1

CHAPTER 14 (BOOK) REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Virtual circuit switching is more efficient because the segments follow a created route, the links of which might be
shared by other connections, while in circuit switching the different segments of a message follow a dedicated path
that cannot be shared by other connections.
2. A switched network consists of a series of interlinked nodes (switches). These switches are capable of creating
temporary connections between two or more devices linked to the switch but not to each other. Some of these
nodes are con-nected to the communicating device, others are only used for routing.
3. Circuit switching, packet switching, and message switching
4. Space-division and time-division
5. A crosspoint is a microswitch at the junction of an input and an output line in a crossbar switch.
6. The major limitation of a crossbar switch is the number of crosspoints required. In multistage switch, combining
crossbar switches in several stages can reduce the number of crosspoints.
7. In a single crossbar switch, every combination of input and output has its own indi-vidual crosspoint. Therefore
blocking does not occur.
8. In multistage switching blocking may occur when all of the possible intermediate switches are occupied.
9. In a space-division switch, the path from one device to another is spatially separate from other paths. The inputs and
the outputs are connected using a grid of elec-tronic microswitches. In a time-division switch, the inputs are divided
in time using TDM. A control unit sends the input to the correct output device.
10. Time slot interchange and TDM bus
11. A TSI consists of RAM with several memory locations. The size of each location is equal to the size of a single time
slot (TDM). There are as many locations as input devices. The RAM fills up with incoming data from the time slot in
the order received. The control unit in the TSI sends out the slots to the correct output device. In a TDM bus, the
input and output lines are connected to a high-speed bus through input and output gates. The control unit opens
and closes the gates accord-ing to switching needed.
12. In TSI, the control unit makes decisions on the destination of the slots sent out, while the control unit in the TDM
bus opens and closes the input and output gates according to the switching needed.
13. Space division is instantaneous, which means there are no delays when processing a connection.
14. Time-division switching does not need crosspoints.
15. Regional offices, sectional offices, primary offices, toll offices, and end offices
16. Non-voice transmission tends to be bursty and causes idle gaps between data spurts. This means the line is often
idle, which causes waste of the facility.
17. Circuit switching means creating a dedicated physical connection between two end devices. Packet switching means
dividing the data into possibly variable length packets and sending them through possibly different paths to the
destination. 18. Datagram approach and virtual circuit approach
19. Each packet is treated independently from the others. Each packet may go a differ-ent path to reach the destination.
This might cause packets arriving out of order.
20. All three packets of the message travel the same route using a virtual circuit estab-lished permanently between the
sender and the receiver
21. A virtual circuit is created first and then all three packets of the message travel the same route.
22. Message switching was created to provide high-level network service for unintelli-gent devices. These devices have
been replaced and so has the message switching method.
CHAPTER 14 (BOOK) MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
23. a 24. b 25. c 26. d 27. b 28. c 29. b 30. d 31. a 32. d 33. b 34. a 35. d
36. d 37. b

CHAPTER 14 (BOOK) EXERCISES
38. 1,000,000 crosspoints
39. 168 crosspoints
2
40. 20 ? ? 20 = 400 crosspoints
41. Efficiency is improved by 58%.
42. Three users connected to each first stage switch can access the system at the same
time. 12 users can access the whole system at the same time. Three users per first
stage switch and four first stage switches are used; 3 x 4 = 12
43. Yes, more second stage switches allow more output lines at the first-stage
switches, which requires more crosspoints. The more crosspoints, the less block-ing.
44. c, each switch has 4 input as well as 4 output lines.
45. 2 (N X ? L) + K
2
X ? L
46.
Output line 1: C
Output line 2: D
Output line 3: A
Output line 4: B

50
Digit First frequency Second frequency
8 852 Hz 1336 Hz
6 770 Hz 1477 Hz
4 770 Hz 1209 Hz
8 852 Hz 1336 Hz
9 852 Hz 1477 Hz
0 941 Hz 1336 Hz
2 697 Hz 1336 Hz

51. Issue Circuit-switched Packet-switched
Dedicated path Yes No
Store and forward No No
Need for connection establishment Yes No and yes
Routing table No Yes
Delay No Yes

