Ncert Math Xii Sol Man

NCERT Solutions for Class 12th Maths Chapter 1
Relations and Functions

NCERT Solutions for Class 12th Maths Chapter 1 Relations and
Functions
National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) Book Solutions for class 12th
Subject: Maths
Chapter: Chapter 1 Relations and Functions
Class 12th Maths Chapter 1 Relations and Functions NCERT Solution is given below.
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Solutions

Class XII Chapter 5 Continuity and Differentiability Maths

Page 1 of 144

Exercise 5.1

Question 1:
Prove that the function is continuous at
Answer

Therefore, f is continuous at x = 0



Question 2:
Examine the continuity of the function .
Answer

Thus, f is continuous at x = 3


Page 2 of 144

Question 3:
Examine the following functions for continuity.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Answer
(a) The given function is
It is evident that f is defined at every real number k and its value at k is k 5.
It is also observed that,

Hence, f is continuous at every real number and therefore, it is a continuous function.
(b) The given function is
For any real number k 5, we obtain

Hence, f is continuous at every point in the domain of f and therefore, it is a continuous
function.
(c) The given function is
For any real number c 5, we obtain


Page 3 of 144

Hence, f is continuous at every point in the domain of f and therefore, it is a continuous
function.
(d) The given function is
This function f is defined at all points of the real line.
Let c be a point on a real line. Then, c < 5 or c = 5 or c > 5
Case I: c < 5
Then, f (c) = 5 c

Therefore, f is continuous at all real numbers less than 5.
Case II : c = 5
Then,

Case III: c > 5

Therefore, f is continuous at all real numbers greater than 5.
Hence, f is continuous at every real number and therefore, it is a continuous function.


Page 4 of 144

Question 4:
Prove that the function is continuous at x = n, where n is a positive integer.
Answer
The given function is f (x) = x
n

It is evident that f is defined at all positive integers, n, and its value at n is n
n
.

Therefore, f is continuous at n, where n is a positive integer.

Question 5:
Is the function f defined by

continuous at x = 0? At x = 1? At x = 2?
Answer
The given function f is
At x = 0,
It is evident that f is defined at 0 and its value at 0 is 0.

At x = 1,
f is defined at 1 and its value at 1 is 1.
The left hand limit of f at x = 1 is,

The right hand limit of f at x = 1 is,


Page 5 of 144

Therefore, f is not continuous at x = 1
At x = 2,
f is defined at 2 and its value at 2 is 5.


Question 6:
Find all points of discontinuity of f, where f is defined by

Answer
It is evident that the given function f is defined at all the points of the real line.
Let c be a point on the real line. Then, three cases arise.
(i) c < 2
(ii) c > 2
(iii) c = 2
Case (i) c < 2

Therefore, f is continuous at all points x, such that x < 2
Case (ii) c > 2


Page 6 of 144

Therefore, f is continuous at all points x, such that x > 2
Case (iii) c = 2
Then, the left hand limit of f at x = 2 is,


It is observed that the left and right hand limit of f at x = 2 do not coincide.
Hence, x = 2 is the only point of discontinuity of f.

Question 7:

Answer
The given function f is defined at all the points of the real line.
Let c be a point on the real line.
Case I:


Page 7 of 144

Case II:

Case III:

Therefore, f is continuous in (3, 3).
Case IV:
If c = 3, then the left hand limit of f at x = 3 is,


Case V:


Question 8:


Page 8 of 144

Answer
It is known that,
Therefore, the given function can be rewritten as

Case I:

Therefore, f is continuous at all points x < 0
Case II:


Case III:


Page 9 of 144


Question 9:

Answer
It is known that,
Therefore, the given function can be rewritten as

Let c be any real number. Then,
Also,
Therefore, the given function is a continuous function.
Hence, the given function has no point of discontinuity.

Question 10:


Page 10 of 144

Answer
Case I:

Case II:



Case III:

Hence, the given function f has no point of discontinuity.

Question 11:


Page 11 of 144

Answer
Case I:

Case II:

Case III:

Thus, the given function f is continuous at every point on the real line.
Hence, f has no point of discontinuity.

Question 12:


Page 12 of 144

Answer
Case I:

Case II:


Case III:

Thus, from the above observation, it can be concluded that x = 1 is the only point of
discontinuity of f.

Question 13:
Is the function defined by


Page 13 of 144

a continuous function?
Answer
The given function is
Case I:

Case II:



Case III:

Thus, from the above observation, it can be concluded that x = 1 is the only point of
discontinuity of f.

Question 14:


Page 14 of 144

Discuss the continuity of the function f, where f is defined by

Answer
The given function is defined at all points of the interval [0, 10].
Let c be a point in the interval [0, 10].
Case I:

Therefore, f is continuous in the interval [0, 1).
Case II:



It is observed that the left and right hand limits of f at x = 1 do not coincide.
Case III:

Therefore, f is continuous at all points of the interval (1, 3).
Case IV:


Page 15 of 144



Case V:

Therefore, f is continuous at all points of the interval (3, 10].
Hence, f is not continuous at x = 1 and x = 3

Question 15:

Answer
The given function is defined at all points of the real line.
Case I:



Page 16 of 144

Case II:



Case III:

Case IV:



Case V:

Hence, f is not continuous only at x = 1

Question 16:


Page 17 of 144

Answer
The given function is defined at all points of the real line.
Case I:

Case II:



Case III:

Case IV:


Page 18 of 144



Case V:

Thus, from the above observations, it can be concluded that f is continuous at all points
of the real line.

Question 17:
Find the relationship between a and b so that the function f defined by

is continuous at x = 3.
Answer
If f is continuous at x = 3, then


Page 19 of 144

Therefore, from (1), we obtain

Therefore, the required relationship is given by,

Question 18:
For what value of is the function defined by

continuous at x = 0? What about continuity at x = 1?
Answer
If f is continuous at x = 0, then

Therefore, there is no value of for which f is continuous at x = 0


Page 20 of 144

At x = 1,
f (1) = 4x + 1 = 4 1 + 1 = 5

Therefore, for any values of , f is continuous at x = 1

Question 19:
Show that the function defined by is discontinuous at all integral point.
Here denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
Answer
It is evident that g is defined at all integral points.
Let n be an integer.
Then,

The left hand limit of f at x = n is,

The right hand limit of f at x = n is,

It is observed that the left and right hand limits of f at x = n do not coincide.
Therefore, f is not continuous at x = n
Hence, g is discontinuous at all integral points.

Question 20:
Is the function defined by continuous at x = p?
Answer


Page 21 of 144

It is evident that f is defined at x = p

Therefore, the given function f is continuous at x =

Question 21:
Discuss the continuity of the following functions.
(a) f (x) = sin x + cos x
(b) f (x) = sin x cos x
(c) f (x) = sin x cos x
Answer
It is known that if g and h are two continuous functions, then
are also continuous.
It has to proved first that g (x) = sin x and h (x) = cos x are continuous functions.
Let g (x) = sin x
It is evident that g (x) = sin x is defined for every real number.
Let c be a real number. Put x = c + h
If x c, then h 0


Page 22 of 144

Therefore, g is a continuous function.
Let h (x) = cos x
It is evident that h (x) = cos x is defined for every real number.
If x c, then h 0
h (c) = cos c

Therefore, h is a continuous function.
Therefore, it can be concluded that
(a) f (x) = g (x) + h (x) = sin x + cos x is a continuous function
(b) f (x) = g (x) h (x) = sin x cos x is a continuous function
(c) f (x) = g (x) h (x) = sin x cos x is a continuous function


Page 23 of 144

Question 22:
Discuss the continuity of the cosine, cosecant, secant and cotangent functions,
Answer
It is known that if g and h are two continuous functions, then

It has to be proved first that g (x) = sin x and h (x) = cos x are continuous functions.
Let g (x) = sin x
It is evident that g (x) = sin x is defined for every real number.
If x c, then h 0

Therefore, g is a continuous function.
Let h (x) = cos x
If x c, then h 0
h (c) = cos c


Page 24 of 144

Therefore, h (x) = cos x is continuous function.
It can be concluded that,

Therefore, cosecant is continuous except at x = np, n Z

Therefore, secant is continuous except at

Therefore, cotangent is continuous except at x = np, n Z

Question 23:
Find the points of discontinuity of f, where


Page 25 of 144

Answer
It is evident that f is defined at all points of the real line.
Let c be a real number.
Case I:

Case II:

Case III:



From the above observations, it can be concluded that f is continuous at all points of the
real line.
Thus, f has no point of discontinuity.


Page 26 of 144

Question 24:
Determine if f defined by

is a continuous function?
Answer
Case I:

Therefore, f is continuous at all points x 0
Case II:


Page 27 of 144

From the above observations, it can be concluded that f is continuous at every point of
the real line.
Thus, f is a continuous function.

Question 25:
Examine the continuity of f, where f is defined by

Answer
Case I:


Page 28 of 144

Therefore, f is continuous at all points x, such that x 0
Case II:

From the above observations, it can be concluded that f is continuous at every point of
the real line.
Thus, f is a continuous function.

Question 26:
Find the values of k so that the function f is continuous at the indicated point.

Answer
The given function f is continuous at , if f is defined at and if the value of the f
at equals the limit of f at .


Page 29 of 144

It is evident that f is defined at and

Therefore, the required value of k is 6.

Question 27:

Answer
The given function f is continuous at x = 2, if f is defined at x = 2 and if the value of f at
x = 2 equals the limit of f at x = 2
It is evident that f is defined at x = 2 and


Page 30 of 144

Therefore, the required value of .

Question 28:

Answer
The given function f is continuous at x = p, if f is defined at x = p and if the value of f at
x = p equals the limit of f at x = p
It is evident that f is defined at x = p and

Therefore, the required value of


Page 31 of 144

Question 29:

Answer
The given function f is continuous at x = 5, if f is defined at x = 5 and if the value of f at
x = 5 equals the limit of f at x = 5
It is evident that f is defined at x = 5 and

Therefore, the required value of

Question 30:
Find the values of a and b such that the function defined by

is a continuous function.


Page 32 of 144

Answer
It is evident that the given function f is defined at all points of the real line.
If f is a continuous function, then f is continuous at all real numbers.
In particular, f is continuous at x = 2 and x = 10
Since f is continuous at x = 2, we obtain

Since f is continuous at x = 10, we obtain

On subtracting equation (1) from equation (2), we obtain
8a = 16
a = 2
By putting a = 2 in equation (1), we obtain
2 2 + b = 5
4 + b = 5


Page 33 of 144

b = 1
Therefore, the values of a and b for which f is a continuous function are 2 and 1
respectively.

Question 31:
Show that the function defined by f (x) = cos (x
2
) is a continuous function.
Answer
The given function is f (x) = cos (x
2
)
This function f is defined for every real number and f can be written as the composition
of two functions as,
f = g o h, where g (x) = cos x and h (x) = x
2

It has to be first proved that g (x) = cos x and h (x) = x
2
are continuous functions.
It is evident that g is defined for every real number.
Then, g (c) = cos c

Therefore, g (x) = cos x is continuous function.


Page 34 of 144

h (x) = x
2

Clearly, h is defined for every real number.
Let k be a real number, then h (k) = k
2

It is known that for real valued functions g and h,such that (g o h) is defined at c, if g is
continuous at c and if f is continuous at g (c), then (f o g) is continuous at c.
Therefore, is a continuous function.

Question 32:
Show that the function defined by is a continuous function.
Answer
f = g o h, where

It has to be first proved that are continuous functions.

Clearly, g is defined for all real numbers.
Case I:


Page 35 of 144

Therefore, g is continuous at all points x, such that x < 0
Case II:

Therefore, g is continuous at all points x, such that x > 0
Case III:

Therefore, g is continuous at x = 0
From the above three observations, it can be concluded that g is continuous at all points.
h (x) = cos x
If x c, then h 0
h (c) = cos c

Therefore, h (x) = cos x is a continuous function.


Page 36 of 144


Question 33:
Examine that is a continuous function.
Answer

f = g o h, where

It has to be proved first that are continuous functions.

Case I:

Case II:

Case III:


Page 37 of 144

h (x) = sin x
It is evident that h (x) = sin x is defined for every real number.
Let c be a real number. Put x = c + k
If x c, then k 0
h (c) = sin c


Question 34:
Find all the points of discontinuity of f defined by .
Answer


Page 38 of 144

The two functions, g and h, are defined as

Then, f = g h
The continuity of g and h is examined first.

Case I:

Case II:

Case III:


Clearly, h is defined for every real number.


Page 39 of 144

Case I:

Therefore, h is continuous at all points x, such that x < 1
Case II:

Therefore, h is continuous at all points x, such that x > 1
Case III:

Therefore, h is continuous at x = 1
From the above three observations, it can be concluded that h is continuous at all points
of the real line.
g and h are continuous functions. Therefore, f = g h is also a continuous function.
Therefore, f has no point of discontinuity.


Page 40 of 144

Exercise 5.2

Question 1:
Differentiate the functions with respect to x.

Answer

Thus, f is a composite of two functions.

Alternate method

Question 2:


Page 41 of 144

Answer

Thus, f is a composite function of two functions.
Put t = u (x) = sin x

By chain rule,
Alternate method

Question 3:

Answer

Thus, f is a composite function of two functions, u and v.
Put t = u (x) = ax + b

Hence, by chain rule, we obtain


Page 42 of 144

Alternate method

Question 4:

Answer

Thus, f is a composite function of three functions, u, v, and w.

Hence, by chain rule, we obtain


Page 43 of 144

Alternate method

Question 5:

Answer
The given function is , where g (x) = sin (ax + b) and
h (x) = cos (cx + d)


Page 44 of 144

g is a composite function of two functions, u and v.

Therefore, by chain rule, we obtain

h is a composite function of two functions, p and q.
Put y = p (x) = cx + d

Therefore, by chain rule, we obtain


Page 45 of 144

Question 6:

Answer
The given function is .

Question 7:

Answer


Page 46 of 144

Question 8:

Answer

Clearly, f is a composite function of two functions, u and v, such that


Page 47 of 144

By using chain rule, we obtain

Alternate method

Question 9:
Prove that the function f given by
is notdifferentiable at x = 1.
Answer


Page 48 of 144

It is known that a function f is differentiable at a point x = c in its domain if both
are finite and equal.
To check the differentiability of the given function at x = 1,
consider the left hand limit of f at x = 1

Since the left and right hand limits of f at x = 1 are not equal, f is not differentiable at x
= 1

Question 10:
Prove that the greatest integer function defined by is not
differentiable at x = 1 and x = 2.
Answer
It is known that a function f is differentiable at a point x = c in its domain if both
are finite and equal.
To check the differentiability of the given function at x = 1, consider the left hand limit of
f at x = 1


Page 49 of 144

Since the left and right hand limits of f at x = 1 are not equal, f is not differentiable at
x = 1
To check the differentiability of the given function at x = 2, consider the left hand limit
of f at x = 2

Since the left and right hand limits of f at x = 2 are not equal, f is not differentiable at x
= 2


Page 50 of 144

Exercise 5.3

Question 1:
Find :

Answer
The given relationship is
Differentiating this relationship with respect to x, we obtain

Question 2:
Find :

Answer


Page 51 of 144

Question 3:
Find :

Answer

Using chain rule, we obtain and
From (1) and (2), we obtain

Question 4:
Find :


Page 52 of 144

Answer

Question 5:
Find :

Answer

[Derivative of constant function is 0]


Page 53 of 144

Question 6:
Find :

Answer

Question 7:
Find :


Page 54 of 144

Answer

Using chain rule, we obtain

From (1), (2), and (3), we obtain

Question 8:
Find :

Answer


Page 55 of 144

Question 9:
Find :

Answer


The function, , is of the form of .
Therefore, by quotient rule, we obtain


Page 56 of 144

Also,


Question 10:
Find :

Answer


Page 57 of 144

It is known that,
Comparing equations (1) and (2), we obtain


Question 11:
Find :
x
Answer
The given relationship is,


Page 58 of 144

On comparing L.H.S. and R.H.S. of the above relationship, we obtain


Question 12:
Find :

Answer


Page 59 of 144





Page 60 of 144

Alternate method



Page 61 of 144

Question 13:
Find :

Answer



Page 62 of 144

Question 14:
Find :

Answer
lationship is



Page 63 of 144

Question 15:
Find :

Answer


Page 64 of 144



Page 65 of 144

Exercise 5.4

Question 1:
Differentiate the following w.r.t. x:

Answer
Let
By using the quotient rule, we obtain

Question 2:

Answer
Let
By using the chain rule, we obtain


Page 66 of 144

Question 2:
Show that the function given by f(x) = e
2x
is strictly increasing on R.
Answer
Let be any two numbers in R.
Then, we have:

Hence, f is strictly increasing on R.

Question 3:

Answer
Let

Question 4:


Page 67 of 144

Answer
Let

Question 5:

Answer
Let


Page 68 of 144

Question 6:

Answer

Question 7:

Answer
Let
Then,
By differentiating this relationship with respect to x, we obtain


Page 69 of 144

Question 8:

Answer
Let

, x > 1

Question 9:


Page 70 of 144

Answer
Let
By using the quotient rule, we obtain

Question 10:

Answer
Let


Page 71 of 144

Exercise 5.5

Question 1:
Differentiate the function with respect to x.

