Lesson 6 - Filtration

7/11/2014 Lesson 6: Filtration
http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/ENV110/Lesson6_print.htm 1/22
Lesson 6:
Filtration
Objective
In this lesson we will answer the following questions:
How does filtration fit into the water treatment process?
How does filtration clean water?
What types of filters are used for water treatment?
How are filters cleaned?
What media are used in filters?
What factors affect filter efficiency?

Reading Assignment
Along with the online lesson, read Chapter 6: Filtration, in your textbook Operation of Water
Treatment Plants Volume I .

Lecture
Introduction to Filtration
Purpose
The purpose of filtration is to remove suspended particles from water by passing the water through
a medium such as sand. As the water passes through the filter, floc and impurities get stuck in the
sand and the clean water goes through. The filtered water collects in the clearwell, where it is
disinfected and then sent to the customers.
Filtration is usually the final step in the solids removal process which began with coagulation and
advanced through flocculation and sedimentation. In the filter, up to 99.5% of the suspended solids
in the water can be removed, including minerals, floc, and microorganisms.

Requirements
Filtration is now required for most water treatment systems. Filters must reduce turbidity to less
than 0.5 NTU in 95% of each month's measurements and the finished water turbidity must never
exceed 5 NTU in any sample.
As you will recall, turbidity alone does not have health implications. So, why the strict regulations?
Although turbidity is not harmful on its own, turbid water is difficult to disinfect for a variety of
reasons. Microorganisms growing on the suspended particles may be hard to kill using disinfection
while the particles themselves may chemically react with chlorine, making it difficult to maintain a
chlorine residual in the distribution system. Turbidity can also cause deposits in the distribution
system that create tastes, odors, and bacterial growths.
However, turbid drinking water has other troublesome implications as well. Sand filtration removes
some cyst-forming microorganisms, such as Giardia which cannot be killed by traditional
chlorination. Cysts are resistant covers which protect the microorganism while it goes into an
inactive state.
Regulations require that at least 99.9% of Giardia cysts and 99.99% of viruses be removed from
drinking water. Since it is difficult to test directly for these microorganisms, turbidity in water can
be used as an indicator for their presence. By requiring a low turbidity in the finished water,
treatment plants are ensuring that few or no Giardia are present in finished drinking water.
In a few locations, surface waters are used for domestic purposes without filtration. In these
situations, the water is obtained from a watershed which includes only undeveloped areas. The
watershed is patrolled and carefully managed to prevent contamination.

Location in the Treatment Process
In the typical treatment process, filtration follows sedimentation (if present) and precedes
disinfection. Depending on the presence of flocculation and sedimentation, treatment processes are
divided into three groups - conventional filtration, direct filtration, and in-line filtration.
The most common method of filtration is conventional filtration, where filtration follows
coagulation/flocculation and sedimentation. This type of filtration results in flexible and reliable
performance, especially when treating variable or very turbid source water.
Some treatment plants operate without some or all of the sediment removal processes which
precede filtration. If filtration follows coagulation and flocculation, without sedimentation, it is
known as direct filtration. This method can be used when raw water has low turbidity.
Another type of filtration, known as in-line filtration, involves operating the filters without
flocculation or sedimentation. A coagulant chemical is added to the water just before filtration and
coagulation occurs in the filter. In-line filtration is often used with pressure filters, but is not as
efficient with variable turbidity and bacteria levels as conventional filtration is.

Polymer Aids
Although filtration does not require the addition of any chemicals, polymer aids may sometimes be
added to the influent water. These chemicals improve the quality of the effluent water by helping
the floc get caught in the filter.
Polymer aids come in two main types. Moderate molecular weight cationic polymers (DADMA)
are added ahead of flocculation to strengthen the floc while relatively high molecular weight nonionic
polymers (polyacrylamides) are added just before filtration to aid in floc removal.
Polymer aids can be troublesome in some respects. The powdered form of the polymer is very
slippery, so spills should be cleaned up quickly. In addition, extended use of polymer aids may
gum up the filters. As a result, polymer aids are often used like coagulant aids - in extreme
situations to improve the water quality for a short time.

Mechanisms of Filtration
Introduction
How are particles removed from water using filtration? Four mechanisms have been found to be
part of the filtration process - straining, adsorption, biological action, and absorption. Each
mechanism will be explained below.