52. Issue Datagram Virtual circuit
All packets follow the same route Not necessarily Yes
Table lookup Yes Yes and no
Connection establishment No Yes
Packet may arrive out of order Yes No

53. Issue PVC SVC
Connection and disconnection No Yes
Payment Pay per month Pay per connection
Table lookup No Yes
Duration of an entry in a table Permanent Temporary


Chapter 14 (Web Quizzes)
1. _______ switching has been phased out in general communication. c. Message
2. The switching method best suited for voice communication is _______switching. a. circuit
3. Circuit switching can involve the use of _______. d. all of the above
4. The time-slot interchange is a device used in _______ switching. a. circuit
5. The TDM bus is a device used in _______ switching. a. circuit
6. There are two popular approaches to _______ switching: the datagram approach and the virtual circuit approach. b.
packet
7. Switched virtual circuits or permanent virtual circuits implement the _______ approach to packet switching. b.
virtual circuit
8. _______ circuits are implementations to the virtual circuit approach to packet switching. d. a and b
3
9. Store and forward are terms used to describe _______ switching. c. message
10. A crossbar switch is a _______ switch. a. space-division
11. A _______ switch usually has a higher efficiency than a _______ switch. d. multistage; single crossbar
12. A crossbar switch with x inputs and y outputs requires _______
crosspoints. a. xy
13. A crossbar switch with 100 inputs and _______ outputs requires 20,000 crosspoints. b. 200
14. A multistage switch usually has _______ crosspoints than a corresponding single crossbar switch. b. less
15. In a multistage switch, there is usually _______ path(s) between input xand output y. c. multiple
16. A three-stage switch has _______. d. multiple switches for each of three stages
17. Blocking is not a problem in a _______ switch. a. single-stage
18. _______ occurs when there is no path available between an input and an output. b. Blocking
19. The time slot interchange uses _______ multiplexing to achieve switching. c. time division
20. The TDM bus uses _______ multiplexing to achieve switching. c. time division
21. The _______ of a TSI holds the incoming input data. b. RAM
22. In a TDM bus, the _______ opens an input gate and an output gate to allow data transfer. a. control unit
23. The advantage of space-division switching is that it _______. a. is instantaneous
24. The disadvantage of _______ switching is the processing delay. a. time division
25. In a TST switch, if there are x first stage switches, one second stage switch, and y third stage switches, the second
stage must have _______ crosspoints. c. xy
26. In the PSTN hierarchy, the class one switching centers are known as the _______ offices. c. regional
27. In the PSTN hierarchy, the class two switching centers are known as the _______ offices. b. sectional
28. In the PSTN hierarchy, the class three switching centers are known as the _______ offices. d. primary
29. In the PSTN hierarchy, the class four switching centers are known as the _______ offices. b. toll
30. In the PSTN hierarchy, the class five switching centers are known as the _______ offices. a. end
31. Subscriber telephones in the PSTN are connected through _______ to end offices. b. local loops
32. Subscriber telephones in the PSTN are connected through local loops to _______ offices. a. end
33. In the PSTN hierarchy, there are more _______ offices than _______ offices. b. sectional; regional
34. At the top of the PSTN hierarchy are the _______ offices. c. regional
35. At the bottom of the PSTN hierarchy are the _______ offices. d. end
36. In touch-tone dialing, when the 9 key is pressed, _______ bursts of analog signals are sent to the end office. d. 2
37. If analog signals with frequencies of 770 Hz and 1209 Hz are received by the end office, a _______ has been dialed.
d. 4
38. If analog signals with frequencies of 941 Hz and 1336 Hz are received by the end office, a _______ has been dialed.
a. 0
39. _______ switching is well suited for voice communication while _______ switching is better suited for data and other
non-voice communication. d. Circuit; packet
40. _______ switching assumes that the data rate in both directions is the same. a. Circuit
41. An SVC is a transmission path in _______ switching. b. packet
42. A PVC is a transmission path in _______ switching. b. packet
43. In the virtual circuit approach to packet switching, _______ packets of a message follow the same route from sender
to receiver. c. all
4
44. In the _______ approach to packet switching, all packets of a message follow the same route from sender to
receiver. b. virtual circuit
45. In the _______ approach to packet switching, packets of the same message follow the same route from sender to
receiver. b. virtual circuit
46. A message from device A consists of packet X and packet Y. In the datagram approach to packet switching, packet
Y's path _______ packet X's. c. is independent of
47. A message from device A consists of packet X and packet Y. In the virtual circuit approach to packet switching,
packet Y's path _______ packet X's. a. is the same as
48. _______ exists only for the duration of the specific exchange. a. An SVC
49. _______ is a permanent connection for the duration of a lease. b. A PVC
50. An SVC is comparable to a _______ line in circuit switching, while a PVC is comparable to a _______ line. c. dial-
up; leased
51. An SVC requires _______. d. a and b
52. Connection establishment is needed for _______. b. an SVC
53. In a _______ connection, links between sender and receiver are dedicated. b. circuit-switched
54. In a _______ connection, the link between any two switches can also be used by other connections. a. virtual
circuit