Answer

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain

Question 2:

Answer



Page 72 of 144


Question 3:

Answer




Page 73 of 144

Question 4:

Answer

u = x
x



v = 2
sin x

Taking logarithm on both the sides with respect to x, we obtain


Page 74 of 144


Question 5:

Answer




Page 75 of 144

Question 6:

Answer



Page 76 of 144



Page 77 of 144

Therefore, from (1), (2), and (3), we obtain

Question 7:

Answer

u = (log x)
x



Page 78 of 144



Question 8:


Page 79 of 144

Answer




Page 80 of 144

Question 9:

Answer




Page 81 of 144


Question 10:

Answer



Page 82 of 144



Question 11:


Page 83 of 144

Answer



Page 84 of 144



Question 12:
Find of function.


Page 85 of 144

Answer
Let x
y
= u and y
x
= v
Then, the function becomes u + v = 1





Page 86 of 144

Question 13:
Find of function.

Answer


Question 14:
Find of function.


Page 87 of 144

Answer

Differentiating both sides, we obtain

Question 15:
Find of function.

Answer


Page 88 of 144


Question 16:
Find the derivative of the function given by and hence
find .
Answer



Page 89 of 144

Question 17:
Differentiate in three ways mentioned below
(i) By using product rule.
(ii) By expanding the product to obtain a single polynomial.
(iii By logarithmic differentiation.
Do they all give the same answer?
Answer

(i)


Page 90 of 144

(ii)

(iii)



Page 91 of 144

From the above three observations, it can be concluded that all the results of are
same.

Question 18:
If u, v and w are functions of x, then show that

in two ways-first by repeated application of product rule, second by logarithmic
differentiation.
Answer
Let
By applying product rule, we obtain


Page 92 of 144

By taking logarithm on both sides of the equation , we obtain



Page 93 of 144

Exercise 5.6

Question 1:
If x and y are connected parametrically by the equation, without eliminating the
parameter, find .

Answer
The given equations are

Question 2:
parameter, find .
x = a cos , y = b cos
Answer
The given equations are x = a cos and y = b cos


Page 94 of 144

Question 3:
parameter, find .
x = sin t, y = cos 2t
Answer
The given equations are x = sin t and y = cos 2t

Question 4:
parameter, find .

Answer


Page 95 of 144

Question 5:
parameter, find .

Answer

Question 6:
parameter, find .


Page 96 of 144

Answer

Question 7:
parameter, find .

Answer


Page 97 of 144


Page 98 of 144

Question 8:
parameter, find .

Answer


Page 99 of 144

Question 9:
parameter, find .


Page 100 of 144

Answer

Question 10:
parameter, find .

Answer


Page 101 of 144

Question 11:
If
Answer


Page 102 of 144

Hence, proved.


Page 103 of 144

Exercise 5.7

Question 1:
Find the second order derivatives of the function.

Answer
Let
Then,

Question 2:

Answer
Let
Then,

Question 3:

Answer
Let
Then,


Page 104 of 144

Question 4:

Answer
Let
Then,

Question 5:

Answer
Let
Then,


Page 105 of 144

Question 6:

Answer
Let
Then,


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Question 7:

Answer
Let
Then,

Question 8:

Answer
Let
Then,


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Question 9:

Answer
Let
Then,

Question 10:

Answer
Let
Then,


Page 108 of 144

Question 11:
If , prove that
Answer
It is given that,
Then,


Page 109 of 144

Hence, proved.

Question 12:
If find in terms of y alone.
Answer
It is given that,
Then,


Page 110 of 144

Question 13:
If , show that
Answer
It is given that,
Then,


Page 111 of 144

Hence, proved.

Question 14:
If show that


Page 112 of 144

Answer
It is given that,
Then,

Hence, proved.

Question 15:
If , show that
Answer
It is given that,
Then,


Page 113 of 144

Hence, proved.

Question 16:
If , show that
Answer




Page 114 of 144

Hence, proved.

Question 17:
If , show that
Answer
Then,

Hence, proved.


Page 115 of 144

Exercise 5.8

Question 1:
Verify Rolles Theorem for the function
Answer
The given function, , being a polynomial function, is continuous in [4,
2] and is differentiable in (4, 2).

f (4) = f (2) = 0
The value of f (x) at 4 and 2 coincides.
Rolles Theorem states that there is a point c (4, 2) such that

Hence, Rolles Theorem is verified for the given function.


Page 116 of 144

Question 2:
Examine if Rolles Theorem is applicable to any of the following functions. Can you say
some thing about the converse of Rolles Theorem from these examples?
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Answer
By Rolles Theorem, for a function , if
(a) f is continuous on [a, b]
(b) f is differentiable on (a, b)
(c) f (a) = f (b)
then, there exists some c (a, b) such that
Therefore, Rolles Theorem is not applicable to those functions that do not satisfy any of
the three conditions of the hypothesis.
(i)
It is evident that the given function f (x) is not continuous at every integral point.
In particular, f(x) is not continuous at x = 5 and x = 9
f (x) is not continuous in [5, 9].

The differentiability of f in (5, 9) is checked as follows.


Page 117 of 144

Let n be an integer such that n (5, 9).

Since the left and right hand limits of f at x = n are not equal, f is not differentiable at x
= n
f is not differentiable in (5, 9).
It is observed that f does not satisfy all the conditions of the hypothesis of Rolles
Theorem.
Hence, Rolles Theorem is not applicable for .
(ii)



Page 118 of 144


= n
It is observed that f does not satisfy all the conditions of the hypothesis of Rolles
Theorem.
(iii)
It is evident that f, being a polynomial function, is continuous in [1, 2] and is
differentiable in (1, 2).

f (1) f (2)
It is observed that f does not satisfy a condition of the hypothesis of Rolles Theorem.


Page 119 of 144


Question 3:
If is a differentiable function and if does not vanish anywhere, then
prove that .
Answer
It is given that is a differentiable function.
Since every differentiable function is a continuous function, we obtain
(a) f is continuous on [5, 5].
(b) f is differentiable on (5, 5).
Therefore, by the Mean Value Theorem, there exists c (5, 5) such that

It is also given that does not vanish anywhere.

Hence, proved.

Question 4:
Verify Mean Value Theorem, if in the interval , where
and .


Page 120 of 144

Answer
f, being a polynomial function, is continuous in [1, 4] and is differentiable in (1, 4)
whose derivative is 2x 4.

Mean Value Theorem states that there is a point c (1, 4) such that

Hence, Mean Value Theorem is verified for the given function.

Question 5:
Verify Mean Value Theorem, if in the interval [a, b], where a = 1 and
b = 3. Find all for which
Answer
f, being a polynomial function, is continuous in [1, 3] and is differentiable in (1, 3)
whose derivative is 3x
2
10x 3.


Page 121 of 144

Mean Value Theorem states that there exist a point c (1, 3) such that

Hence, Mean Value Theorem is verified for the given function and is the
only point for which

Question 6:
Examine the applicability of Mean Value Theorem for all three functions given in the
above exercise 2.
Answer
Mean Value Theorem states that for a function , if
(a) f is continuous on [a, b]
(b) f is differentiable on (a, b)
then, there exists some c (a, b) such that
Therefore, Mean Value Theorem is not applicable to those functions that do not satisfy
any of the two conditions of the hypothesis.


Page 122 of 144

(i)

= n
It is observed that f does not satisfy all the conditions of the hypothesis of Mean Value
Theorem.
Hence, Mean Value Theorem is not applicable for .
(ii)


Page 123 of 144


= n
It is observed that f does not satisfy all the conditions of the hypothesis of Mean Value
Theorem.
Hence, Mean Value Theorem is not applicable for .
(iii)
It is evident that f, being a polynomial function, is continuous in [1, 2] and is
differentiable in (1, 2).
It is observed that f satisfies all the conditions of the hypothesis of Mean Value Theorem.


Page 124 of 144

Hence, Mean Value Theorem is applicable for .
It can be proved as follows.


Page 125 of 144

Miscellaneous Solutions

Question 1:

Answer


Question 2:

Answer

Question 3:

Answer


Page 126 of 144



Question 4:

Answer



Page 127 of 144

Question 5:

Answer


Page 128 of 144

Question 6:

Answer


Page 129 of 144

Therefore, equation (1) becomes

Question 7:

Answer


Page 130 of 144



Question 8:
, for some constant a and b.
Answer

By using chain rule, we obtain

Question 9:

Answer


Page 131 of 144



Question 10:
, for some fixed and
Answer



Page 132 of 144


s = a
a

Since a is constant, a
a
is also a constant.

From (1), (2), (3), (4), and (5), we obtain


Page 133 of 144

Question 11:
, for
Answer


Differentiating with respect to x, we obtain

Also,



Page 134 of 144

Substituting the expressions of in equation (1), we obtain

Question 12:
Find , if
Answer

Question 13:
Find , if
Answer


Page 135 of 144

Question 14:
If , for, 1 < x <1, prove that

Answer
It is given that,


Page 136 of 144


Hence, proved.

Question 15:
If , for some prove that
is a constant independent of a and b.
Answer
It is given that,


Page 137 of 144


Page 138 of 144

Hence, proved.

Question 16:
If with prove that
Answer


Page 139 of 144

Then, equation (1) reduces to

Hence, proved.

Question 17:
If and , find
Answer


Page 140 of 144

Question 18:
If , show that exists for all real x, and find it.
Answer
It is known that,
Therefore, when x 0,
In this case, and hence,
When x < 0,


Page 141 of 144

In this case, and hence,
Thus, for , exists for all real x and is given by,

Question 19:
Using mathematical induction prove that for all positive integers n.
Answer

For n = 1,

P(n) is true for n = 1
Let P(k) is true for some positive integer k.
That is,
It has to be proved that P(k + 1) is also true.


Page 142 of 144

Thus, P(k + 1) is true whenever P (k) is true.
Therefore, by the principle of mathematical induction, the statement P(n) is true for
every positive integer n.
Hence, proved.

Question 20:
Using the fact that sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B and the differentiation, obtain
the sum formula for cosines.
Answer


Question 22:
If , prove that
Answer


Page 143 of 144

Thus,

Question 23:
If , show that
Answer
It is given that,


Page 144 of 144

Class XII Chapter 6 Application of Derivatives Maths

Page 1 of 138

Exercise 6.1

Question 1:
Find the rate of change of the area of a circle with respect to its radius r when
(a) r = 3 cm (b) r = 4 cm
Answer
The area of a circle (A) with radius (r) is given by,

Now, the rate of change of the area with respect to its radius is given by,

1. When r = 3 cm,

Hence, the area of the circle is changing at the rate of 6 cm
2
/s when its radius is 3 cm.
2. When r = 4 cm,

Hence, the area of the circle is changing at the rate of 8 cm
2
/s when its radius is 4 cm.

Question 2:
The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of 8 cm
3
/s. How fast is the surface area
increasing when the length of an edge is 12 cm?
Answer
Let x be the length of a side, V be the volume, and s be the surface area of the cube.
Then, V = x
3
and S = 6x
2
where x is a function of time t.
It is given that .
Then, by using the chain rule, we have:


Page 2 of 138

Thus, when x = 12 cm,
Hence, if the length of the edge of the cube is 12 cm, then the surface area is increasing
at the rate of cm
2
/s.

Question 3:
The radius of a circle is increasing uniformly at the rate of 3 cm/s. Find the rate at which
the area of the circle is increasing when the radius is 10 cm.
Answer

Now, the rate of change of area (A) with respect to time (t) is given by,

It is given that,


Page 3 of 138

Thus, when r = 10 cm,

Hence, the rate at which the area of the circle is increasing when the radius is 10 cm is
60 cm
2
/s.

Question 4:
An edge of a variable cube is increasing at the rate of 3 cm/s. How fast is the volume of
the cube increasing when the edge is 10 cm long?
Answer
Let x be the length of a side and V be the volume of the cube. Then,
V = x
3.

(By chain rule)
It is given that,

Thus, when x = 10 cm,


Page 4 of 138

Hence, the volume of the cube is increasing at the rate of 900 cm
3
/s when the edge is 10
cm long.

Question 5:
A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and waves move in circles at the speed of 5 cm/s. At
the instant when the radius of the circular wave is 8 cm, how fast is the enclosed area
increasing?
Answer
The area of a circle (A) with radius (r) is given by .
Therefore, the rate of change of area (A) with respect to time (t) is given by,
[By chain rule]
It is given that .
Thus, when r = 8 cm,

Hence, when the radius of the circular wave is 8 cm, the enclosed area is increasing at
the rate of 80 cm
2
/s.

Question 6:
The radius of a circle is increasing at the rate of 0.7 cm/s. What is the rate of increase of
its circumference?
Answer
The circumference of a circle (C) with radius (r) is given by
C = 2r.
Therefore, the rate of change of circumference (C) with respect to time (t) is given by,
(By chain rule)


Page 5 of 138

It is given that .
Hence, the rate of increase of the circumference

Question 7:
The length x of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 5 cm/minute and the width y is
increasing at the rate of 4 cm/minute. When x = 8 cm and y = 6 cm, find the rates of
change of (a) the perimeter, and (b) the area of the rectangle.
Answer
Since the length (x) is decreasing at the rate of 5 cm/minute and the width (y) is
increasing at the rate of 4 cm/minute, we have:
and
(a) The perimeter (P) of a rectangle is given by,
P = 2(x + y)

Hence, the perimeter is decreasing at the rate of 2 cm/min.
(b) The area (A) of a rectangle is given by,
A = x y

When x = 8 cm and y = 6 cm,
Hence, the area of the rectangle is increasing at the rate of 2 cm
2
/min.


Page 6 of 138

Question 8:
A balloon, which always remains spherical on inflation, is being inflated by pumping in
900 cubic centimetres of gas per second. Find the rate at which the radius of the balloon
increases when the radius is 15 cm.
Answer
The volume of a sphere (V) with radius (r) is given by,

Rate of change of volume (V) with respect to time (t) is given by,
[By chain rule]

It is given that .

Therefore, when radius = 15 cm,

Hence, the rate at which the radius of the balloon increases when the radius is 15 cm
is


Page 7 of 138

Question 9:
A balloon, which always remains spherical has a variable radius. Find the rate at which
its volume is increasing with the radius when the later is 10 cm.
Answer
The volume of a sphere (V) with radius (r) is given by .
Rate of change of volume (V) with respect to its radius (r) is given by,

Therefore, when radius = 10 cm,

Hence, the volume of the balloon is increasing at the rate of 400 cm
3
/s.

Question 10:
A ladder 5 m long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the ladder is pulled along the
ground, away from the wall, at the rate of 2 cm/s. How fast is its height on the wall
decreasing when the foot of the ladder is 4 m away from the wall?
Answer
Let y m be the height of the wall at which the ladder touches. Also, let the foot of the
ladder be x maway from the wall.
Then, by Pythagoras theorem, we have:
x
2
+ y
2
= 25 [Length of the ladder = 5 m]

Then, the rate of change of height (y) with respect to time (t) is given by,

It is given that .


Page 8 of 138

Now, when x = 4 m, we have:

Hence, the height of the ladder on the wall is decreasing at the rate of .

Question 11:
A particle moves along the curve . Find the points on the curve at which the y-
coordinate is changing 8 times as fast as the x-coordinate.
Answer
The equation of the curve is given as:

The rate of change of the position of the particle with respect to time (t) is given by,

When the y-coordinate of the particle changes 8 times as fast as the
x-coordinate i.e., , we have:


Page 9 of 138

When .
When .
Hence, the points required on the curve are (4, 11) and

Question 12:
The radius of an air bubble is increasing at the rate of cm/s. At what rate is the
volume of the bubble increasing when the radius is 1 cm?
Answer
The air bubble is in the shape of a sphere.
Now, the volume of an air bubble (V) with radius (r) is given by,

The rate of change of volume (V) with respect to time (t) is given by,

It is given that .
Therefore, when r = 1 cm,

Hence, the rate at which the volume of the bubble increases is 2 cm
3
/s.

Question 13:


Page 10 of 138

A balloon, which always remains spherical, has a variable diameter Find the
rate of change of its volume with respect to x.
Answer
The volume of a sphere (V) with radius (r) is given by,

It is given that:
Diameter

Hence, the rate of change of volume with respect to x is as

Question 14:
Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12 cm
3
/s. The falling sand forms a cone on the
ground in such a way that the height of the cone is always one-sixth of the radius of the
base. How fast is the height of the sand cone increasing when the height is 4 cm?
Answer
The volume of a cone (V) with radius (r) and height (h) is given by,

It is given that,


Page 11 of 138

The rate of change of volume with respect to time (t) is given by,
[By chain rule]

It is also given that .
Therefore, when h = 4 cm, we have:

Hence, when the height of the sand cone is 4 cm, its height is increasing at the rate
of .

Question 15:
The total cost C (x) in Rupees associated with the production of x units of an item is
given by

Find the marginal cost when 17 units are produced.
Answer
Marginal cost is the rate of change of total cost with respect to output.
Marginal cost (MC)

When x = 17, MC = 0.021 (17
2
) 0.006 (17) + 15


Page 12 of 138

= 0.021(289) 0.006(17) + 15
= 6.069 0.102 + 15
= 20.967
Hence, when 17 units are produced, the marginal cost is Rs. 20.967.

Question 16:
The total revenue in Rupees received from the sale of x units of a product is given by

Find the marginal revenue when x = 7.
Answer
Marginal revenue is the rate of change of total revenue with respect to the number of
units sold.
Marginal Revenue (MR) = 13(2x) + 26 = 26x + 26
When x = 7,
MR = 26(7) + 26 = 182 + 26 = 208
Hence, the required marginal revenue is Rs 208.

Question 17:
The rate of change of the area of a circle with respect to its radius r at r = 6 cm is
(A) 10 (B) 12 (C) 8 (D) 11
Answer

Therefore, the rate of change of the area with respect to its radius r is
.