Straining
passing the water through a filter in which the pores are smaller than the particles to be removed.
This is the most intuitive mechanism of filtration, and one which you probably use in your daily life.
Straining occurs when you remove spaghetti from water by pouring the water and spaghetti into a
strainer.
The picture below shows an example of straining in a filter. As you can see, the floc cannot fit
through the gaps between the sand particles, so the floc are captured. The water is able to flow
through the sand, leaving the floc particles behind.
In the past, straining has been assumed to be very important in the filtration process. However, in
many cases, the pores between sand particles in the filter are much larger than the particles
captured by the filter. It has been suggested that small particles become wedged between sand
grains as filtration occurs, making the pore spaces smaller and allowing the filter to strain out yet
smaller particles. However, a clean filter will produce clean water before any of this pore size-
reduction has occurred. Therefore, it is now believed that straining is not an important part of most
filtration processes.

Adsorption
The second, and in many cases the most important mechanism of filtration, is adsorption.
Adsorption is the gathering of gas, liquid, or dissolved solids onto the surface of another material,
as shown below:
Coagulation takes advantage of the mechanism of adsorption when small floc particles are pulled
together by van der Waal's forces. In filtration, adsorption involves particles becoming attracted to
and "sticking" to the sand particles. Adsorption can remove even very small particles from water.

Biological Action
The third mechanism of filtration is biological action, which involves any sort of breakdown of the
particles in water by biological processes. This may involve decomposition of organic particles by
algae, plankton, diatoms, and bacteria or it may involve microorganisms eating each other.
Although biological action is an important part of filtration in slow sand filters, in most other filters
the water passes through the filter too quickly for much biological action to occur.

Absorption
The final mechanism of filtration is absorption, the soaking up of one substance into the body of
another substance. Absorption should be a very familiar concept - sponges absorb water, as do
towels.
In a filter, absorption involves liquids being soaked up into the sand grains, as shown below:
After the initial wetting of the sand, absorption is not very important in the filtration process.


Types of Filters
Introduction
Filters can be categorized in a variety of ways. The table below shows the characteristics of four
types of filters which can be used in water treatment.
Sl ow Sand Fi l ter Rapi d Sand Fi l ter Pressure Fi l ter Di atomaceous earth fi l ter
(Di atomi te fi l ter)
Fi l trati on
rate
(GPM/ft
2
)
0.015-0.15 2-3 2-3 1-2
Pros Reliable. Minimum
operat ion and maint enance
requirement s. Usually does
not require chemical
pret reat ment .
Relat ively small and
compact .
Lower inst allat ion
and operat ion cost s
in small filt rat ion
plant s.
Small size. Efficiency. Ease of
operat ion. Relat ively low cost .
Produces high clarit y wat er. Usually
does not require chemical
pret reat ment .
Cons Large land area required.
Need t o manually clean
filt ers.
Requires chemical
pret reat ment .
Doesn't remove
pat hogens as well as
slow sand filt ers.
Less reliable t han
gravit y filt ers.
Filt er bed cannot be
observed during
operat ion.
Sludge disposal problems. High head
loss. Pot ent ial decreased reliabilit y.
High maint enance and repair cost s.
Fi l ter Medi a Sand. Sand. Or sand and
ant hracit e coal. Or
sand and ant hracit e
coal and garnet .
Sand. Or sand and
ant hracit e coal. Or
sand and ant hracit e
coal and garnet .
Diat omaceous eart h.
Gravi ty or
Pressure?
Gravit y. Gravit y. Pressure. Pressure, gravit y, or vacuum.
Fi l trati on
Mechani sm
Biological act ion, st raining,
and adsorpt ion.
Primarily
adsorpt ion. Also
some st raining.
Primarily
adsorpt ion. Also
some st raining.
Primarily st raining.
Cl eani ng
Method
Manually removing t he t op
2 inches of sand.
Backwashing. Backwashing. Backwashing.
Common
Appl i cati ons
Small groundwat er syst ems. Most commonly used
t ype of filt er for
surface wat er
t reat ment .
Iron and manganese
removal in small
groundwat er
syst ems.
Beverage and food indust ries and
swimming pools. Smaller syst ems.
We will discuss two types of filters below - the slow sand filter and the rapid sand filter. The
pressure sand filter is essentially a rapid sand filter placed inside a pressurized chamber while the
diatomaceous earth filter is not commonly used in treatment of drinking water.

