
R
dx
dy
A
+ =
8ince the two eFuations concern the slo!e dyGdx at the same !oint that the constants
0 and 0
.
must be eFual 8imilarly by !utting x = b it may be shown that the constant
is again 0
The actual "alues of the constants 0 and ? are obtained from the boundary
conditions( that is( in eFn ("i):
y = o when x = o and
y = o when x = .
&n the !articular case considered( ? = o
%. PROCEDURE (Calculations)
a) 8et u! an ex!ression for the bending moment for any section in the extreme
right#hand !anel of the beam( measuring x from the left#hand end 4ut in
sFuare brackets( the Hghost>
b) &ntegrate to obtain the slo!e eFuation and again to obtain the deflection
eFuation and again to obtain the deflection eFuation( adding the constants 0
and ? res!ecti"ely at each stage &ntegrate the Hghost> terms as a whole
c) Calculate the constants 0 and ? from the condition that the deflection y is
Iero at the two "alues of x corres!onding with the su!!orts 9mit negati"e
Hghost> terms
d) To determine slo!e or deflection at a !articular !oint on the beam substitute
the corres!onding "alue of x in the a!!ro!riate ex!ression and omit any
Hghost> term which may become negati"e
%.1 Results
/idth of beam( b (m)
Thickness of beam( d (m)
8!an( l (m)
Load /
.
(g)
Load /
2
(g)
5istance a (m)
5istance b (m)
5eflection at @
.
(mm)
5eflection at @
2
(mm)
@oung>s *odulus( 3 = 2., D4a (assumed)
%.$ Calculations
8econd moment of area of beam cross#section &=
4
3
12
m
bd
=
1eaction 1
0
=JJJJJJJJ 1eaction 1
?
=JJJJJJJJ
<lexural rigidity 3& =
?y means of *acaulay>s method calculate the deflection at the !oints B and @ using
the a!!ro!riate "alues of x and tabulate the results( as follows:
Point
Ose-7ed
De"lection
Calculated
De"lection
.
2
8. CO*CLU')O*
Com!are the obser"ed and calculated "alues of deflection at the two !oints and
comment on !robable causes of discre!ancy