Page 13 of 138

When r = 6 cm,

Hence, the required rate of change of the area of a circle is 12 cm
2
/s.
The correct answer is B.

Question 18:
The total revenue in Rupees received from the sale of x units of a product is given by
. The marginal revenue, when is
(A) 116 (B) 96 (C) 90 (D) 126
Answer
Marginal revenue is the rate of change of total revenue with respect to the number of
units sold.
Marginal Revenue (MR) = 3(2x) + 36 = 6x + 36
When x = 15,
MR = 6(15) + 36 = 90 + 36 = 126
Hence, the required marginal revenue is Rs 126.
The correct answer is D.


Page 14 of 138

Exercise 6.2

Question 1:
Show that the function given by f(x) = 3x + 17 is strictly increasing on R.
Answer
Then, we have:


Alternate method:
f'(x) = 3 > 0, in every interval of R.
Thus, the function is strictly increasing on R.

Question 2:
Show that the function given by f(x) = e
2x
is strictly increasing on R.
Answer
Then, we have:


Question 3:
Show that the function given by f(x) = sin x is
(a) strictly increasing in (b) strictly decreasing in
(c) neither increasing nor decreasing in (0, )
Answer
The given function is f(x) = sin x.


Page 15 of 138

(a) Since for each we have .
Hence, f is strictly increasing in .
(b) Since for each , we have .
Hence, f is strictly decreasing in .
(c) From the results obtained in (a) and (b), it is clear that f is neither increasing nor
decreasing in (0, ).

Question 4:
Find the intervals in which the function f given by f(x) = 2x
2
3x is
(a) strictly increasing (b) strictly decreasing
Answer
The given function is f(x) = 2x
2
3x.

Now, the point divides the real line into two disjoint intervals i.e., and

In interval
Hence, the given function (f) is strictly decreasing in interval .
In interval


Page 16 of 138

Hence, the given function (f) is strictly increasing in interval .

Question 5:
Find the intervals in which the function f given by f(x) = 2x
3
3x
2
36x + 7 is
(a) strictly increasing (b) strictly decreasing
Answer
The given function is f(x) = 2x
3
3x
2
36x + 7.

x = 2, 3
The points x = 2 and x = 3 divide the real line into three disjoint intervals i.e.,

In intervals is positive while in interval
(2, 3), is negative.
Hence, the given function (f) is strictly increasing in intervals
, while function (f) is strictly decreasing in interval
(2, 3).

Question 6:
Find the intervals in which the following functions are strictly increasing or decreasing:
(a) x
2
+ 2x 5 (b) 10 6x 2x
2

(c) 2x
3
9x
2
12x + 1 (d) 6 9x x
2

(e) (x + 1)
3
(x 3)
3


Page 17 of 138

Answer
(a) We have,

Now,
x = 1
Point x = 1 divides the real line into two disjoint intervals i.e.,
In interval
f is strictly decreasing in interval
Thus, f is strictly decreasing for x < 1.
In interval
f is strictly increasing in interval
Thus, f is strictly increasing for x > 1.
(b) We have,
f(x) = 10 6x 2x
2


Page 18 of 138

The point divides the real line into two disjoint intervals
i.e.,
In interval i.e., when ,
f is strictly increasing for .
In interval i.e., when ,
f is strictly decreasing for .
(c) We have,
f(x) = 2x
3
9x
2
12x + 1

Points x = 1 and x = 2 divide the real line into three disjoint intervals
i.e.,
In intervals i.e., when x < 2 and x > 1,
.


Page 19 of 138

f is strictly decreasing for x < 2 and x > 1.
Now, in interval (2, 1) i.e., when 2 < x < 1, .
(d) We have,

The point divides the real line into two disjoint intervals i.e.,
.
In interval i.e., for , .
In interval i.e., for ,


Page 20 of 138

f is strictly decreasing for .
(e) We have,
f(x) = (x + 1)
3
(x 3)
3

The points x = 1, x = 1, and x = 3 divide the real line into four disjoint intervals
i.e., , (1, 1), (1, 3), and .
In intervals and (1, 1), .
f is strictly decreasing in intervals and (1, 1).
In intervals (1, 3) and , .
f is strictly increasing in intervals (1, 3) and .


Page 21 of 138

Question 7:
Show that , is an increasing function of x throughout its
domain.
Answer
We have,

Since x > 1, point x = 0 divides the domain (1, ) in two disjoint intervals i.e., 1 <
x < 0 and x > 0.
When 1 < x < 0, we have:

Also, when x > 0:

Hence, function f is increasing throughout this domain.

Question 8:


Page 22 of 138

Find the values of x for which is an increasing function.
Answer
We have,

The points x = 0, x = 1, and x = 2 divide the real line into four disjoint intervals i.e.,

In intervals , .
y is strictly decreasing in intervals .
However, in intervals (0, 1) and (2, ),
y is strictly increasing in intervals (0, 1) and (2, ).
y is strictly increasing for 0 < x < 1 and x > 2.

Question 9:
Prove that is an increasing function of in .
Answer
We have,


Page 23 of 138

Since cos 4, cos = 0.

Now,


Page 24 of 138

In interval , we have cos > 0. Also, 4 > cos 4 cos > 0.

Therefore, y is strictly increasing in interval .
Also, the given function is continuous at
Hence, y is increasing in interval .

Question 10:
Prove that the logarithmic function is strictly increasing on (0, ).
Answer

It is clear that for x > 0,
Hence, f(x) = log x is strictly increasing in interval (0, ).

Question 11:
Prove that the function f given by f(x) = x
2
x + 1 is neither strictly increasing nor
strictly decreasing on (1, 1).
Answer


Page 25 of 138

The given function is f(x) = x
2
x + 1.

The point divides the interval (1, 1) into two disjoint intervals
i.e.,
Now, in interval
Therefore, f is strictly decreasing in interval .
However, in interval
Therefore, f is strictly increasing in interval .
Hence, f is neither strictly increasing nor decreasing in interval (1, 1).

Question 12:
Which of the following functions are strictly decreasing on ?
(A) cos x (B) cos 2x (C) cos 3x (D) tan x
Answer
(A) Let

In interval
is strictly decreasing in interval .


Page 26 of 138

(B) Let

(C) Let

The point divides the interval into two disjoint intervals
i.e., 0

f
3


Page 27 of 138

f
3
is strictly increasing in interval .
Hence, f
3
is neither increasing nor decreasing in interval .
(D) Let

In interval
f
4
is strictly increasing in interval
Therefore, functions cos x and cos 2x are strictly decreasing in
Hence, the correct answers are A and B.

Question 13:
On which of the following intervals is the function f given by strictly
decreasing?
(A) (B)
(C) (D) None of these
Answer
We have,


Page 28 of 138

In interval

Thus, function f is strictly increasing in interval (0, 1).
In interval

Thus, function f is strictly increasing in interval .

f is strictly increasing in interval .
Hence, function f is strictly decreasing in none of the intervals.

Question 14:
Find the least value of a such that the function f given is strictly
increasing on (1, 2).
Answer
We have,


Page 29 of 138

Now, function f will be increasing in (1, 2), if in (1, 2).

2x + a > 0
2x > a

Therefore, we have to find the least value of a such that

Thus, the least value of a for f to be increasing on (1, 2) is given by,

Hence, the required value of a is 2.

Question 15:


Page 30 of 138

Let I be any interval disjoint from (1, 1). Prove that the function f given by
is strictly increasing on I.
Answer
We have,

The points x = 1 and x = 1 divide the real line in three disjoint intervals i.e.,
.
In interval (1, 1), it is observed that:

f is strictly decreasing on .
In intervals , it is observed that:


Page 31 of 138

f is strictly increasing on .
Hence, function f is strictly increasing in interval I disjoint from (1, 1).
Hence, the given result is proved.

Question 16:
Prove that the function f given by f(x) = log sin x is strictly increasing on and
strictly decreasing on
Answer
We have,

In interval
f is strictly increasing in .


Page 32 of 138

In interval
f is strictly decreasing in

Question 17:
Prove that the function f given by f(x) = log cos x is strictly decreasing on and
strictly increasing on
Answer
We have,

In interval

f is strictly decreasing on .
In interval


Page 33 of 138

f is strictly increasing on .

Question 18:
Prove that the function given by is increasing in R.
Answer
We have,

For any xR, (x 1)
2
> 0.
Thus, is always positive in R.
Hence, the given function (f) is increasing in R.

Question 19:
The interval in which is increasing is
(A) (B) (2, 0) (C) (D) (0, 2)
Answer
We have,


Page 34 of 138

The points x = 0 and x = 2 divide the real line into three disjoint intervals
i.e.,
In intervals is always positive.
f is decreasing on
In interval (0, 2),
f is strictly increasing on (0, 2).
Hence, f is strictly increasing in interval (0, 2).


Page 35 of 138

Exercise 6.3

Question 1:
Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y = 3x
4
4x at x = 4.
Answer
The given curve is y = 3x
4
4x.
Then, the slope of the tangent to the given curve at x = 4 is given by,

Question 2:
Find the slope of the tangent to the curve , x 2 at x = 10.
Answer
The given curve is .

Thus, the slope of the tangent at x = 10 is given by,

Hence, the slope of the tangent at x = 10 is

Question 3:
Find the slope of the tangent to curve y = x
3
x + 1 at the point whose x-coordinate is
2.
Answer


Page 36 of 138


The slope of the tangent to a curve at (x
0
, y
0
) is .
It is given that x
0
= 2.
Hence, the slope of the tangent at the point where the x-coordinate is 2 is given by,

Question 4:
Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y = x
3
3x + 2 at the point whose x-
coordinate is 3.
Answer

0
, y
0
) is .
Hence, the slope of the tangent at the point where the x-coordinate is 3 is given by,

Question 5:
Find the slope of the normal to the curve x = acos
3
, y = asin
3
at .
Answer
It is given that x = acos
3
and y = asin
3
.


Page 37 of 138

Therefore, the slope of the tangent at is given by,

Hence, the slope of the normal at

Question 6:
Find the slope of the normal to the curve x = 1 a sin , y = b cos
2
at .
Answer
It is given that x = 1 a sin and y = b cos
2
.

Therefore, the slope of the tangent at is given by,


Page 38 of 138

Hence, the slope of the normal at

Question 7:
Find points at which the tangent to the curve y = x
3
3x
2
9x + 7 is parallel to the x-
axis.
Answer
The equation of the given curve is

Now, the tangent is parallel to the x-axis if the slope of the tangent is zero.

When x = 3, y = (3)
3
3 (3)
2
9 (3) + 7 = 27 27 27 + 7 = 20.
When x = 1, y = (1)
3
3 (1)
2
9 (1) + 7 = 1 3 + 9 + 7 = 12.
Hence, the points at which the tangent is parallel to the x-axis are (3, 20) and
(1, 12).

Question 8:
Find a point on the curve y = (x 2)
2
at which the tangent is parallel to the chord
joining the points (2, 0) and (4, 4).
Answer
If a tangent is parallel to the chord joining the points (2, 0) and (4, 4), then the slope of
the tangent = the slope of the chord.


Page 39 of 138

The slope of the chord is
Now, the slope of the tangent to the given curve at a point (x, y) is given by,

Since the slope of the tangent = slope of the chord, we have:

Hence, the required point is (3, 1).

Question 9:
Find the point on the curve y = x
3
11x + 5 at which the tangent is y = x 11.
Answer
The equation of the given curve is y = x
3
11x + 5.
The equation of the tangent to the given curve is given as y = x 11 (which is of the
form y = mx + c).
Slope of the tangent = 1
Now, the slope of the tangent to the given curve at the point (x, y) is given by,

Then, we have:

When x = 2, y = (2)
3
11 (2) + 5 = 8 22 + 5 = 9.
When x = 2, y = (2)
3
11 (2) + 5 = 8 + 22 + 5 = 19.


Page 40 of 138

Hence, the required points are (2, 9) and (2, 19).

Question 10:
Find the equation of all lines having slope 1 that are tangents to the curve
.
Answer
The equation of the given curve is .
The slope of the tangents to the given curve at any point (x, y) is given by,

If the slope of the tangent is 1, then we have:

When x = 0, y = 1 and when x = 2, y = 1.
Thus, there are two tangents to the given curve having slope 1. These are passing
through the points (0, 1) and (2, 1).
The equation of the tangent through (0, 1) is given by,


Page 41 of 138

The equation of the tangent through (2, 1) is given by,
y 1 = 1 (x 2)
y 1 = x + 2
y + x 3 = 0
Hence, the equations of the required lines are y + x + 1 = 0 and y + x 3 = 0.

Question 11:
Find the equation of all lines having slope 2 which are tangents to the
curve .
Answer
The slope of the tangent to the given curve at any point (x, y) is given by,



Page 42 of 138

Hence, there is no tangent to the given curve having slope 2.

Question 12:
Find the equations of all lines having slope 0 which are tangent to the curve
.
Answer


When x = 1,
The equation of the tangent through is given by,


Page 43 of 138

Hence, the equation of the required line is

Question 13:
Find points on the curve at which the tangents are
(i) parallel to x-axis (ii) parallel to y-axis
Answer
On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we have:

(i) The tangent is parallel to the x-axis if the slope of the tangent is i.e., 0
which is possible if x = 0.
Then, for x = 0

Hence, the points at which the tangents are parallel to the x-axis are
(0, 4) and (0, 4).


Page 44 of 138

(ii) The tangent is parallel to the y-axis if the slope of the normal is 0, which
gives y = 0.
Then, for y = 0.

Hence, the points at which the tangents are parallel to the y-axis are
(3, 0) and ( 3, 0).

Question 14:
Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the given curves at the indicated points:
(i) y = x
4
6x
3
+ 13x
2
10x + 5 at (0, 5)
(ii) y = x
4
6x
3
+ 13x
2
10x + 5 at (1, 3)
(iii) y = x
3
at (1, 1)
(iv) y = x
2
at (0, 0)
(v) x = cos t, y = sin t at
Answer
(i) The equation of the curve is y = x
4
6x
3
+ 13x
2
10x + 5.
On differentiating with respect to x, we get:

Thus, the slope of the tangent at (0, 5) is 10. The equation of the tangent is given as:
y 5 = 10(x 0)


Page 45 of 138

y 5 = 10x
10x + y = 5
The slope of the normal at (0, 5) is
Therefore, the equation of the normal at (0, 5) is given as:

(ii) The equation of the curve is y = x
4
6x
3
+ 13x
2
10x + 5.

Thus, the slope of the tangent at (1, 3) is 2. The equation of the tangent is given as:



Page 46 of 138

(iii) The equation of the curve is y = x
3
.

Thus, the slope of the tangent at (1, 1) is 3 and the equation of the tangent is given as:


(iv) The equation of the curve is y = x
2
.

Thus, the slope of the tangent at (0, 0) is 0 and the equation of the tangent is given as:
y 0 = 0 (x 0)
y = 0


Page 47 of 138

The slope of the normal at (0, 0) is , which is not
defined.
Therefore, the equation of the normal at (x
0,
y
0
) = (0, 0) is given by

(v) The equation of the curve is x = cos t, y = sin t.

The slope of the tangent at is 1.
When
Thus, the equation of the tangent to the given curve at is

The slope of the normal at is


Page 48 of 138

Therefore, the equation of the normal to the given curve at is

Question 15:
Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve y = x
2
2x + 7 which is
(a) parallel to the line 2x y + 9 = 0
(b) perpendicular to the line 5y 15x = 13.
Answer

(a) The equation of the line is 2x y + 9 = 0.
2x y + 9 = 0 y = 2x + 9
This is of the form y = mx + c.
Slope of the line = 2
If a tangent is parallel to the line 2x y + 9 = 0, then the slope of the tangent is equal
to the slope of the line.
Therefore, we have:
2 = 2x 2

Now, x = 2
y = 4 4 + 7 = 7
Thus, the equation of the tangent passing through (2, 7) is given by,


Page 49 of 138

Hence, the equation of the tangent line to the given curve (which is parallel to line 2x
y + 9 = 0) is .
(b) The equation of the line is 5y 15x = 13.
5y 15x = 13
This is of the form y = mx + c.
If a tangent is perpendicular to the line 5y 15x = 13, then the slope of the tangent is

Thus, the equation of the tangent passing through is given by,


Page 50 of 138

Hence, the equation of the tangent line to the given curve (which is perpendicular to line
5y 15x = 13) is .

Question 16:
Show that the tangents to the curve y = 7x
3
+ 11 at the points where x = 2 and x = 2
are parallel.
Answer
The equation of the given curve is y = 7x
3
+ 11.

0
, y
0
) is .
Therefore, the slope of the tangent at the point where x = 2 is given by,

It is observed that the slopes of the tangents at the points where x = 2 and x = 2 are
equal.
Hence, the two tangents are parallel.

Question 17:
Find the points on the curve y = x
3
at which the slope of the tangent is equal to the y-
coordinate of the point.
Answer
3
.

The slope of the tangent at the point (x, y) is given by,

When the slope of the tangent is equal to the y-coordinate of the point, then y = 3x
2
.
Also, we have y = x
3
.


Page 51 of 138

3x
2
= x
3

x
2
(x 3) = 0
x = 0, x = 3
When x = 0, then y = 0 and when x = 3, then y = 3(3)
2
= 27.
Hence, the required points are (0, 0) and (3, 27).

Question 18:
For the curve y = 4x
3
2x
5
, find all the points at which the tangents passes through the
origin.
Answer
The equation of the given curve is y = 4x
3
2x
5
.