History
The history of water treatment dates back to approximately the thirteenth century B.C. in Egypt.
However, modern filtration began much later. John Gibb's slow sand filter, built in 1804 in
Scotland, was the first filter used for treating potable water in large quantities. Slow sand filters
spread rapidly, with the first one in the United States built in Richmond, VA, in 1832. A set of slow
sand filters adapted from English designs was built in 1870 in Poughkeepsie, NY, and is still in
operation.
A few decades after the first slow sand filters were built in the U.S., the first rapid sand filters were
installed. The advent of rapid sand filtration is linked to the discovery of coagulation. By adding
certain chemicals (coagulants) to turbid water, the material in the water could be made to clump
together and quickly settle out. Using coagulation, clear water for filtration could be produced from
turbid, polluted streams.
By the end of the nineteenth century, there were ten times as many rapid sand filters in service as
the slow sand type. Currently, slow sand filtration is only considered economical in unusual cases.
The diatomaceous earth filter was developed by the U.S. Army during WWII. They needed a filter
that was easily transportable, lightweight, and able to produce pure drinking water. The
diatomaceous earth filter is used in smaller systems, but is not commonly part of water treatment
plants.

Slow Sand Filter
The slow sand filter is the oldest type of large-scale filter. In the slow sand filter, water passes first
through about 36 inches of sand, then through a layer of gravel, before entering the underdrain. The
sand removes particles from the water through adsorption and straining.
Unlike other filters, slow sand filters also remove a great deal of turbidity from water using
biological action. A layer of dirt, debris, and microorganisms builds up on the top of the sand. This
layer is known as schmutzdecke, which is German for "dirty skin." The schmutzdecke breaks
down organic particles in the water biologically, and is also very effective in straining out even very
small inorganic particles from water.
Maintenance of a slow sand filter consists of raking the sand periodically and cleaning the filter by
removing the top two inches of sand from the filter surface. After a few cleanings, new sand must
be added to replace the removed sand.
Cleaning the filter removes the schmutzdecke layer, without which the filter does not produce
potable water. After a cleaning the filter must be operated for two weeks, with the filtered water
sent to waste, to allow the schmutzdecke layer to rebuild. As a result, a treatment plant must have
two slow sand filters for continuous operation.
Slow sand filters are very reliable filters which do not usually require coagulation/flocculation before
filtration. However, water passes through the slow sand filter very slowly, and the rate is slowed
yet further by the schmutzdecke layer. As a result, large land areas must be devoted to filters when
slow sand filters are part of a treatment plant. Only a few slow sand filters are operating in the
United States although this type of filter is more widely used in Europe.
Number of slow sand filters operating in each state as of 1991. (Sims)
Rapid Sand Filter
The rapid sand filter differs from the slow sand filter in a variety of ways, the most important of
which are the much greater filtration rate and the ability to clean automatically using backwashing.
The mechanism of particle removal also differs in the two types of filters - rapid sand filters do not
use biological filtration and depend primarily on adsorption and some straining.
Since rapid sand filters are the primary filtration type used in water treatment in the United States,
we will discuss this filter in more detail.
A diagram of a typical rapid sand filter is shown above. The filter is contained within a filter box,
usually made of concrete. Inside the filter box are layers of filter media (sand, anthracite, etc.)
and gravel. Below the gravel, a network of pipes makes up the underdrain which collects the
filtered water and evenly distributes the backwash water. Backwash troughs help distribute the
influent water and are also used in backwashing (which will be discussed in a later section.)
In addition to the parts mentioned above, most rapid sand filters contain a controller, or filter
control system, which regulates flow rates of water through the filter. Other parts, such as valves,
a loss of head gauge, surface washers, and a backwash pump, are used while cleaning the filter.
Operation of a rapid sand filter during filtration is similar to operation of a slow sand filter. The
influent flows down through the sand and support gravel and is captured by the underdrain.
However, the influent water in a rapid sand filter is already relatively clear due to
coagulation/flocculation and sedimentation, so rapid sand filters operate much more quickly than
slow sand filters.
The rest of this lesson will be concerned primarily with rapid sand filters, though many of the factors
discussed can carry over to other filter types.

Filter Cleaning
When to Backwash
Rapid sand filters, pressure filters, and diatomaceous earth filters can all be backwashed. During
backwashing, the flow of water through the filter is reversed, cleaning out trapped particles.
Three factors can be used to assess when a filter needs backwashing. Some plants use the length
of the filter run, arbitrarily scheduling backwashing after 72 hours or some other length of filter
operation. Other plants monitor turbidity of the effluent water and head loss within the filter to
determine when the filter is clogged enough to need cleaning.
Head loss is a loss of pressure (also known as head) by water flowing through the filter. When
water flows through a clogged filter, friction causes the water to lose energy, so that the water
leaving the filter is under less pressure than the water entering the filter. Head loss is displayed on a
head loss gauge. Once the head loss within the filter has reached between six and ten hours, a filter
should be backwashed.