CHAPTER 8 (BOOK) REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. FDM, WDM, and TDM.
2. In FDM each signal modulates a different carrier frequency. The modulated carri-ers are combined to form a new
signal that is then sent across the link.
3. A guard band keeps modulated signals from overlapping and interfering with one another.
4. A demultiplexer uses a series of filters to decompose the multiplexed signal into its constituent component signals.
5. WDM is conceptually the same as FDM. Both are combining different signals of different frequencies. In WDM the
frequencies are very high and the energy source is light signals transmitted through fiber optic channels.
6. Synchronous and asynchronous
7. In TDM digital signals from n devices are interleaved with one another forming a frame of data.
8. Synchronous and asynchronous. In synchronous TDM each frame contains at least one time slot dedicated to each
device. The order in which each device sends its data is fixed. In asynchronous TDM the number of time slots is less
than the num-ber of devices and the slot order depends on which devices have data to send. Addressing of each
time slot is necessary.
9. In synchronous TDM the demultiplexer at the receiver decomposes each frame by discarding the framing bits and
extracting each data unit in turn. As a data unit is removed from the frame it is passed to the appropriate receiving
device. In asyn-chronous TDM the multiplexer at the receiver decomposes each frame by checking the local address
of each data unit. The extracted data unit is removed from the frame and passed to the appropriate receiving
device.
10. Inverse multiplexing splits a data stream from one high speed line onto multiple lower speed lines.
11. Analog switched service requires dialing, while analog leased service is a perma-nent dedicated link between two
customers; no dialing is needed.
12. Voice channels (12 x 44 KHz) are multiplexed onto a higher bandwidth line to cre-ate a group (48 KHz). Up to five
groups (5 x 48 KHz) can be multiplexed to create a super group (240 KHz). Ten super groups (10 x 240 KHz) are
multiplexed to cre-ate a master group (2.52 MHz). Six master groups are multiplexed to create a jumbo group with
16.984 MHz.
13. Switched/56, DDS, and DS.
14. The DSU changes the rate of the digital data created by the subscribers device to 56 Kbps and encodes it in the
format used by the service provider.
15. DS-0: single digital channel (64 Kbps) DS-1: 24 DS-0 channels multiplexed = 1.544 Mbps DS-2: 4 DS-1 channels
multiplexed = 6.312 Mbps DS-3: 7 DS-2 channels multiplexed = 44.376 Mbps DS-4: 6 DS-3 channels multiplexed =
274.176 Mbps
16. DS is the name of the service, which is implemented by T-lines. The capacity of the lines precisely matches the data
rate of DS-services.
17. In order to use T lines for analog transmission the analog signal needs to be sam-pled first.
5
18. ADSL divides the bandwidth of a twisted pair cable into three bands. The first band, 0-25 KHz is used for regular
telephone service. The second band (925-200 KHz) is for upstream communication and the third band (250 KHz 1
MHz) for downstream communication.
19. ADSL uses either carrierless amplitude phase (CAP) or the discrete multitone modulation technique (DMT).
20. FTTC means fiber to the curb. Optical fiber is the medium from the central office of the telephone/cable company to
the curb of the users premises.
21. Digital services are less sensitive to noise and have a wider bandwidth.
22. A DSU is used in digital services and because the service is already digital a modem is not needed to transform
analog data into digital. The DSU changes the rate of the digital data created by the subscribers device to 56 Kbps
and encodes it in the format used by the service provider. A modem takes a digital signal and changes it to an
analog signal and vice versa.
23. For synchronous TDM, the number of slots is the same as the number of input lines; for asynchronous TDM, the
number of slots can be less than the number of input lines.
24. For DS-0 the sampling rate is 8000 samples/second; with 8 bits per sample, this means 8000 ? ? 8 bps or 64 Kbps.