Therefore, the slope of the tangent at a point (x, y) is 12x
2
10x
4
.
The equation of the tangent at (x, y) is given by,

When the tangent passes through the origin (0, 0), then X = Y = 0.
Therefore, equation (1) reduces to:

Also, we have

When x = 0, y =
When x = 1, y = 4 (1)
3
2 (1)
5
= 2.
When x = 1, y = 4 (1)
3
2 (1)
5
= 2.


Page 52 of 138

Hence, the required points are (0, 0), (1, 2), and (1, 2).

Question 19:
Find the points on the curve x
2
+ y
2
2x 3 = 0 at which the tangents are parallel to
the x-axis.
Answer
The equation of the given curve is x
2
+ y
2
2x 3 = 0.
On differentiating with respect to x, we have:

Now, the tangents are parallel to the x-axis if the slope of the tangent is 0.

But, x
2
+ y
2
2x 3 = 0 for x = 1.
y
2
= 4
Hence, the points at which the tangents are parallel to the x-axis are (1, 2) and (1, 2).

Question 20:
Find the equation of the normal at the point (am
2
, am
3
) for the curve ay
2
= x
3
.
Answer
The equation of the given curve is ay
2
= x
3
.
On differentiating with respect to x, we have:


Page 53 of 138

The slope of a tangent to the curve at (x
0
, y
0
) is .
The slope of the tangent to the given curve at (am
2
, am
3
) is

Slope of normal at (am
2
, am
3
)
=
Hence, the equation of the normal at (am
2
, am
3
) is given by,
y am
3
=

Question 21:
Find the equation of the normals to the curve y = x
3
+ 2x + 6 which are parallel to the
line x + 14y + 4 = 0.
Answer
3
+ 2x + 6.

Slope of the normal to the given curve at any point (x, y)

The equation of the given line is x + 14y + 4 = 0.


Page 54 of 138

x + 14y + 4 = 0 (which is of the form y = mx + c)
Slope of the given line =
If the normal is parallel to the line, then we must have the slope of the normal being
equal to the slope of the line.

When x = 2, y = 8 + 4 + 6 = 18.
When x = 2, y = 8 4 + 6 = 6.
Therefore, there are two normals to the given curve with slope and passing through
the points (2, 18) and (2, 6).
Thus, the equation of the normal through (2, 18) is given by,

And, the equation of the normal through (2, 6) is given by,

Hence, the equations of the normals to the given curve (which are parallel to the given
line) are


Page 55 of 138

Question 22:
Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the parabola y
2
= 4ax at the point (at
2
,
2at).
Answer
The equation of the given parabola is y
2
= 4ax.
On differentiating y
2
= 4ax with respect to x, we have:

The slope of the tangent at is
Then, the equation of the tangent at is given by,
y 2at =

Now, the slope of the normal at is given by,

Thus, the equation of the normal at (at
2
, 2at) is given as:

Question 23:
Prove that the curves x = y
2
and xy = k cut at right angles if 8k
2
= 1. [Hint: Two curves
intersect at right angle if the tangents to the curves at the point of intersection are
perpendicular to each other.]


Page 56 of 138

Answer
The equations of the given curves are given as
Putting x = y
2
in xy = k, we get:

Thus, the point of intersection of the given curves is .
Differentiating x = y
2
with respect to x, we have:

Therefore, the slope of the tangent to the curve x = y
2
at is
On differentiating xy = k with respect to x, we have:

Slope of the tangent to the curve xy = k

at is given by,

We know that two curves intersect at right angles if the tangents to the curves at the
point of intersection i.e., at are perpendicular to each other.
This implies that we should have the product of the tangents as 1.
Thus, the given two curves cut at right angles if the product of the slopes of their
respective tangents at is 1.


Page 57 of 138

Hence, the given two curves cut at right angels if 8k
2
= 1.

Question 24:
Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the hyperbola at the
point .
Answer
Differentiating with respect to x, we have:

Therefore, the slope of the tangent at is .
Then, the equation of the tangent at is given by,


Page 58 of 138

Now, the slope of the normal at is given by,

Hence, the equation of the normal at is given by,

Question 25:
Find the equation of the tangent to the curve which is parallel to the line 4x
2y + 5 = 0.
Answer
The equation of the given curve is


Page 59 of 138

The equation of the given line is 4x 2y + 5 = 0.
4x 2y + 5 = 0 (which is of the form
Now, the tangent to the given curve is parallel to the line 4x 2y 5 = 0 if the slope of
the tangent is equal to the slope of the line.

Equation of the tangent passing through the point is given by,

Hence, the equation of the required tangent is .

Question 26:
The slope of the normal to the curve y = 2x
2
+ 3 sin x at x = 0 is


Page 60 of 138

(A) 3 (B) (C) 3 (D)
Answer
Slope of the tangent to the given curve at x = 0 is given by,

Hence, the slope of the normal to the given curve at x = 0 is


Question 27:
The line y = x + 1 is a tangent to the curve y
2
= 4x at the point
(A) (1, 2) (B) (2, 1) (C) (1, 2) (D) (1, 2)
Answer

Therefore, the slope of the tangent to the given curve at any point (x, y) is given by,

The given line is y = x + 1 (which is of the form y = mx + c)
The line y = x + 1 is a tangent to the given curve if the slope of the line is equal to the
slope of the tangent. Also, the line must intersect the curve.
Thus, we must have:


Page 61 of 138

Hence, the line y = x + 1 is a tangent to the given curve at the point (1, 2).
The correct answer is A.


Page 62 of 138

Exercise 6.4

Question 1:
1. Using differentials, find the approximate value of each of the following up to 3 places
of decimal
(i) (ii) (iii)
(iv) (v) (vi)
(vii) (viii) (ix)
(x) (xi) (xii)
(xiii) (xiv) (xv)
Answer
(i)
Consider . Let x = 25 and x = 0.3.
Then,

Now, dy is approximately equal to y and is given by,

Hence, the approximate value of is 0.03 + 5 = 5.03.
(ii)
Then,


Page 63 of 138


Hence, the approximate value of is 7 + 0.035 = 7.035.
(iii)
Then,


Hence, the approximate value of is 1 + (0.2) = 1 0.2 = 0.8.
(iv)
Consider . Let x = 0.008 and x = 0.001.
Then,



Page 64 of 138

Hence, the approximate value of is 0.2 + 0.008 = 0.208.
(v)
Then,


Hence, the approximate value of is 1 + (0.0001) = 0.9999.
(vi)
Consider . Let x = 16 and x = 1.
Then,



Page 65 of 138

(vii)
Then,


(viii)
Then,



Page 66 of 138

(ix)
Then,


(x)
Then,



Page 67 of 138

(xi)
Consider . Let x = 0.0036 and x = 0.0001.
Then,


Thus, the approximate value of is 0.06 + 0.00083 = 0.06083.
(xii)
Then,



Page 68 of 138

(xiii)
Then,


(xiv)
Then,


Page 69 of 138


(xv)
Then,



Question 2:
Find the approximate value of f (2.01), where f (x) = 4x
2
+ 5x + 2
Answer
Let x = 2 and x = 0.01. Then, we have:
f(2.01) = f(x + x) = 4(x + x)
2
+ 5(x + x) + 2
Now, y = f(x + x) f(x)


Page 70 of 138

f(x + x) = f(x) + y

Hence, the approximate value of f (2.01) is 28.21.

Question 3:
Find the approximate value of f (5.001), where f (x) = x
3
7x
2
+ 15.
Answer

Hence, the approximate value of f (5.001) is 34.995.

Question 4:
Find the approximate change in the volume V of a cube of side x metres caused by
increasing side by 1%.


Page 71 of 138

Answer
The volume of a cube (V) of side x is given by V = x
3
.

Hence, the approximate change in the volume of the cube is 0.03x
3
m
3
.

Question 5:
Find the approximate change in the surface area of a cube of side x metres caused by
decreasing the side by 1%
Answer
The surface area of a cube (S) of side x is given by S = 6x
2
.

Hence, the approximate change in the surface area of the cube is 0.12x
2
m
2
.

Question 6:
If the radius of a sphere is measured as 7 m with an error of 0.02m, then find the
approximate error in calculating its volume.
Answer
Let r be the radius of the sphere and r be the error in measuring the radius.
Then,
r = 7 m and r = 0.02 m
Now, the volume V of the sphere is given by,


Page 72 of 138

Hence, the approximate error in calculating the volume is 3.92 m
3
.

Question 7:
If the radius of a sphere is measured as 9 m with an error of 0.03 m, then find the
approximate error in calculating in surface area.
Answer
Let r be the radius of the sphere and r be the error in measuring the radius.
Then,
r = 9 m and r = 0.03 m
Now, the surface area of the sphere (S) is given by,
S = 4r
2

Hence, the approximate error in calculating the surface area is 2.16 m
2
.

Question 8:
If f (x) = 3x
2
+ 15x + 5, then the approximate value of f (3.02) is
A. 47.66 B. 57.66 C. 67.66 D. 77.66
Answer


Page 73 of 138


Hence, the approximate value of f(3.02) is 77.66.

Question 9:
The approximate change in the volume of a cube of side x metres caused by increasing
the side by 3% is
A. 0.06 x
3
m
3
B. 0.6 x
3
m
3
C. 0.09 x
3
m
3
D. 0.9 x
3
m
3

Answer
The volume of a cube (V) of side x is given by V = x
3
.

Hence, the approximate change in the volume of the cube is 0.09x
3
m
3
.
The correct answer is C.


Page 74 of 138

Exercise 6.5
Question 1:
Find the maximum and minimum values, if any, of the following functions given by
(i) f(x) = (2x 1)
2
+ 3 (ii) f(x) = 9x
2
+ 12x + 2
(iii) f(x) = (x 1)
2
+ 10 (iv) g(x) = x
3
+ 1
Answer
(i) The given function is f(x) = (2x 1)
2
+ 3.
It can be observed that (2x 1)
2
0 for every x R.
Therefore, f(x) = (2x 1)
2
+ 3 3 for every x R.
The minimum value of f is attained when 2x 1 = 0.
2x 1 = 0
Minimum value of f = = 3
Hence, function f does not have a maximum value.
(ii) The given function is f(x) = 9x
2
+ 12x + 2 = (3x + 2)
2
2.
It can be observed that (3x + 2)
2
0 for every x R.
Therefore, f(x) = (3x + 2)
2
2 2 for every x R.
The minimum value of f is attained when 3x + 2 = 0.
3x + 2 = 0
Minimum value of f =
(iii) The given function is f(x) = (x 1)
2
+ 10.
It can be observed that (x 1)
2
0 for every x R.
Therefore, f(x) = (x 1)
2
+ 10 10 for every x R.
The maximum value of f is attained when (x 1) = 0.
(x 1) = 0 x = 0
Maximum value of f = f(1) = (1 1)
2
+ 10 = 10


Page 75 of 138

Hence, function f does not have a minimum value.
(iv) The given function is g(x) = x
3
+ 1.
Hence, function g neither has a maximum value nor a minimum value.

Question 2:
Find the maximum and minimum values, if any, of the following functions given by
(i) f(x) = |x + 2| 1 (ii) g(x) = |x + 1| + 3
(iii) h(x) = sin(2x) + 5 (iv) f(x) = |sin 4x + 3|
(v) h(x) = x + 4, x (1, 1)
Answer
(i) f(x) =
We know that for every x R.
Therefore, f(x) = for every x R.
The minimum value of f is attained when .

Minimum value of f = f(2) =
(ii) g(x) =
We know that for every x R.
Therefore, g(x) = for every x R.
The maximum value of g is attained when .

Maximum value of g = g(1) =
Hence, function g does not have a minimum value.


Page 76 of 138

(iii) h(x) = sin2x + 5
We know that 1 sin 2x 1.
1 + 5 sin 2x + 5 1 + 5
4 sin 2x + 5 6
Hence, the maximum and minimum values of h are 6 and 4 respectively.
(iv) f(x) =
We know that 1 sin 4x 1.
2 sin 4x + 3 4
2 4
Hence, the maximum and minimum values of f are 4 and 2 respectively.
(v) h(x) = x + 1, x (1, 1)
Here, if a point x
0
is closest to 1, then we find for all x
0
(1, 1).
Also, if x
1
is closest to 1, then for all x
1
(1, 1).
Hence, function h(x) has neither maximum nor minimum value in (1, 1).

Question 3:
Find the local maxima and local minima, if any, of the following functions. Find also the
local maximum and the local minimum values, as the case may be:
(i). f(x) = x
2
(ii). g(x) = x
3
3x
(iii). h(x) = sinx + cos, 0 < (iv). f(x) = sinx cos x, 0 < x < 2
(v). f(x) = x
3
6x
2
+ 9x + 15
(vi).
(vii).
(viii).
Answer


Page 77 of 138

(i) f(x) = x
2

Thus, x = 0 is the only critical point which could possibly be the point of local maxima or
local minima of f.
We have , which is positive.
Therefore, by second derivative test, x = 0 is a point of local minima and local minimum
value of f at x = 0 is f(0) = 0.
(ii) g(x) = x
3
3x

By second derivative test, x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value of g
at x = 1 is g(1) = 1
3
3 = 1 3 = 2. However,
x = 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of g at
x = 1 is g(1) = (1)
3
3 ( 1) = 1 + 3 = 2.
(iii) h(x) = sinx + cosx, 0 < x <


Page 78 of 138

Therefore, by second derivative test, is a point of local maxima and the local
maximum value of h at is
(iv) f(x) = sin x cos x, 0 < x < 2

maximum value of f at is
However, is a point of local minima and
the local minimum value of f at is .
(v) f(x) = x
3
6x
2
+ 9x + 15


Page 79 of 138

Therefore, by second derivative test, x = 1 is a point of local maxima and the local
maximum value of f at x = 1 is f(1) = 1 6 + 9 + 15 = 19. However, x = 3 is a point of
local minima and the local minimum value of f at x = 3 is f(3) = 27 54 + 27 + 15 =
15.
(vi)

Since x > 0, we take x = 2.

Therefore, by second derivative test, x = 2 is a point of local minima and the local
minimum value of g at x = 2 is g(2) =
(vii)

Now, for values close to x = 0 and to the left of 0, Also, for values close to x =
0 and to the right of 0, .


Page 80 of 138

Therefore, by first derivative test, x = 0 is a point of local maxima and the local
maximum value of .
(viii)

maximum value of f at is


Page 81 of 138

Question 4:
Prove that the following functions do not have maxima or minima:
(i) f(x) = e
x
(ii) g(x) = logx
(iii) h(x) = x
3
+ x
2
+ x + 1
Answer
i. We have,
f(x) = e
x

Now, if . But, the exponential function can never assume 0 for any
value of x.
Therefore, there does not exist c R such that
Hence, function f does not have maxima or minima.
ii. We have,
g(x) = log x

Therefore, there does not exist c R such that .
Hence, function g does not have maxima or minima.
iii. We have,
h(x) = x
3
+ x
2
+ x + 1

Now,
h(x) = 0 3x
2
+ 2x + 1 = 0


Page 82 of 138

Therefore, there does not exist c R such that .
Hence, function h does not have maxima or minima.

Question 5:
Find the absolute maximum value and the absolute minimum value of the following
functions in the given intervals:
(i) (ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Answer
(i) The given function is f(x) = x
3
.

Then, we evaluate the value of f at critical point x = 0 and at end points of the interval
[2, 2].
f(0) = 0
f(2) = (2)
3
= 8
f(2) = (2)
3
= 8
Hence, we can conclude that the absolute maximum value of f on [2, 2] is 8 occurring
at x = 2. Also, the absolute minimum value of f on [2, 2] is 8 occurring at x = 2.
(ii) The given function is f(x) = sin x + cos x.

Then, we evaluate the value of f at critical point and at the end points of the
interval [0, ].


Page 83 of 138

Hence, we can conclude that the absolute maximum value of f on [0, ] is occurring
at and the absolute minimum value of f on [0, ] is 1 occurring at x = .
(iii) The given function is

Then, we evaluate the value of f at critical point x = 4 and at the end points of the
interval .

Hence, we can conclude that the absolute maximum value of f on is 8 occurring
at x = 4 and the absolute minimum value of f on is 10 occurring at x = 2.
(iv) The given function is

Now,


Page 84 of 138

2(x 1) = 0 x = 1
Then, we evaluate the value of f at critical point x = 1 and at the end points of the
interval [3, 1].

Hence, we can conclude that the absolute maximum value of f on [3, 1] is 19 occurring
at x = 3 and the minimum value of f on [3, 1] is 3 occurring at x = 1.

Question 6:
Find the maximum profit that a company can make, if the profit function is given by
p(x) = 41 24x 18x
2

Answer
The profit function is given as p(x) = 41 24x 18x
2
.

By second derivative test, is the point of local maxima of p.

Hence, the maximum profit that the company can make is 49 units.


Page 85 of 138

Question 7:
Find the intervals in which the function f given by is
(i) increasing (ii) decreasing
Answer

Now, the points x = 1 and x = 1 divide the real line into three disjoint intervals
i.e.,
Thus, when x < 1 and x > 1, f is increasing.
In interval (1, 1) i.e., when 1 < x < 1,
Thus, when 1 < x < 1, f is decreasing.

Question 8:
At what points in the interval [0, 2], does the function sin 2x attain its maximum value?
Answer
Let f(x) = sin 2x.


Page 86 of 138

Then, we evaluate the values of f at critical points and at the end
points of the interval [0, 2].

Hence, we can conclude that the absolute maximum value of f on [0, 2] is occurring
at and .

Question 9:
What is the maximum value of the function sin x + cos x?
Answer
Let f(x) = sin x + cos x.