The Process of Backwashing
In order to backwash a filter, the influent valve is closed and a waste line is opened. A backwash
pump or tower forces treated water from the system back up through the filter bed. The dirty
backwash water is collected by the wash troughs and can be recycled to the beginning of the plant
or can be allowed to settle in a tank, pond, or basin.
Backwashing should begin slowly. If begun too quickly, backwash water can damage the
underdrain system, gravel bed, and media due to the speed of the water. Beginning backwashing
too quickly will also force air bound in the filter out, further damaging the filter.
After a slow start, the backwash rate should be accelerated to reach around 10 to 25 gpm/ft.
2
The
backwash water must have enough velocity and volume to agitate the sand and carry away the
foreign matter which has collected there.
Backwashing normally takes about 10 minutes, though the time varies depending on the length of
the filter run and the quantity of material to be removed. Filters should be backwashed until the
backwash water is clean.

Surface Washing
At the same time as backwashing is occurring, the surface of the filter should be additionally
scoured using surface washers. Surface washers spray water over the sand at the top of the filter
breaking down mudballs.

Filter Media
Introduction
The filter media is the part of the filter which actually removes the particles from the water being
treated. Filter media is most commonly sand, though other types of media can be used, usually in
combination with sand. The gravel at the bottom of the filter is not part of the filter media, merely
providing a support between the underdrains and the media and allowing an even flow of water
during filtering and backwashing.
The sand used in rapid sand filters is coarser (larger) than the sand used in slow sand filters. This
larger sand has larger pores which do not fill as quickly with particles out of the water. Coarse
sand also costs less and is more readily available than the finer sand used in slow sand filtration.

Dual and Multi-Media Filters
In many cases, multiple types of media are layered within the filter. Typically, the layers (starting at
the bottom of the filter and advancing upward) are sand and anthracite coal, or garnet, sand, and
anthracite coal. The picture below shows a cross-section through a dual media filter.
Photo Credit: Christie Shinault
The media in a dual or multi-media filter are arranged so that the water moves through media with
progressively smaller pores. The largest particles are strained out by the anthracite. Then the sand
and garnet trap the rest of the particulate matter though a combination of adhesion and straining.
Since the particles in the water are filtered out at various depths in a dual or multi-media filter, the
filter does not clog as quickly as if all of the particles were all caught by the top layer.
The largest particles are removed by the coal, the medium particles by the sand,
and the smallest particles by the garnet.
The media in a dual or multi-media filter must have varying density as well as varying pore size so
that they will sort back into the correct layering arrangement after backwashing. Anthracite coal is
a very light (low density) coal which will settle slowly, ending up as the top layer of the filter.
Garnet is a very dense sand which will settle quickly to the bottom of the filter.

Filter Efficiency
Monitoring
The filter efficiency can be measured in a variety of ways. Effluent turbidity, which should be
monitored continuously, gives an indication of the efficacy of the filtration process. Particle
counters can be used to count the number of particles in the effluent which are within the size range
of Giardia and Cryptosporidium to determine how efficiently the filter has removed these
microorganisms.
The length of the run time between backwashing can also be used as a measure of filter efficiency.
Filter run time depends largely on the clarity of the water passing through the filter since clearer
water will contain less material to be filtered out and clog the filter. This clarity, in turn, usually
reflects the operator's skill and knowledge at maximizing the efficiency of coagulation/flocculation
and sedimentation. Physical features of the plant can also have considerable influence on the run
time.
The operator should test the influent and effluent turbidity, the effluent color, and head loss. These
factors, as well as the filter run time, should be recorded.

Factors Influencing Efficiency
The efficiency of a filter is influenced by a variety of factors. To a large extent, the efficiency is
determined by the characteristics of the water being treated and by the efficiency of previous stages
in the treatment process.
The chemical characteristics of the water being treated can influence both the preceding
coagulation/flocculation and the filtration process. In addition, the characteristics of the particles in
the water are especially important to the filtration process. Size, shape, and chemical
characteristics of the particles will all influence filtration. For example, floc which is too large will
clog the filter rapidly, requiring frequent backwashing, or can break up and pass through the filter,
decreasing water quality.
The types and degree of previous treatment processes greatly influence filtration as well.
Conventional, direct, and in-line filtration will all have different levels of efficiency.
Finally, the type of filter used and the operation of the filter will influence filter efficiency. The next
section will discuss problems caused by improper operation of the filter.