CHAPTER 8 (BOOK) MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
25. d 26. a 27. d 28. a 29. a 30. b 31. a 32. a 33. b 34. d 35. a 36. a 37. b 38. c 39. b 40. d 41. b 42. d 43. d 44. a
45. c 46. b 47. a 48. d 49. d 50. c 51. b 52. a 53. c 54. c 55. a 56. c 57. c 58. d


CHAPTER 8 (BOOK) EXERCISES
59. (4000 X ? 5) + (200 X ? 4) = 20.8 KHz
60. (7900 Hz (200 X 2)) / 3 = 2.5 KHz
61. FDM: n is frequency of signal; TDM: n is time (s)
62. 41 bits per frame X ? 100 = 4.1 Kbps
63. Number of slots is derived by statistical method (analysis) of the number of input
lines that are likely to be transferring at any given time.
64. E - - - F - - T I - - E L A G
65. E4F4 | T1I4E1 | L4E2G1 |
66. 125 us
67. 168 Kbps
68. n (n1) / 2 = 500 (499)/2 = 124,750 lines; multiplexing can reduce the number of
lines.
69. The original telephone lines were designed for voice (0 to 4000 Hz).
70. Nyquist theorem dictates that the sampling rate must be twice the highest fre-quency;
2 ? ? 4000 Hz or 8000 Hz.
71. Theoretically, 2,000,000, 000 / 64,000 or 31250 channels. However, we need fram-ing
bits for multiplexing. Therefore, the practical number of channels is a little bit
less than 31250.
72.
T1 line =>?? (1,544,000 24 X ? 64000) / 24 = 333 bits /channel =>? 0.5%
T2 line =>?? (6,312,00 96 X ? 64000) / 96 = 1750 bits /channel =>2.7%
T3 line =>?? (44,736,000 672 X 64000) / 672 = 2571 bits /channel =>4.0%
T4 line =>?? (274,176,000 4032 X ? 64000) / 4032 = 4000 bits /channel =>? 6.2%
73. Bw = 20KHz 4KHz = 16 KHz.
74. 19 + 4 X ? 20 = 99 KHz
75. See Figure 8.4.
76. See Figure 8.5.
77. 14.4 Kbps X ? 100 = 1.44 Mbps; assuming the overhead is not too big; a T1 line
could handle the situation (1.544 Mbps)
78. Thirty percent of the bandwidth is wasted.
79. 2 X ? 566 Kbps = 1.132 Mbps
80. See Figure 8.6
Output bit rate: 45 bits/second; duration; 22 ms; 45 slots per second
81. See Figure 8.7
82. 2 Mbps; T1 is not appropriate in this case (1.544 Mbps)
83. Data rate of each line: 40 Kbps; number of stations sending at full capacity: 8
84. See Figure 8.8.
85. 8 Kbps
86. See Figure 8.9.


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CHAPTER 6 (BOOK) MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
33. c 34. d 35. a 36. b 37. d 38. a 39. b 40. d 41. b 42. d 43. c 44. a 45. a 46. a 47. d 48. d 49. d 50. d 51. d
52. b 53. c 54. c 55. b 56. c 57. c 58. a 59. a 60. b 61. a 62. c 63. c 64. b 65. b 66. b 67. d 68. b 69. a 70. d
71. b 72. d 73. d 74. c 75. a 76. a 77. a 78. d 79. d 80. c 81. d

CHAPTER 7 (BOOK) MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
32. b 33. b 34. a 35. b 36. a 37. b 38. b 39. d 40. c 41. c 42. b 43. a 44. a 45. d 46. c 47. b 48. a 49. b 50. a 51. b 52. a
53. a 54. a 55. c 56. b 57. a 58. d 59. a 60. b 61. c 62. c 63. a 64. b 65. d 66. c 67. b 68. a 69. b 70. c 71. d 72. b 73. a
74. c 75. d 76. b 77. d 78. d 79. b 80. c