Now, will be negative when (sin x + cos x) is positive i.e., when sin x and cos x
are both positive. Also, we know that sin x and cos x both are positive in the first
quadrant. Then, will be negative when .
Thus, we consider .


Page 87 of 138

By second derivative test, f will be the maximum at and the maximum value of f
is .

Question 10:
Find the maximum value of 2x
3
24x + 107 in the interval [1, 3]. Find the maximum
value of the same function in [3, 1].
Answer
Let f(x) = 2x
3
24x + 107.

We first consider the interval [1, 3].
Then, we evaluate the value of f at the critical point x = 2 [1, 3] and at the end points
of the interval [1, 3].
f(2) = 2(8) 24(2) + 107 = 16 48 + 107 = 75
f(1) = 2(1) 24(1) + 107 = 2 24 + 107 = 85
f(3) = 2(27) 24(3) + 107 = 54 72 + 107 = 89
Hence, the absolute maximum value of f(x) in the interval [1, 3] is 89 occurring at x =
3.
Next, we consider the interval [3, 1].
Evaluate the value of f at the critical point x = 2 [3, 1] and at the end points of
the interval [1, 3].
f(3) = 2 (27) 24(3) + 107 = 54 + 72 + 107 = 125
f(1) = 2(1) 24 (1) + 107 = 2 + 24 + 107 = 129
f(2) = 2(8) 24 (2) + 107 = 16 + 48 + 107 = 139
Hence, the absolute maximum value of f(x) in the interval [3, 1] is 139 occurring at x
= 2.

Question 11:


Page 88 of 138

It is given that at x = 1, the function x
4
62x
2
+ ax + 9 attains its maximum value, on
the interval [0, 2]. Find the value of a.
Answer
Let f(x) = x
4
62x
2
+ ax + 9.

It is given that function f attains its maximum value on the interval [0, 2] at x = 1.

Hence, the value of a is 120.

Question 12:
Find the maximum and minimum values of x + sin 2x on [0, 2].
Answer
Let f(x) = x + sin 2x.

Then, we evaluate the value of f at critical points and at the end points
of the interval [0, 2].


Page 89 of 138

Hence, we can conclude that the absolute maximum value of f(x) in the interval [0, 2]
is 2 occurring at x = 2 and the absolute minimum value of f(x) in the interval [0, 2]
is 0 occurring at x = 0.

Question 13:
Find two numbers whose sum is 24 and whose product is as large as possible.
Answer
Let one number be x. Then, the other number is (24 x).
Let P(x) denote the product of the two numbers. Thus, we have:

By second derivative test, x = 12 is the point of local maxima of P. Hence, the product
of the numbers is the maximum when the numbers are 12 and 24 12 = 12.

Question 14:
Find two positive numbers x and y such that x + y = 60 and xy
3
is maximum.


Page 90 of 138

Answer
The two numbers are x and y such that x + y = 60.
y = 60 x
Let f(x) = xy
3.

By second derivative test, x = 15 is a point of local maxima of f. Thus, function xy
3
is
maximum when x = 15 and y = 60 15 = 45.
Hence, the required numbers are 15 and 45.

Question 15:
Find two positive numbers x and y such that their sum is 35 and the product x
2
y
5
is a
maximum
Answer
Let one number be x. Then, the other number is y = (35 x).
Let P(x) = x
2
y
5
. Then, we have:


Page 91 of 138

x = 0, x = 35, x = 10
When x = 35, and y = 35 35 = 0. This will make the product x
2
y
5

equal to 0.
When x = 0, y = 35 0 = 35 and the product x
2
y
2
will be 0.
x = 0 and x = 35 cannot be the possible values of x.
When x = 10, we have:

By second derivative test, P(x) will be the maximum when x = 10 and y = 35 10 =
25.
Hence, the required numbers are 10 and 25.

Question 16:
Find two positive numbers whose sum is 16 and the sum of whose cubes is minimum.
Answer
Let one number be x. Then, the other number is (16 x).
Let the sum of the cubes of these numbers be denoted by S(x). Then,


Page 92 of 138

Now,
By second derivative test, x = 8 is the point of local minima of S.
Hence, the sum of the cubes of the numbers is the minimum when the numbers are 8
and 16 8 = 8.

Question 17:
A square piece of tin of side 18 cm is to made into a box without top, by cutting a square
from each corner and folding up the flaps to form the box. What should be the side of
the square to be cut off so that the volume of the box is the maximum possible?
Answer
Let the side of the square to be cut off be x cm. Then, the length and the breadth of the
box will be (18 2x) cm each and the height of the box is x cm.
Therefore, the volume V(x) of the box is given by,
V(x) = x(18 2x)
2


Page 93 of 138

x = 9 or x = 3
If x = 9, then the length and the breadth will become 0.
x 9.
x = 3.
Now,
By second derivative test, x = 3 is the point of maxima of V.
Hence, if we remove a square of side 3 cm from each corner of the square tin and make
a box from the remaining sheet, then the volume of the box obtained is the largest
possible.

Question 18:
A rectangular sheet of tin 45 cm by 24 cm is to be made into a box without top, by
cutting off square from each corner and folding up the flaps. What should be the side of
the square to be cut off so that the volume of the box is the maximum possible?
Answer
Let the side of the square to be cut off be x cm. Then, the height of the box is x, the
length is 45 2x, and the breadth is 24 2x.
Therefore, the volume V(x) of the box is given by,


Page 94 of 138

Now, x = 18 and x = 5
It is not possible to cut off a square of side 18 cm from each corner of the rectangular
sheet. Thus, x cannot be equal to 18.
x = 5
Now,
By second derivative test, x = 5 is the point of maxima.
Hence, the side of the square to be cut off to make the volume of the box maximum
possible is 5 cm.

Question 19:
Show that of all the rectangles inscribed in a given fixed circle, the square has the
maximum area.
Answer
Let a rectangle of length l and breadth b be inscribed in the given circle of radius a.
Then, the diagonal passes through the centre and is of length 2a cm.

Now, by applying the Pythagoras theorem, we have:


Page 95 of 138

Area of the rectangle,

By the second derivative test, when , then the area of the rectangle is the
maximum.
Since , the rectangle is a square.
Hence, it has been proved that of all the rectangles inscribed in the given fixed circle,
the square has the maximum area.


Page 96 of 138

Question 20:
Show that the right circular cylinder of given surface and maximum volume is such that
is heights is equal to the diameter of the base.
Answer
Let r and h be the radius and height of the cylinder respectively.
Then, the surface area (S) of the cylinder is given by,

Let V be the volume of the cylinder. Then,

By second derivative test, the volume is the maximum when .

Hence, the volume is the maximum when the height is twice the radius i.e., when the
height is equal to the diameter.

Question 21:
Of all the closed cylindrical cans (right circular), of a given volume of 100 cubic
centimetres, find the dimensions of the can which has the minimum surface area?
Answer
Let r and h be the radius and height of the cylinder respectively.


Page 97 of 138

Then, volume (V) of the cylinder is given by,

Surface area (S) of the cylinder is given by,

By second derivative test, the surface area is the minimum when the radius of the
cylinder is .

Hence, the required dimensions of the can which has the minimum surface area is given
by radius = and height =

Question 22:


Page 98 of 138

A wire of length 28 m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the pieces is to be made into a
square and the other into a circle. What should be the length of the two pieces so that
the combined area of the square and the circle is minimum?
Answer
Let a piece of length l be cut from the given wire to make a square.
Then, the other piece of wire to be made into a circle is of length (28 l) m.
Now, side of square = .
Let r be the radius of the circle. Then,
The combined areas of the square and the circle (A) is given by,

Thus, when
By second derivative test, the area (A) is the minimum when .


Page 99 of 138

Hence, the combined area is the minimum when the length of the wire in making the
square is cm while the length of the wire in making the circle
is .

Question 23:
Prove that the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius R is
of the volume of the sphere.
Answer
Let r and h be the radius and height of the cone respectively inscribed in a sphere of
radius R.

Let V be the volume of the cone.
Then,
Height of the cone is given by,
h = R + AB


Page 100 of 138

By second derivative test, the volume of the cone is the maximum when


Page 101 of 138

Question 24:
Show that the right circular cone of least curved surface and given volume has an
altitude equal to time the radius of the base.
Answer
Let r and h be the radius and the height (altitude) of the cone respectively.
Then, the volume (V) of the cone is given as:

The surface area (S) of the cone is given by,
S = rl (where l is the slant height)


Page 102 of 138

Thus, it can be easily verified that when
By second derivative test, the surface area of the cone is the least when

Hence, for a given volume, the right circular cone of the least curved surface has an
altitude equal to times the radius of the base.

Question 25:
Show that the semi-vertical angle of the cone of the maximum volume and of given slant
height is .
Answer
Let be the semi-vertical angle of the cone.
It is clear that
Let r, h, and l be the radius, height, and the slant height of the cone respectively.
The slant height of the cone is given as constant.


Page 103 of 138

Now, r = l sin and h = l cos
The volume (V) of the cone is given by,

By second derivative test, the volume (V) is the maximum when .


Page 104 of 138
Hence, for a given slant height, the semi-vertical angle of the cone of the maximum
volume is .

Question 27:
The point on the curve x
2
= 2y which is nearest to the point (0, 5) is
(A) (B)
(C) (0, 0) (D) (2, 2)
Answer
The given curve is x
2
= 2y.
For each value of x, the position of the point will be
The distance d(x) between the points and (0, 5) is given by,


Page 105 of 138

When,
When,
By second derivative test, d(x) is the minimum at .
When
Hence, the point on the curve x
2
= 2y which is nearest to the point (0, 5) is .

Question 28:
For all real values of x, the minimum value of is
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 3 (D)
Answer
Let


Page 106 of 138

By second derivative test, f is the minimum at x = 1 and the minimum value is given
by .

Question 29:
The maximum value of is


Page 107 of 138
(A) (B)
(C) 1 (D) 0
Answer
Let

Then, we evaluate the value of f at critical point and at the end points of the
interval [0, 1] {i.e., at x = 0 and x = 1}.

Hence, we can conclude that the maximum value of f in the interval [0, 1] is 1.


Page 108 of 138

Question 1:
Using differentials, find the approximate value of each of the following.
(a) (b)
Answer
(a) Consider
Then,


Hence, the approximate value of = 0.667 + 0.010
= 0.677.
(b) Consider . Let x = 32 and x = 1.


Page 109 of 138
Then,


Hence, the approximate value of
= 0.5 0.003 = 0.497.

Question 2:
Show that the function given by has maximum at x = e.
Answer

Now,
1 log x = 0


Page 110 of 138

Question 3:
The two equal sides of an isosceles triangle with fixed base b are decreasing at the rate
of 3 cm per second. How fast is the area decreasing when the two equal sides are equal
to the base?
Answer
Let ABC be isosceles where BC is the base of fixed length b.
Let the length of the two equal sides of ABC be a.
Draw ADBC.

Now, in ADC, by applying the Pythagoras theorem, we have:


Page 111 of 138
Area of triangle
The rate of change of the area with respect to time (t) is given by,

It is given that the two equal sides of the triangle are decreasing at the rate of 3 cm per
second.

Then, when a = b, we have:

Hence, if the two equal sides are equal to the base, then the area of the triangle is
decreasing at the rate of .

Question 4:
Find the equation of the normal to curve y
2
= 4x at the point (1, 2).
Answer


Page 112 of 138
Now, the slope of the normal at point (1, 2) is
Equation of the normal at (1, 2) is y 2 = 1(x 1).
y 2 = x + 1
x + y 3 = 0

Question 5:
Show that the normal at any point to the curve
is at a constant distance from the origin.
Answer
We have x = a cos + a sin .

Slope of the normal at any point is .
The equation of the normal at a given point (x, y) is given by,

Now, the perpendicular distance of the normal from the origin is
, which is independent of .
Hence, the perpendicular distance of the normal from the origin is constant.


Page 113 of 138

Question 6:
Find the intervals in which the function f given by

is (i) increasing (ii) decreasing
Answer
Now,
cos x = 0 or cos x = 4
But, cos x 4
cos x = 0

divides (0, 2) into three disjoint intervals i.e.,


Page 114 of 138

In intervals ,
Thus, f(x) is increasing for
In the interval
Thus, f(x) is decreasing for .

Question 7:
Find the intervals in which the function f given by is
(i) increasing (ii) decreasing
Answer

Now, the points x = 1 and x = 1 divide the real line into three disjoint intervals
i.e.,
Thus, when x < 1 and x > 1, f is increasing.
In interval (1, 1) i.e., when 1 < x < 1,
Thus, when 1 < x < 1, f is decreasing.


Page 115 of 138

Question 8:
Find the maximum area of an isosceles triangle inscribed in the ellipse with
its vertex at one end of the major axis.
Answer

The given ellipse is .
Let the major axis be along the x axis.
Let ABC be the triangle inscribed in the ellipse where vertex C is at (a, 0).
Since the ellipse is symmetrical with respect to the xaxis and y axis, we can assume
the coordinates of A to be (x
1
, y
1
) and the coordinates of B to be (x
1
, y
1
).
Now, we have .
Coordinates of A are and the coordinates of B are

As the point (x
1
, y
1
) lies on the ellipse, the area of triangle ABC (A) is given by,


Page 116 of 138

But, x
1
cannot be equal to a.


Page 117 of 138

Also, when , then

Thus, the area is the maximum when
Maximum area of the triangle is given by,


Page 118 of 138

Question 9:
A tank with rectangular base and rectangular sides, open at the top is to be constructed
so that its depth is 2 m and volume is 8 m
3
. If building of tank costs Rs 70 per sq meters
for the base and Rs 45 per square metre for sides. What is the cost of least expensive
tank?
Answer
Let l, b, and h represent the length, breadth, and height of the tank respectively.
Then, we have height (h) = 2 m
Volume of the tank = 8m
3

Volume of the tank = l b h
8 = l b 2

Now, area of the base = lb = 4
Area of the 4 walls (A) = 2h (l + b)


Page 119 of 138
However, the length cannot be negative.
Therefore, we have l = 4.

Thus, by second derivative test, the area is the minimum when l = 2.
We have l = b = h = 2.
Cost of building the base = Rs 70 (lb) = Rs 70 (4) = Rs 280
Cost of building the walls = Rs 2h (l + b) 45 = Rs 90 (2) (2 + 2)
= Rs 8 (90) = Rs 720
Required total cost = Rs (280 + 720) = Rs 1000
Hence, the total cost of the tank will be Rs 1000.

Question 10:
The sum of the perimeter of a circle and square is k, where k is some constant. Prove
that the sum of their areas is least when the side of square is double the radius of the
circle.
Answer
Let r be the radius of the circle and a be the side of the square.
Then, we have:

The sum of the areas of the circle and the square (A) is given by,


Page 120 of 138

The sum of the areas is least when

Hence, it has been proved that the sum of their areas is least when the side of the
square is double the radius of the circle.

Question 11:
A window is in the form of rectangle surmounted by a semicircular opening. The total
perimeter of the window is 10 m. Find the dimensions of the window to admit maximum
light through the whole opening.
Answer
Let x and y be the length and breadth of the rectangular window.
Radius of the semicircular opening


Page 121 of 138

It is given that the perimeter of the window is 10 m.

Area of the window (A) is given by,


Page 122 of 138

Thus, when
Therefore, by second derivative test, the area is the maximum when length .
Now,

Hence, the required dimensions of the window to admit maximum light is given
by

Question 12:
A point on the hypotenuse of a triangle is at distance a and b from the sides of the
triangle.
Show that the minimum length of the hypotenuse is
Answer
Let ABC be right-angled at B. Let AB = x and BC = y.
Let P be a point on the hypotenuse of the triangle such that P is at a distance of a and b
from the sides AB and BC respectively.


Page 123 of 138

Let C = .

We have,

Now,
PC = b cosec
And, AP = a sec
AC = AP + PC
AC = b cosec + a sec (1)


Page 124 of 138
Therefore, by second derivative test, the length of the hypotenuse is the maximum when

Now, when , we have:

Hence, the maximum length of the hypotenuses is .

Question 13:
Find the points at which the function f given by has
(i) local maxima (ii) local minima
(iii) point of inflexion
Answer


Page 125 of 138
Now, for values of x close to and to the left of Also, for values of x close to
and to the right of
Thus, is the point of local maxima.
Now, for values of x close to 2 and to the left of Also, for values of x close to
2 and to the right of 2,
Thus, x = 2 is the point of local minima.
Now, as the value of x varies through 1, does not changes its sign.
Thus, x = 1 is the point of inflexion.

Question 14:
Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function f given by

Answer

Now, evaluating the value of f at critical points and at the end points of
the interval (i.e., at x = 0 and x = ), we have:


Page 126 of 138

Hence, the absolute maximum value of f is occurring at and the absolute
minimum value of f is 1 occurring at

Question 15:
Show that the altitude of the right circular cone of maximum volume that can be
inscribed in a sphere of radius r is .
Answer
A sphere of fixed radius (r) is given.
Let R and h be the radius and the height of the cone respectively.

The volume (V) of the cone is given by,

Now, from the right triangle BCD, we have:

h


Page 127 of 138

The volume is the maximum when


Page 128 of 138

Hence, it can be seen that the altitude of the right circular cone of maximum volume
that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius r is .

Question 17:
Show that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a
sphere of radius R is . Also find the maximum volume.
Answer
A sphere of fixed radius (R) is given.
Let r and h be the radius and the height of the cylinder respectively.

From the given figure, we have
The volume (V) of the cylinder is given by,


Page 129 of 138

Now, it can be observed that at .
The volume is the maximum when
When , the height of the cylinder is
Hence, the volume of the cylinder is the maximum when the height of the cylinder is .