Filter Problems

Photo Credit: Know Your Filters
Mudballs are approximately round conglomerations of filter material, ranging in size from pea-
sized to two inches or more in diameter. The picture above shows a very large mudball. Mudballs
form on the surface of filters when adhesive materials cause particles out of the water and media
grains to stick together. If the filter is not properly backwashed and surface washed, mudballs will
continue accumulating material and will grow larger, eventually sinking down into the filter media.
Mudballs in the media result in shortened filter runs and in loss of filter capacity, since water will not
pass through the mudballs and must flow around them.

Another problem associated with filters is breakthroughs, cracking of the filter media and/or
separation of the media from the filter wall. Breakthroughs are caused by running the filter at an
excessive filtration rate or by extending filter runs too long between backwashing. Breakthroughs
can result in untreated water flowing through the filter, which in turn results in a sudden high turbidity
in the effluent water. The untreated water may contain microorganisms such as Giardia and is thus
not safe to drink.
Air binding is the release of dissolved gases from the water into the filter or underdrain. Air
binding may result from low pressure in the filter (negative head) or from filtering very cold,
supersaturated water. The air in the filter and underdrain prevents water from passing through the
filter, which in turn results in abnormally high head loss even when the filter has recently been
backwashed. During backwash, the air in the filter can damage the filter media.

Filtration Math
Introduction
In this lesson, we will design a rapid sand filter and a clear well chamber. Once again, these
calculations are similar to those used for flash mix, flocculation, and sedimentation basins.
For the rapid sand filter, the most important dimension is the surface area. Filters must be designed
so that the water flowing through is spread out over enough surface area that the filtration rate is
within the recommended range.
The clear well is a reservoir for storage of filter effluent water. In this lesson, we will design a clear
well with sufficient volume to backwash the rapid sand filter we design. However, clear wells have
other purposes, most important of which is to allow sufficient contact time for chlorination. We will
discuss chlorination in the next lesson.

Specifications
A water treatment plant will typically have several filters. Each filter in our calculations will be
assumed to have the following specifications.
Square tank
Basin depth: 10 ft
Media depth: 2-3 ft
Surface area: <2,100 ft
2
Filtration rate: 2-10 gal/min-ft
2
Flow through filter: 350-3,500 gpm
Backwash frequency: every 24 hours
Backwash period: 5-10 minutes
Backwash water: 1-5% of filtered water
Backwash rate: 8-20 gal/min-ft
2
Filter rise rate: 12-36 in/min
Bed expansion: 50%
Backwash trough 3 ft above media
Backwash water piped to raw water intake
As you can see, backwashing is a very important part of filter calculations. We will briefly identify
some of the backwash characteristics below.
The backwash frequency is the same as filter run time. Either term can be used to signify the
number of hours between backwashing.
The backwash period is the length of time which backwashing lasts.
The backwash water is the water used to backwash the filter. For the filters we're considering,
backwash water should be 1-5% of the water filtered during the filter run.
The backwash rate is the rate at which water is forced backwards through the filter during
backwashing. This rate is homologous to the filtration rate, only with water moving in the other
direction through the filter. The backwash rate is typically much greater than the filtration rate.
The filter rise rate is the speed at which water rises up through the filter during backwashing. This
is another way of measuring the backwash rate.
During backwashing, the water pushes the media up until it is suspended in the water. The height to
which the media rises during backwashing is known as the bed expansion. For example, if the
filter media is 2 feet deep, it may rise up to 3 feet deep during backwashing. This is a 50% bed
expansion:

Bed expansion = 50%
Most of these backwash specifications merely describe the type of filter we will be considering and
are not used in calculations. However, two factors - the filter rise rate and the backwash period -
will be used when calculating the volume of the clear well chamber.

Overview of Calculations
1. Calculate the approximate number of filters required.
2. Calculate the flow through one filter.
3. Calculate the surface area of one filter.
4. Calculate the length of the tank.
5. Calculate the clearwell volume.

1. Number of Filters
The treatment plant's flow should be divided into at least three filters. You can estimate the number
of filters required using the following formula:

Where:
Q = Flow, MGD
So, for a plant with a flow of 1.5 MGD, then the approximate number of filters would be:

2. Flow
Next, the flow through one filter is calculated just as it was for one tank of the sedimentation basin:
Q
c
= Q / n
Q
c
= (1.5 MGD) / 3
Q
c
= 0.5 MGD
So the flow through each of our three filters will be 0.5 MGD.