Page 130 of 138

Question 18:
Show that height of the cylinder of greatest volume which can be inscribed in a right
circular cone of height h and semi vertical angle is one-third that of the cone and the
greatest volume of cylinder is .
Answer
The given right circular cone of fixed height (h) and semi-vertical angle () can be drawn
as:

Here, a cylinder of radius R and height H is inscribed in the cone.
Then, GAO = , OG = r, OA = h, OE = R, and CE = H.
We have,
r = h tan
Now, since AOG is similar to CEG, we have:

Now, the volume (V) of the cylinder is given by,


Page 131 of 138

And, for , we have:

By second derivative test, the volume of the cylinder is the greatest when

Thus, the height of the cylinder is one-third the height of the cone when the volume of
the cylinder is the greatest.
Now, the maximum volume of the cylinder can be obtained as:


Question 19:
A cylindrical tank of radius 10 m is being filled with wheat at the rate of 314 cubic mere
per hour. Then the depth of the wheat is increasing at the rate of
(A) 1 m/h (B) 0.1 m/h
(C) 1.1 m/h (D) 0.5 m/h
Answer


Page 132 of 138

Let r be the radius of the cylinder.
Then, volume (V) of the cylinder is given by,

Differentiating with respect to time t, we have:

The tank is being filled with wheat at the rate of 314 cubic metres per hour.

Thus, we have:

Hence, the depth of wheat is increasing at the rate of 1 m/h.

Question 20:
The slope of the tangent to the curve at the point (2, 1) is
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Answer
The given curve is

The given point is (2, 1).


Page 133 of 138

At x = 2, we have:

The common value of t is 2.
Hence, the slope of the tangent to the given curve at point (2, 1) is


Question 21:
The line y = mx + 1 is a tangent to the curve y
2
= 4x if the value of m is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D)
Answer
The equation of the tangent to the given curve is y = mx + 1.
Now, substituting y = mx + 1 in y
2
= 4x, we get:

Since a tangent touches the curve at one point, the roots of equation (i) must be equal.
Therefore, we have:


Page 134 of 138

Hence, the required value of m is 1.

Question 22:
The normal at the point (1, 1) on the curve 2y + x
2
= 3 is
(A) x + y = 0 (B) x y = 0
(C) x + y + 1 = 0 (D) x y = 1
Answer
The equation of the given curve is 2y + x
2
= 3.

The slope of the normal to the given curve at point (1, 1) is

Hence, the equation of the normal to the given curve at (1, 1) is given as:



Page 135 of 138

Question 23:
The normal to the curve x
2
= 4y passing (1, 2) is
(A) x + y = 3 (B) x y = 3
(C) x + y = 1 (D) x y = 1
Answer
The equation of the given curve is x
2
= 4y.

The slope of the normal to the given curve at point (h, k) is given by,

Equation of the normal at point (h, k) is given as:

Now, it is given that the normal passes through the point (1, 2).
Therefore, we have:

Since (h, k) lies on the curve x
2
= 4y, we have h
2
= 4k.

From equation (i), we have:


Page 136 of 138

Hence, the equation of the normal is given as:


Question 24:
The points on the curve 9y
2
= x
3
, where the normal to the curve makes equal intercepts
with the axes are
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
Answer
The equation of the given curve is 9y
2
= x
3
.

The slope of the normal to the given curve at point is


Page 137 of 138

The equation of the normal to the curve at is

It is given that the normal makes equal intercepts with the axes.
Therefore, We have:

Also, the point lies on the curve, so we have

From (i) and (ii), we have:

From (ii), we have:


Page 138 of 138

Hence, the required points are

Class XII Chapter 7 Integrals Maths

Page 1 of 216
Exercise 7.1
Question 1:
sin 2x
Answer
The anti derivative of sin 2x is a function of x whose derivative is sin 2x.It is known that,

Therefore, the anti derivative of

Question 2:
Cos 3x
Answer
The anti derivative of cos 3x is a function of x whose derivative is cos 3x.
It is known that,

Therefore, the anti derivative of .

Question 3:
e
2x

Answer
The anti derivative of e
2x
is the function of x whose derivative is e
2x
.
It is known that,

Page 2 of 216


Question 4:

Answer
The anti derivative of is the function of x whose derivative is .
It is known that,


Question 5:

Answer
The anti derivative of is the function of x whose derivative is
.
It is known that,

Page 3 of 216

Therefore, the anti derivative of is .

Question 6:

Answer

Question 7:

Answer

Question 8:

Answer

Page 4 of 216

Question 9:

Answer

Question 10:

Answer


Page 5 of 216

Question 11:

Answer

Question 12:

Answer


Page 6 of 216
Question 13:

Answer

On dividing, we obtain

Question 14:

Answer

Question 15:

Answer

Page 7 of 216

Question 16:

Answer

Question 17:

Answer


Page 8 of 216

Question 18:

Answer

Question 19:

Answer


Page 9 of 216

Question 20:

Answer

Question 21:
The anti derivative of equals
(A) (B)
(C) (D)

Answer

Page 10 of 216

Hence, the correct Answer is C.

Question 22:
If such that f(2) = 0, then f(x) is
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
Answer
It is given that,

Anti derivative of

Page 11 of 216

Also,

Hence, the correct Answer is A.


Page 12 of 216
Exercise 7.2

Question 1:

Answer
Let = t
2x dx = dt

Question 2:

Answer
Let log |x| = t


Page 13 of 216

Question 3:

Answer

Let 1 + log x = t

Question 4:
sin x sin (cos x)
Answer

Page 14 of 216
sin x sin (cos x)
Let cos x = t
sin x dx = dt

Question 5:

Answer

Let
2adx = dt

Page 15 of 216

Question 6:

Answer
Let ax + b = t
adx = dt

Question 7:

Answer
Let

Page 16 of 216
dx = dt

Question 8:

Answer
Let 1 + 2x
2
= t
4xdx = dt

Page 17 of 216

Question 9:

Answer
Let
(2x + 1)dx = dt


Page 18 of 216
Question 10:

Answer

Let

Question 11:

Answer
Let
dx = dt

Page 19 of 216

Question 12:

Answer
Let


Page 20 of 216

Question 13:

Answer
Let
9x
2
dx = dt

Page 21 of 216

Question 14:

Answer
Let log x = t

Question 15:

Answer

Page 22 of 216
Let
8x dx = dt

Question 16:

Answer
Let
2dx = dt


Page 23 of 216

Question 17:

Answer
Let
2xdx = dt

Question 18:

Answer
Let


Page 24 of 216

Question 19:

Answer

Dividing numerator and denominator by e
x
, we obtain

Let


Page 25 of 216
Question 20:

Answer
Let

Question 21:

Answer

Let 2x 3 = t
2dx = dt

Page 26 of 216

Question 22:

Answer
Let 7 4x = t
4dx = dt

Question 23:

Answer
Let

Page 27 of 216

Question 24:

Answer

Let


Page 28 of 216
Question 25:

Answer

Let

Question 26:

Answer
Let


Page 29 of 216

Question 27:

Answer
Let sin 2x = t

Question 28:

Answer
Let

Page 30 of 216
cos x dx = dt

Question 29:
cot x log sin x
Answer
Let log sin x = t

Question 30:

Answer
Let 1 + cos x = t

Page 31 of 216
sin x dx = dt

Question 31:

Answer
Let 1 + cos x = t
sin x dx = dt

Question 32:

Answer

Page 32 of 216

Let sin x + cos x = t (cos x sin x) dx = dt

Question 33:

Answer

Page 33 of 216

Put cos x sin x = t (sin x cos x) dx = dt

Question 34:

Answer

Page 34 of 216

Question 35:

Answer
Let 1 + log x = t


Page 35 of 216

Question 36:

Answer

Let

Question 37:

Answer
Let x
4
= t
4x
3
dx = dt

Page 36 of 216

Let

From (1), we obtain

Question 38:
equals

Answer
Let


Page 37 of 216

Hence, the correct Answer is D.

Question 39:
equals
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer

Hence, the correct Answer is B.


Page 38 of 216
Exercise 7.3

Question 1:

Answer

Question 2:

Answer
It is known that,


Page 39 of 216

Question 3:
cos 2x cos 4x cos 6x
Answer
It is known that,

Question 4:
sin
3
(2x + 1)
Answer
Let


Page 40 of 216

Question 5:
sin
3
x cos
3
x
Answer

Question 6:
sin x sin 2x sin 3x
Answer

Page 41 of 216
It is known that,

Question 7:
sin 4x sin 8x
Answer
It is known that,

Page 42 of 216

Question 8:

Answer

Question 9:

Answer

Page 43 of 216

Question 10:
sin
4
x
Answer

Page 44 of 216

Question 11:
cos
4
2x
Answer

Page 45 of 216

Question 12:

Answer


Page 46 of 216
Question 13:

Answer

Question 14:

Answer

Page 47 of 216

Question 15:

Answer

Page 48 of 216

Question 16:
tan
4
x
Answer


Page 49 of 216
From equation (1), we obtain

Question 17:

Answer

Question 18:

Answer

Question 19:

Page 50 of 216

Answer

Question 20:

Answer

Page 51 of 216

Question 21:
sin
1
(cos x)
Answer


Page 52 of 216

It is known that,

Substituting in equation (1), we obtain

Page 53 of 216

Question 22:

Answer


Page 54 of 216

Question 23:
is equal to
A. tan x + cot x + C
B. tan x + cosec x + C
C. tan x + cot x + C
D. tan x + sec x + C
Answer


Question 24:
equals
A. cot (ex
x
) + C
B. tan (xe
x
) + C
C. tan (e
x
) + C
D. cot (e
x
) + C
Answer

Let ex
x
= t

Page 55 of 216



Page 56 of 216
Exercise 7.4

Question 1:

Answer
Let x
3
= t
3x
2
dx = dt

Question 2:

Answer
Let 2x = t
2dx = dt

Page 57 of 216

Question 3:

Answer
Let 2 x = t
dx = dt

Question 4:

Answer
Let 5x = t

Page 58 of 216
5dx = dt

Question 5:

Answer

Question 6:

Answer
Let x
3
= t

Page 59 of 216
3x
2
dx = dt

Question 7:

Answer

From (1), we obtain

Page 60 of 216

Question 8:

Answer
Let x
3
= t
3x
2
dx = dt

Question 9:

Answer
Let tan x = t
sec
2
x dx = dt

Page 61 of 216

Question 10:

Answer

Question 11:

Answer

Page 62 of 216

Question 12:

Answer


Page 63 of 216

Question 13:

Answer

Question 14:


Page 64 of 216
Answer

Question 15:

Answer

Page 65 of 216

Question 16:

Answer

Equating the coefficients of x and constant term on both sides, we obtain

Page 66 of 216
4A = 4 A = 1
A + B = 1 B = 0
Let 2x
2
+ x 3 = t
(4x + 1) dx = dt

Question 17:

Answer


From (1), we obtain

Page 67 of 216


Question 18:

Answer

Equating the coefficient of x and constant term on both sides, we obtain

Page 68 of 216


Page 69 of 216

Substituting equations (2) and (3) in equation (1), we obtain

Page 70 of 216

Question 19:

Answer

Equating the coefficients of x and constant term, we obtain
2A = 6 A = 3
9A + B = 7 B = 34
6x + 7 = 3 (2x 9) + 34

Page 71 of 216


Page 72 of 216

Substituting equations (2) and (3) in (1), we obtain

Question 20:

Answer


Page 73 of 216

Using equations (2) and (3) in (1), we obtain

Page 74 of 216

Question 21:

Answer

Let x
2
+ 2x +3 = t
(2x + 2) dx =dt

Page 75 of 216


Question 22:

Answer



Page 76 of 216

Substituting (2) and (3) in (1), we obtain

Question 23:

Answer

Page 77 of 216



Page 78 of 216

Question 24:
equals
A. x tan
1
(x + 1) + C
B. tan
1
(x + 1) + C
C. (x + 1) tan
1
x + C
D. tan
1
x + C
Answer


Question 25:
equals
A.
B.
C.

Page 79 of 216
D.
Answer



Page 80 of 216
Exercise 7.5

Question 1:

Answer
Let

A + B = 1
2A + B = 0
On solving, we obtain
A = 1 and B = 2

Question 2:

Answer
Let


Page 81 of 216
A + B = 0
3A + 3B = 1

Question 3:

Answer
Let

Substituting x = 1, 2, and 3 respectively in equation (1), we obtain
A = 1, B = 5, and C = 4


Page 82 of 216
Question 4:

Answer
Let


Question 5:

Answer
Let

Substituting x = 1 and 2 in equation (1), we obtain
A = 2 and B = 4

Page 83 of 216

Question 6:

Answer
It can be seen that the given integrand is not a proper fraction.
Therefore, on dividing (1 x
2
) by x(1 2x), we obtain

Let

Substituting x = 0 and in equation (1), we obtain
A = 2 and B = 3

Substituting in equation (1), we obtain

Page 84 of 216

Question 7:

Answer
Let

Equating the coefficients of x
2
, x, and constant term, we obtain
A + C = 0
A + B = 1
B + C = 0
On solving these equations, we obtain


Page 85 of 216

Question 8:

Answer
Let

Substituting x = 1, we obtain

2
and constant term, we obtain
A + C = 0
2A + 2B + C = 0

Page 86 of 216

Question 9:

Answer

Let

Substituting x = 1 in equation (1), we obtain
B = 4
2
and x, we obtain
A + C = 0
B 2C = 3


Page 87 of 216

Question 10:

Answer

Let

2
and x, we obtain


Page 88 of 216

Question 11:

Answer

Let


Question 12:


Page 89 of 216
Answer
It can be seen that the given integrand is not a proper fraction.
Therefore, on dividing (x
3
+ x + 1) by x
2
1, we obtain

Let

Substituting x = 1 and 1 in equation (1), we obtain

Question 13:

Answer

Equating the coefficient of x
2
A B = 0
B C = 0
A + C = 2

Page 90 of 216
A = 1, B = 1, and C = 1

Question 14:

Answer

Equating the coefficient of x and constant term, we obtain
A = 3
2A + B = 1 B = 7

Page 91 of 216

Question 15:

Answer

Equating the coefficient of x
3
, x
2



Page 92 of 216

Question 16:
[Hint: multiply numerator and denominator by x
n 1
and put x
n
= t]
Answer

Multiplying numerator and denominator by x
n 1
, we obtain

Substituting t = 0, 1 in equation (1), we obtain
A = 1 and B = 1


Page 93 of 216

Question 17:
[Hint: Put sin x = t]
Answer

Substituting t = 2 and then t = 1 in equation (1), we obtain
A = 1 and B = 1


Page 94 of 216

Question 18:

Answer

3
, x
2
A + C = 0
B + D = 4
4A + 3C = 0
4B + 3D = 10
A = 0, B = 2, C = 0, and D = 6


Page 95 of 216

Question 19:

Answer

Let x
2
= t 2x dx = dt

Substituting t = 3 and t = 1 in equation (1), we obtain

Page 96 of 216

Question 20:

Answer

Multiplying numerator and denominator by x
3
, we obtain

Let x
4
= t 4x
3
dx = dt


Page 97 of 216

Substituting t = 0 and 1 in (1), we obtain
A = 1 and B = 1

Question 21:
[Hint: Put e
x
= t]
Answer

Let e
x
= t e
x
dx = dt


Page 98 of 216

Substituting t = 1 and t = 0 in equation (1), we obtain
A = 1 and B = 1

Question 22:

A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer

Substituting x = 1 and 2 in (1), we obtain
A = 1 and B = 2

Page 99 of 216


Question 23:

A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer

2
A + B = 0
C = 0
A = 1
A = 1, B = 1, and C = 0

Page 100 of 216



Page 101 of 216
Exercise 7.6

Question 1:
x sin x
Answer
Let I =
Taking x as first function and sin x as second function and integrating by parts, we
obtain

Question 2:

Answer
Let I =
Taking x as first function and sin 3x as second function and integrating by parts, we
obtain

Question 3:


Page 102 of 216
Answer
Let
Taking x
2
as first function and e
x
as second function and integrating by parts, we obtain

Again integrating by parts, we obtain

Question 4:
x logx
Answer
Let
Taking log x as first function and x as second function and integrating by parts, we
obtain


Page 103 of 216

Question 5:
x log 2x
Answer
Let
Taking log 2x as first function and x as second function and integrating by parts, we
obtain

Question 6:
x
2
log x
Answer
Let
Taking log x as first function and x
2
as second function and integrating by parts, we
obtain


Page 104 of 216
Question 7:

Answer
Let
Taking as first function and x as second function and integrating by parts, we
obtain

Question 8:

Answer
Let

Page 105 of 216
Taking as first function and x as second function and integrating by parts, we
obtain

Question 9:

Answer
Let
Taking cos
1
x as first function and x as second function and integrating by parts, we
obtain

Page 106 of 216


Page 107 of 216

Question 10:

Answer
Let
Taking as first function and 1 as second function and integrating by parts, we
obtain

Question 11:

Answer
Let

Page 108 of 216

Taking as first function and as second function and integrating by parts,
we obtain

Question 12:

Answer
Let
Taking x as first function and sec
2
x as second function and integrating by parts, we
obtain

Question 13:

Answer

Page 109 of 216
Let
obtain

Question 14:

Answer

obtain


Page 110 of 216

Question 15:

Answer
Let
Let I = I
1
+ I
2
(1)
Where, and

Taking log x as first function and x
2
as second function and integrating by parts, we
obtain

Taking log x as first function and 1 as second function and integrating by parts, we
obtain

Page 111 of 216


Question 16:

Answer
Let
Let

It is known that,

Question 17:


Page 112 of 216
Answer
Let

Let

It is known that,

Question 18:

Answer

Page 113 of 216

Let
It is known that,

Question 19:

Page 114 of 216

Answer

Also, let
It is known that,

Question 20:

Answer

Let
It is known that,

Question 21:

Answer

Page 115 of 216
Let
Integrating by parts, we obtain


Question 22:

Answer
Let

Page 116 of 216
= 2


Question 23:
equals

Answer
Let
Also, let

Page 117 of 216


Question 24:
equals

Answer

Let
Also, let
It is known that,



Page 118 of 216
Exercise 7.7

Question 1:

Answer

Question 2:

Answer


Page 119 of 216
Question 3:

Answer

Question 4:

Answer

Question 5:

Page 120 of 216

Answer

Question 6:

Answer

Question 7:

Answer

Page 121 of 216

Question 8:

Answer


Page 122 of 216

Question 9:

Answer

Question 10:
is equal to
A.
B.
C.

Page 123 of 216
D.
Answer


Question 11:
is equal to
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer


Page 124 of 216
Exercise 7.8
Question 1:

Answer
It is known that,


Page 125 of 216

Question 2:

Answer

It is known that,

Question 3:

Page 126 of 216

Answer
It is known that,


Page 127 of 216

Question 4:

Answer

It is known that,


Page 128 of 216

From equations (2) and (3), we obtain

Page 129 of 216

Question 5:

Answer

It is known that,


Page 130 of 216

Question 6:

Answer
It is known that,


Page 131 of 216


Page 132 of 216
Exercise 7.9

Question 1:

Answer

By second fundamental theorem of calculus, we obtain

Question 2:

Answer


Question 3:

Page 133 of 216

Answer


Question 4:

Answer


Page 134 of 216

Question 5:

Answer


Question 6:

Answer

Page 135 of 216


Question 7:

Answer


Question 8:

Answer

Page 136 of 216


Question 9:

Answer


Question 10:


Page 137 of 216
Answer


Question 11:

Answer


Question 12:

Page 138 of 216

Answer


Question 13:

Answer



Page 139 of 216

Question 14:

Answer


Question 15:

Answer

Page 140 of 216


Question 16:

Answer
Let


Page 141 of 216

A = 10 and B = 25

Substituting the value of I
1
in (1), we obtain

Page 142 of 216

Question 17:

Answer


Question 18:

Answer

Page 143 of 216


Question 19:

Answer


Page 144 of 216

Question 20:

Answer


Page 145 of 216

Question 21:
equals
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer




Page 146 of 216
Question 22:
equals
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer


Page 147 of 216



Page 148 of 216
Exercise 7.10

Question 1:

Answer

When x = 0, t = 1 and when x = 1, t = 2

Question 2:

Answer

Also, let

Page 149 of 216

Question 3:

Answer

Also, let x = tan dx = sec
2
d
When x = 0, = 0 and when x = 1,

Page 150 of 216

Takingas first function and sec
2
as second function and integrating by parts, we obtain

Question 4:

Answer

Let x + 2 = t
2
dx = 2tdt
When x = 0, and when x = 2, t = 2

Page 151 of 216

Question 5:

Answer

Let cos x = t sinx dx = dt
When x = 0, t = 1 and when

Page 152 of 216

Question 6:

Answer

Let dx = dt

Page 153 of 216


Page 154 of 216

Question 7:

Answer

Let x + 1 = t dx = dt

Question 8:

Answer

Let 2x = t 2dx = dt

Page 155 of 216

Question 9:
The value of the integral is
A. 6
B. 0
C. 3
D. 4
Answer

Page 156 of 216

Let cot = t cosec2 d= dt

Page 157 of 216


Question 10:
If
A. cos x + x sin x
B. x sin x
C. x cos x
D. sin x + x cos x
Answer


Page 158 of 216



Page 159 of 216
Exercise 7.11

Question 1:

Answer

Adding (1) and (2), we obtain

Question 2:

Answer

Page 160 of 216


Question 3:

Answer

Page 161 of 216


Question 4:

Answer

Page 162 of 216


Question 5:

Answer

It can be seen that (x + 2) 0 on [5, 2] and (x + 2) 0 on [2, 5].

Page 163 of 216

Question 6:

Answer

It can be seen that (x 5) 0 on [2, 5] and (x 5) 0 on [5, 8].

Question 7:

Answer

Page 164 of 216

Question 8:

Answer

Page 165 of 216

Question 9:

Answer

Page 166 of 216

Question 10:

Answer

Page 167 of 216


Question 11:

Answer

As sin
2
(x) = (sin (x))
2
= (sin x)
2
= sin
2
x, therefore, sin
2
x is an even function.

Page 168 of 216
It is known that if f(x) is an even function, then

Question 12:

Answer


Page 169 of 216

Question 13:

Answer

As sin
7
(x) = (sin (x))
7
= (sin x)
7
= sin
7
x, therefore, sin
2
x is an odd function.
It is known that, if f(x) is an odd function, then

Question 14:

Answer

It is known that,

Page 170 of 216

Question 15:

Answer


Question 16:

Answer


Page 171 of 216

sin ( x) = sin x


Let 2x = t 2dx = dt
When x = 0, t = 0 and when


Page 172 of 216
Question 17:

Answer

It is known that,


Question 18:

Answer

It can be seen that, (x 1) 0 when 0 x 1 and (x 1) 0 when 1 x 4

Page 173 of 216

Question 19:
Show that if f and g are defined as and

Answer


Question 20:

Page 174 of 216
The value of is
A. 0
B. 2
C.
D. 1
Answer

It is known that if f(x) is an even function, then and
if f(x) is an odd function, then


Question 21:
The value of is
A. 2
B.
C. 0
D.

Page 175 of 216
Answer




Page 176 of 216


Question 1:

Answer

2
A + B C = 0
B + C = 0
A = 1


Page 177 of 216

Question 2:

Answer

Page 178 of 216

Question 3:
[Hint: Put ]
Answer

Page 179 of 216

Question 4:

Answer

Page 180 of 216


Page 181 of 216
Question 5:

Answer

On dividing, we obtain

Question 6:


Page 182 of 216
Answer

2
A + B = 0
B + C = 5
9A + C = 0


Question 7:

Answer

Page 183 of 216

Let x a = t dx = dt

Question 8:

Answer

Question 9:

Answer

Page 184 of 216

Let sin x = t cos x dx = dt

Question 10:

Answer

Question 11:

Answer

Page 185 of 216

Question 12:

Answer

Let x
4
= t 4x
3
dx = dt

Page 186 of 216

Question 13:

Answer

Let e
x
= t e
x
dx = dt

Question 14:

Answer

Page 187 of 216

3
, x
2
A + C = 0
B + D = 0
4A + C = 0
4B + D = 1


Question 15:

Answer
= cos
3
x sin x
Let cos x = t sin x dx = dt

Page 188 of 216

Question 16:

Answer

Question 17:

Answer

Page 189 of 216

Question 18:

Answer

Page 190 of 216

Question 19:

Answer

Page 191 of 216


Page 192 of 216

Question 20:

Answer


Page 193 of 216

Question 21:

Answer

Page 194 of 216

Question 22:

Answer

2
, x,and constant term, we obtain
A + C = 1
3A + B + 2C = 1
2A + 2B + C = 1
A = 2, B = 1, and C = 3

Page 195 of 216

Question 23:

Answer


Page 196 of 216

Question 24:

Answer


Page 197 of 216

Question 25:

Answer

Page 198 of 216

Question 26:

Answer

Page 199 of 216

When x = 0, t = 0 and

Question 27:

Answer

Page 200 of 216

When and when


Page 201 of 216

Question 28:

Answer

When and when

As , therefore, is an even function.
It is known that if f(x) is an even function, then

Page 202 of 216

Question 29:

Answer


Page 203 of 216
Question 30:

Answer

Question 31:

Answer

Page 204 of 216


Question 32:

Answer

Page 205 of 216


Question 33:

Page 206 of 216

Answer


Page 207 of 216

From equations (1), (2), (3), and (4), we obtain

Question 34:

Answer

2
A + C = 0
A + B = 0
B = 1
A = 1, C = 1, and B = 1

Page 208 of 216


Question 35:

Answer



Page 209 of 216

Question 36:

Answer

Therefore, f (x) is an odd function.
It is known that if f(x) is an odd function, then


Question 37:

Answer


Page 210 of 216

Question 38:

Answer


Question 39:

Answer


Page 211 of 216

Let 1 x
2
= t 2x dx = dt


Question 40:
Evaluate as a limit of a sum.
Answer

It is known that,


Page 212 of 216

Question 41:
is equal to
A.

Page 213 of 216
B.
C.
D.
Answer


Question 42:
is equal to
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer

Page 214 of 216


Question 43:
If then is equal to
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer


Page 215 of 216


Question 44:
The value of is
A. 1
B. 0
C. 1
D.
Answer


Page 216 of 216


Application of Integrals
NCERT Solutions for Class 12th Maths Chapter 8 Application of
Integrals
Subject: Maths
Chapter: Chapter 8 Application of Integrals
Class 12th Maths Chapter 8 Application of Integrals NCERT Solution is given below.
This page is about:
application of integrals ncert solutions
class 12 maths ncert solutions chapter 8
solutions of application of integrals
applications of integrals ncert solutions
application of integrals class xii NCERT Solutions
application of integrals NCERT of class xii by aglasem
application of Integrals ncert
applications of integration class12 ncert
ex 8 1 ncert solutions cls12th application of integrals
solution of maths class 12 chapter 8
Tags: Application of Integrals NCERT Solutions, CBSE Solutions, Class 12 Maths Solutions, Fee NCERT Solutions, Maths
NCERT Solutions Class 12, NCERT Books Solution, NCERT CBSE Solutions, NCERT Class 12 Maths Solutions, NCERT
Solutions, NCERT Solutions for Class 12, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths
Chapter 8

Class XII Chapter 9 Differential Equations Maths

Page 1 of 120

Exercise 9.1

Question 1:
Determine order and degree(if defined) of differential equation
Answer

The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is . Therefore, its
order is four.
The given differential equation is not a polynomial equation in its derivatives. Hence, its
degree is not defined.

Question 2:
Answer
The given differential equation is:

The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is . Therefore, its order
is one.
It is a polynomial equation in . The highest power raised to is 1. Hence, its degree is
one.

Question 3:
Answer


Page 2 of 120

The highest order derivative present in the given differential equation is . Therefore,
its order is two.
It is a polynomial equation in and . The power raised to is 1.
Hence, its degree is one.

Question 4:
Answer

its order is 2.
The given differential equation is not a polynomial equation in its derivatives. Hence, its
degree is not defined.

Question 5:
Answer

order is two.


Page 3 of 120

It is a polynomial equation in and the power raised to is 1.

Question 6:

Answer

order is three.
The given differential equation is a polynomial equation in .
The highest power raised to is 2. Hence, its degree is 2.

Question 7:
Answer

order is three.
It is a polynomial equation in . The highest power raised to is 1. Hence, its
degree is 1.

Question 8:
Answer


Page 4 of 120

The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is . Therefore, its order
is one.
The given differential equation is a polynomial equation in and the highest power
raised to is one. Hence, its degree is one.

Question 9:
Answer

order is two.
The given differential equation is a polynomial equation in and and the highest
power raised to is one.

Question 10:
Answer

order is two.
This is a polynomial equation in and and the highest power raised to is one.

Question 11:
The degree of the differential equation
is


Page 5 of 120

(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) not defined
Answer

The given differential equation is not a polynomial equation in its derivatives. Therefore,
its degree is not defined.
Hence, the correct answer is D.

Question 12:
The order of the differential equation
is
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) not defined
Answer

its order is two.
Hence, the correct answer is A.


Page 6 of 120

Exercise 9.2

Question 1:

Answer

Differentiating both sides of this equation with respect to x, we get:

Now, differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, we get:

Substituting the values of in the given differential equation, we get the L.H.S.
as:

Thus, the given function is the solution of the corresponding differential equation.

Question 2:

Answer


Substituting the value of in the given differential equation, we get:
L.H.S. = = R.H.S.
Hence, the given function is the solution of the corresponding differential equation.


Page 7 of 120

Question 3:

Answer


L.H.S. = = R.H.S.

Question 4:

Answer

Differentiating both sides of the equation with respect to x, we get:


Page 8 of 120

L.H.S. = R.H.S.

Question 5:

Answer

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get:



Question 6:

Answer


Page 9 of 120




Question 7:

Answer



Page 10 of 120

L.H.S. = R.H.S.

Question 8:

Answer

Differentiating both sides of the equation with respect to x, we get:

Substituting the value of in equation (1), we get:


Page 11 of 120


Question 9:

Answer




Page 12 of 120


Question 10:

Answer





Page 13 of 120

Question 11:
The numbers of arbitrary constants in the general solution of a differential equation of
fourth order are:
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Answer
We know that the number of constants in the general solution of a differential equation
of order n is equal to its order.
Therefore, the number of constants in the general equation of fourth order differential
equation is four.

Question 12:
The numbers of arbitrary constants in the particular solution of a differential equation of
third order are:
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0
Answer
In a particular solution of a differential equation, there are no arbitrary constants.


Page 14 of 120

Exercise 9.3

Question 1:

Answer

Differentiating both sides of the given equation with respect to x, we get:

Again, differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get:

Hence, the required differential equation of the given curve is

Question 2:

Answer




Page 15 of 120

Dividing equation (2) by equation (1), we get:

This is the required differential equation of the given curve.

Question 3:

Answer



Multiplying equation (1) with (2) and then adding it to equation (2), we get:

Now, multiplying equation (1) with equation (3) and subtracting equation (2) from it, we
get:

Substituting the values of in equation (3), we get:


Page 16 of 120


Question 4:

Answer


Multiplying equation (1) with equation (2) and then subtracting it from equation (2), we
get:





Page 17 of 120

Question 5:

Answer


Again, differentiating with respect to x, we get:

Adding equations (1) and (3), we get:


Question 6:
Form the differential equation of the family of circles touching the y-axis at the origin.
Answer
The centre of the circle touching the y-axis at origin lies on the x-axis.
Let (a, 0) be the centre of the circle.
Since it touches the y-axis at origin, its radius is a.
Now, the equation of the circle with centre (a, 0) and radius (a) is


Page 18 of 120

Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, we get:

Now, on substituting the value of a in equation (1), we get:

This is the required differential equation.

Question 7:
Form the differential equation of the family of parabolas having vertex at origin and axis
along positive y-axis.
Answer
The equation of the parabola having the vertex at origin and the axis along the positive
y-axis is:


Page 19 of 120




Question 8:
Form the differential equation of the family of ellipses having foci on y-axis and centre at
origin.
Answer
The equation of the family of ellipses having foci on the y-axis and the centre at origin is
as follows:


Page 20 of 120



Substituting this value in equation (2), we get:



Page 21 of 120
Question 9:
Form the differential equation of the family of hyperbolas having foci on x-axis and
centre at origin.
Answer
The equation of the family of hyperbolas with the centre at origin and foci along the x-
axis is:

Differentiating both sides of equation (1) with respect to x, we get:




Page 22 of 120


Question 10:
Form the differential equation of the family of circles having centre on y-axis and radius
3 units.
Answer
Let the centre of the circle on y-axis be (0, b).
The differential equation of the family of circles with centre at (0, b) and radius 3 is as
follows:


Substituting the value of (y b) in equation (1), we get:


Page 23 of 120


Question 11:
Which of the following differential equations has as the general solution?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer
The given equation is:

Differentiating with respect to x, we get:



Page 24 of 120

This is the required differential equation of the given equation of curve.
Hence, the correct answer is B.

Question 12:
Which of the following differential equation has as one of its particular solution?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer
The given equation of curve is y = x.


Now, on substituting the values of y, from equation (1) and (2) in each of
the given alternatives, we find that only the differential equation given in alternative C is
correct.


Page 25 of 120

Hence, the correct answer is C.


Page 26 of 120

Exercise 9.4

Question 1:

Answer

Now, integrating both sides of this equation, we get:

This is the required general solution of the given differential equation.

Question 2:

Answer


Page 27 of 120

Now, integrating both sides of this equation, we get:


Question 3:

Answer

Now, integrating both sides, we get:


Page 28 of 120


Question 4:

Answer

Integrating both sides of this equation, we get:


Page 29 of 120

Substituting these values in equation (1), we get:


Question 5:

Answer



Page 30 of 120

Let (e
x
+ e
x
) = t.



Question 6:

Answer



Page 31 of 120


Question 7:

Answer

Integrating both sides, we get:



Page 32 of 120


Question 8:

Answer




Page 33 of 120

Question 9:

Answer




Page 34 of 120


Question 10:

Answer



Page 35 of 120

Substituting the values of in equation (1), we get:


Question 11:

Answer



Page 36 of 120

Comparing the coefficients of x
2
and x, we get:
A + B = 2
B + C = 1
A + C = 0
Solving these equations, we get:

Substituting the values of A, B, and C in equation (2), we get:

Therefore, equation (1) becomes:


Page 37 of 120

Substituting C = 1 in equation (3), we get:

Question 12:

Answer



Page 38 of 120

Comparing the coefficients of x
2
, x, and constant, we get:

Solving these equations, we get
Substituting the values of A, B, and C in equation (2), we get:



Page 39 of 120

Substituting the value of k
2
in equation (3), we get:

Question 13:

Answer


Page 40 of 120



Question 14:

Answer



Page 41 of 120

y = sec x

Question 15:
Find the equation of a curve passing through the point (0, 0) and whose differential
equation is .
Answer
The differential equation of the curve is:



Page 42 of 120


Now, the curve passes through point (0, 0).