3. Surface Area
The required filter surface area is calculated using the formula below:
A = Q
c
/ F.R.
Where:
A = filter surface area, ft
2
Q
c
= flow into one filter, gpm
F.R. = filtration rate, gal/min-ft
2
We will use a filtration rate of 4 gal/min-ft.
2
We will also have to convert from gpm to MGD. The
calculations for our example are shown below:
A = 500,000 gal/day (1 day / 1440 minutes) / 4 gal/min-ft
2
A = 87 ft
2
4. Tank Length
Since the filter tank is a square, the length of the tank can be calculated with the following simple
formula:

Where:
L = Length, ft
A = Surface area, ft
2
In the case of our example, the length of one tank is calculated as follows:

This is the final calculation required for the design of the filter.

5. Clearwell Volume
The volume of the clearwell must be sufficient to provide backwash water for each filter. First we
calculate the total filter area:
Total filter area = A (Number of filters)
For our example, the total filter area is:
Total filter area = 87 ft
2
3
Total filter area = 261 ft
2
Then we calculate the volume of the clearwell as follows:
V = (Backwash period) (Total filter area) (Filter rise rate)
We will assume a 5 minute backwash period and filter rise rate of 30 in/min. So, for our example,
the volume of the clearwell would be calculated as follows:
V = (5 min) (261 ft
2
) (30 in/min) (1 ft / 12 in)
V = 3,263 ft
3
You will notice that we translated from inches to feet.

Conclusions
For our plant, we need three filters, each with a surface area of 87 ft
2
and a length of 9.3 ft. In
order to accommodate backwashing all three filters at once, the clearwell volume should be 3,263
ft.
3

Review
Filtration removes suspended particles from water by passing the water through a medium.
Particles are removed through straining, adsorption, biological processes, and absorption.
Four types of filters are used in water treatment - slow sand, rapid sand, pressure, and
diatomaceous. Rapid sand filters are the most widely used in treating surface water. Rapid sand
filters are cleaned by backwashing and surface washing. Filter media may be sand, or layers
involving anthracite coal, sand, and garnet.
Filter efficiency is typically monitored using effluent turbidity, particle counters, and filter run time.
Problems associated with filters include mudballs, breakthroughs, and air binding.
References
Alabama Department of Environmental Management. 1989. Water Works Operator Manual.
American Water Works Association. Brief History of Filtration.
Kerri, K.D. 2002. Water Treatment Plant Operation. California State University: Sacramento.
Rust, Mary, and Katie MacArthur. 1996. Slow Sand Filtration. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg.
Schmitt, Dottie, and Christie Shinault. 1996. Rapid Sand Filtration. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg.
Sims, Ronald C., and Lloyd A. Slezak. 1991. "Slow Sand Filtration: Present Practice in the
United States." Slow Sand Filtration. American Society of Civil Engineers: New York.

Assignments
Part 1 of your Assignment: Answer the following questions. Show all of your work and circle the
answer for each math problem below. If there is insufficient information to find the answer, write
"Insufficient information". When you are done, either email, mail or fax the assignment to your
instructor. (Each question is worth 10 points)
1. During filtration, the filter bed is 30 inches deep. During backwashing, the filter bed is 50
inches deep. What is the percent of bed expansion?
2. Given a flow of 5 MGD, approximate the number of filters which should be used.
3. The flow into one filter is 0.75 MGD. The filtration rate is 4 gal/min-ft
2
. Calculate the filter's
surface area.
4. The flow is 4 MGD, divided into the recommended number of filters. The filtration rate is 4
gal/min-ft
2
. What is the length of one filter tank?
5. A plant has 4 filters, each with an area of 75 ft
2
. Assume a 5 minute backwash period and
filter rise rate of 30 in/min. What should the volume of the clearwell be to allow backwashing
of all four filters at once?
Part 2 of your Assignment: Work the following crossword puzzle that comes from definitions in
your textbook. You may either print the puzzle out, complete it and mail or fax back to the
instructor or you may send an email with the correct answers numbered accordingly. (Crossword
worth 50 points)

Quiz
Answer the questions in the Lesson 6 quiz . When you have gotten all the answers correct, print
the page and either mail or fax it to the instructor. You may also take the quiz online and submit
your grade directly into the database for grading purposes.

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