Substituting in equation (2), we get:

Hence, the required equation of the curve is

Question 16:
For the differential equation find the solution curve passing
through the point (1, 1).


Page 43 of 120

Answer
The differential equation of the given curve is:




This is the required solution of the given curve.

Question 17:
Find the equation of a curve passing through the point (0, 2) given that at any point
on the curve, the product of the slope of its tangent and y-coordinate of the point
is equal to the x-coordinate of the point.
Answer
Let x and y be the x-coordinate and y-coordinate of the curve respectively.


Page 44 of 120

We know that the slope of a tangent to the curve in the coordinate axis is given by the
relation,

According to the given information, we get:


(2)
2
0
2
= 2C
2C = 4
Substituting 2C = 4 in equation (1), we get:
y
2
x
2
= 4
This is the required equation of the curve.

Question 18:
At any point (x, y) of a curve, the slope of the tangent is twice the slope of the line
segment joining the point of contact to the point (4, 3). Find the equation of the curve
given that it passes through (2, 1).
Answer


Page 45 of 120

It is given that (x, y) is the point of contact of the curve and its tangent.
The slope (m
1
) of the line segment joining (x, y) and (4, 3) is
We know that the slope of the tangent to the curve is given by the relation,

According to the given information:


This is the general equation of the curve.
It is given that it passes through point (2, 1).

y + 3 = (x + 4)
2



Page 46 of 120

Question 19:
The volume of spherical balloon being inflated changes at a constant rate. If initially its
radius is 3 units and after 3 seconds it is 6 units. Find the radius of balloon after t
seconds.
Answer
Let the rate of change of the volume of the balloon be k (where k is a constant).


4 3
3
= 3 (k 0 + C)
108 = 3C
C = 36


Page 47 of 120

At t = 3, r = 6:
4 6
3
= 3 (k 3 + C)
864 = 3 (3k + 36)
3k = 288 36 = 252
k = 84
Substituting the values of k and C in equation (1), we get:

Thus, the radius of the balloon after t seconds is .

Question 20:
In a bank, principal increases continuously at the rate of r% per year. Find the value of r
if Rs 100 doubles itself in 10 years (log
e
2 = 0.6931).


Page 48 of 120

Answer
Let p, t, and r represent the principal, time, and rate of interest respectively.
It is given that the principal increases continuously at the rate of r% per year.


It is given that when t = 0, p = 100.
100 = e
k
(2)
Now, if t = 10, then p = 2 100 = 200.


Page 49 of 120

Hence, the value of r is 6.93%.

Question 21:
In a bank, principal increases continuously at the rate of 5% per year. An amount of Rs
1000 is deposited with this bank, how much will it worth after 10 years .
Answer
Let p and t be the principal and time respectively.
It is given that the principal increases continuously at the rate of 5% per year.


Now, when t = 0, p = 1000.
1000 = e
C
(2)
At t = 10, equation (1) becomes:


Page 50 of 120

Hence, after 10 years the amount will worth Rs 1648.

Question 22:
In a culture, the bacteria count is 1,00,000. The number is increased by 10% in 2 hours.
In how many hours will the count reach 2,00,000, if the rate of growth of bacteria is
proportional to the number present?
Answer
Let y be the number of bacteria at any instant t.
It is given that the rate of growth of the bacteria is proportional to the number present.


Let y
0
be the number of bacteria at t = 0.
log y
0
= C
Substituting the value of C in equation (1), we get:

Also, it is given that the number of bacteria increases by 10% in 2 hours.


Page 51 of 120



Now, let the time when the number of bacteria increases from 100000 to 200000 be t
1
.
y = 2y
0
at t = t
1

From equation (4), we get:

Hence, in hours the number of bacteria increases from 100000 to 200000.


Page 52 of 120

Question 23:
The general solution of the differential equation
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer


Hence, the correct answer is A.


Page 53 of 120

Exercise 9.5

Question 1:

Answer
The given differential equation i.e., (x
2
+ xy) dy = (x
2
+ y
2
) dx can be written as:

This shows that equation (1) is a homogeneous equation.
To solve it, we make the substitution as:
y = vx

Substituting the values of v and in equation (1), we get:


Page 54 of 120


This is the required solution of the given differential equation.


Page 55 of 120

Question 2:

Answer

Thus, the given equation is a homogeneous equation.
y = vx

Substituting the values of y and in equation (1), we get:



Page 56 of 120


Question 3:

Answer

Thus, the given differential equation is a homogeneous equation.
y = vx



Page 57 of 120



Question 4:

Answer

Therefore, the given differential equation is a homogeneous equation.
y = vx


Page 58 of 120




Question 5:

Answer


Page 59 of 120

y = vx




Page 60 of 120

This is the required solution for the given differential equation.

Question 6:

Answer

y = vx


Page 61 of 120

Substituting the values of v and in equation (1), we get:



Question 7:

Answer


Page 62 of 120

y = vx



Page 63 of 120




Page 64 of 120
Question 8:

Answer

y = vx



Page 65 of 120



Question 9:

Answer

y = vx


Page 66 of 120




Page 67 of 120



Question 10:

Answer


Page 68 of 120

x = vy

Substituting the values of x and in equation (1), we get:



Page 69 of 120


Question 11:

Answer

y = vx



Page 70 of 120


Now, y = 1 at x = 1.

Substituting the value of 2k in equation (2), we get:



Page 71 of 120

Question 12:

Answer

y = vx



Page 72 of 120


Now, y = 1 at x = 1.



Question 13:


Page 73 of 120

Answer

To solve this differential equation, we make the substitution as:
y = vx




Page 74 of 120

Now, .

Substituting C = e in equation (2), we get:


Question 14:

Answer



Page 75 of 120

y = vx



Now, y = 0 at x = 1.

Substituting C = e in equation (2), we get:



Page 76 of 120
Question 15:

Answer

y = vx

Substituting the value of y and in equation (1), we get:



Page 77 of 120

Now, y = 2 at x = 1.



Question 16:
A homogeneous differential equation of the form can be solved by making the
substitution
A. y = vx
B. v = yx
C. x = vy
D. x = v
Answer


Page 78 of 120
For solving the homogeneous equation of the form , we need to make the
substitution as x = vy.

Question 17:
Which of the following is a homogeneous differential equation?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer
Function F(x, y) is said to be the homogenous function of degree n, if
F(x, y) =
n
F(x, y) for any non-zero constant ().
Consider the equation given in alternativeD:

Hence, the differential equation given in alternative D is a homogenous equation.


Page 79 of 120

Exercise 9.6

Question 1:

Answer
The given differential equation is
This is in the form of

The solution of the given differential equation is given by the relation,


Page 80 of 120



Question 2:

Answer



Question 3:

Answer


Page 81 of 120



Question 4:

Answer

The general solution of the given differential equation is given by the relation,

Question 5:

Answer


Page 82 of 120


Question 6:

Answer

This equation is in the form of a linear differential equation as:



Page 83 of 120

Question 7:

Answer

This equation is the form of a linear differential equation as:



Page 84 of 120



Question 8:

Answer

This equation is a linear differential equation of the form:


Page 85 of 120


Question 9:

Answer

This equation is a linear differential equation of the form:



Page 86 of 120

Question 10:

Answer

This is a linear differential equation of the form:



Page 87 of 120

Question 11:

Answer




Page 88 of 120

Question 12:

Answer




Page 89 of 120

Question 13:

Answer
This is a linear equation of the form:


Now,
Therefore,



Page 90 of 120

Hence, the required solution of the given differential equation is

Question 14:

Answer



Now, y = 0 at x = 1.
Therefore,


Page 91 of 120



Question 15:

Answer


Now,
Therefore, we get:


Page 92 of 120


This is the required particular solution of the given differential equation.

Question 16:
Find the equation of a curve passing through the origin given that the slope of the
tangent to the curve at any point (x, y) is equal to the sum of the coordinates of the
point.
Answer
Let F (x, y) be the curve passing through the origin.
At point (x, y), the slope of the curve will be




Page 93 of 120


The curve passes through the origin.
1 = C
C = 1

Hence, the required equation of curve passing through the origin is

Question 17:
Find the equation of a curve passing through the point (0, 2) given that the sum of the
coordinates of any point on the curve exceeds the magnitude of the slope of the tangent
to the curve at that point by 5.
Answer
Let F (x, y) be the curve and let (x, y) be a point on the curve. The slope of the tangent
to the curve at (x, y) is



Page 94 of 120

The general equation of the curve is given by the relation,


The curve passes through point (0, 2).
0 + 2 4 = Ce
0

2 = C
C = 2


Page 95 of 120


Question 18:
The integrating factor of the differential equation is
A. e
x

B. e
y

C.
D. x
Answer


The integrating factor (I.F) is given by the relation,


Question 19:
The integrating factor of the differential equation.
is
A.


Page 96 of 120

B.
C.
D.
Answer


The integrating factor (I.F) is given by the relation,



Page 97 of 120


Question 1:
For each of the differential equations given below, indicate its order and degree (if
defined).
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Answer
(i) The differential equation is given as:

The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is . Thus, its order is
two. The highest power raised to is one. Hence, its degree is one.
(ii) The differential equation is given as:


Page 98 of 120

one. The highest power raised to is three. Hence, its degree is three.
(iii) The differential equation is given as:

four.
However, the given differential equation is not a polynomial equation. Hence, its degree
is not defined.

Question 2:
For each of the exercises given below, verify that the given function (implicit or explicit)
is a solution of the corresponding differential equation.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Answer
(i)


Page 99 of 120


Now, on substituting the values of and in the differential equation, we get:

L.H.S. R.H.S.
Hence, the given function is not a solution of the corresponding differential equation.
(ii)



Page 100 of 120

Now, on substituting the values of and in the L.H.S. of the given differential
equation, we get:

Hence, the given function is a solution of the corresponding differential equation.
(iii)



Page 101 of 120

Substituting the value of in the L.H.S. of the given differential equation, we get:

(iv)

Substituting the value of in the L.H.S. of the given differential equation, we get:


Page 102 of 120


Question 3:
Form the differential equation representing the family of curves given by
where a is an arbitrary constant.
Answer


From equation (1), we get:

On substituting this value in equation (3), we get:


Page 103 of 120

Hence, the differential equation of the family of curves is given as

Question 4:
Prove that is the general solution of differential
equation , where c is a parameter.
Answer

This is a homogeneous equation. To simplify it, we need to make the substitution as:



Page 104 of 120

Substituting the values of I
1
and I
2
in equation (3), we get:



Page 105 of 120


Question 5:
Form the differential equation of the family of circles in the first quadrant which touch
the coordinate axes.
Answer
The equation of a circle in the first quadrant with centre (a, a) and radius (a) which
touches the coordinate axes is:


Page 106 of 120


Substituting the value of a in equation (1), we get:

Hence, the required differential equation of the family of circles is


Page 107 of 120

Question 6:
Find the general solution of the differential equation
Answer


Question 7:
Show that the general solution of the differential equation is given by
(x + y + 1) = A (1 x y 2xy), where A is parameter
Answer



Page 108 of 120



Page 109 of 120

Question 8:
Find the equation of the curve passing through the point whose differential
equation is,
Answer
The differential equation of the given curve is:


The curve passes through point

On substituting in equation (1), we get:

Hence, the required equation of the curve is


Page 110 of 120
Question 9:
Find the particular solution of the differential equation
, given that y = 1 when x = 0
Answer


Substituting these values in equation (1), we get:

Now, y = 1 at x = 0.



Page 111 of 120


Question 10:
Solve the differential equation
Answer

Differentiating it with respect to y, we get:

From equation (1) and equation (2), we get:



Page 112 of 120

Question 11:
Find a particular solution of the differential equation , given that
y = 1, when x = 0 (Hint: put x y = t)
Answer

Substituting the values of x y and in equation (1), we get:


Page 113 of 120


Now, y = 1 at x = 0.
log 1 = 0 1 + C
C = 1
Substituting C = 1 in equation (3) we get:


Question 12:
Solve the differential equation
Answer


Page 114 of 120

This equation is a linear differential equation of the form

The general solution of the given differential equation is given by,

Question 13:
Find a particular solution of the differential equation ,
given that y = 0 when
Answer

This equation is a linear differential equation of the form


Page 115 of 120


Now,



Question 14:
Find a particular solution of the differential equation , given that y = 0
when x = 0
Answer


Page 116 of 120



Now, at x = 0 and y = 0, equation (2) becomes:



Page 117 of 120


Question 15:
The population of a village increases continuously at the rate proportional to the number
of its inhabitants present at any time. If the population of the village was 20000 in 1999
and 25000 in the year 2004, what will be the population of the village in 2009?
Answer
Let the population at any instant (t) be y.
It is given that the rate of increase of population is proportional to the number of
inhabitants at any instant.

log y = kt + C (1)
In the year 1999, t = 0 and y = 20000.
Therefore, we get:
log 20000 = C (2)
In the year 2004, t = 5 and y = 25000.
Therefore, we get:


Page 118 of 120

In the year 2009, t = 10 years.
Now, on substituting the values of t, k, and C in equation (1), we get:

Hence, the population of the village in 2009 will be 31250.

Question 16:
The general solution of the differential equation is
A. xy = C
B. x = Cy
2

C. y = Cx
D. y = Cx
2

Answer


Page 119 of 120



Question 17:
The general solution of a differential equation of the type is
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer
The integrating factor of the given differential equation
The general solution of the differential equation is given by,



Page 120 of 120

Question 18:
The general solution of the differential equation is
A. xe
y
+ x
2
= C
B. xe
y
+ y
2
= C
C. ye
x
+ x
2
= C
D. ye
y
+ x
2
= C
Answer

This is a linear differential equation of the form



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Chapter 12

Class XII Chapter 13 Probability Maths

Page 1 of 103

Exercise 13.1

Question 1:
Given that E and F are events such that P(E) = 0.6, P(F) = 0.3 and P(E F) = 0.2, find P
(E|F) and P(F|E).
Answer
It is given that P(E) = 0.6, P(F) = 0.3, and P(E F) = 0.2

Question 2:
Compute P(A|B), if P(B) = 0.5 and P (A B) = 0.32
Answer
It is given that P(B) = 0.5 and P(A B) = 0.32

Question 3:
If P(A) = 0.8, P(B) = 0.5 and P(B|A) = 0.4, find
(i) P(A B) (ii) P(A|B) (iii) P(A B)
Answer
It is given that P(A) = 0.8, P(B) = 0.5, and P(B|A) = 0.4
(i) P (B|A) = 0.4


Page 2 of 103

(ii)

(iii)

Question 4:
Evaluate P (A B), if 2P (A) = P (B) = and P(A|B) =
Answer
It is given that,

It is known that,


Page 3 of 103

Question 5:
If P(A) , P(B) = and P(A B) = , find
(i) P(A B) (ii) P(A|B) (iii) P(B|A)
Answer
It is given that
(i)

(ii) It is known that,

(iii) It is known that,


Page 4 of 103

Question 6:
A coin is tossed three times, where
(i) E: head on third toss, F: heads on first two tosses
(ii) E: at least two heads, F: at most two heads
(iii) E: at most two tails, F: at least one tail
Answer
If a coin is tossed three times, then the sample space S is
S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
It can be seen that the sample space has 8 elements.
(i) E = {HHH, HTH, THH, TTH}
F = {HHH, HHT}
E F = {HHH}

(ii) E = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH}
F = {HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
E F = {HHT, HTH, THH}
Clearly,

(iii) E = {HHH, HHT, HTT, HTH, THH, THT, TTH}
F = {HHT, HTT, HTH, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}


Page 5 of 103

Question 7:
Two coins are tossed once, where
(i) E: tail appears on one coin, F: one coin shows head
(ii) E: not tail appears, F: no head appears
Answer
If two coins are tossed once, then the sample space S is
S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
(i) E = {HT, TH}
F = {HT, TH}

(ii) E = {HH}
F = {TT}
E F =
P (F) = 1 and P (E F) = 0


Page 6 of 103
P(E|F) =

Question 8:
A die is thrown three times,
E: 4 appears on the third toss, F: 6 and 5 appears respectively on first two tosses
Answer
If a die is thrown three times, then the number of elements in the sample space will be 6
6 6 = 216


Page 7 of 103

Question 9:
Mother, father and son line up at random for a family picture
E: son on one end, F: father in middle
Answer
If mother (M), father (F), and son (S) line up for the family picture, then the sample
space will be
S = {MFS, MSF, FMS, FSM, SMF, SFM}
E = {MFS, FMS, SMF, SFM}
F = {MFS, SFM}
E F = {MFS, SFM}

Question 10:
A black and a red dice are rolled.
(a) Find the conditional probability of obtaining a sum greater than 9, given that the
black die resulted in a 5.
(b) Find the conditional probability of obtaining the sum 8, given that the red die
resulted in a number less than 4.
Answer


Page 8 of 103

Let the first observation be from the black die and second from the red die.
When two dice (one black and another red) are rolled, the sample space S has 6 6 =
36 number of elements.
1. Let
A: Obtaining a sum greater than 9
= {(4, 6), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
B: Black die results in a 5.
= {(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6)}
A B = {(5, 5), (5, 6)}
The conditional probability of obtaining a sum greater than 9, given that the black die
resulted in a 5, is given by P (A|B).

(b) E: Sum of the observations is 8.
= {(2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2)}
F: Red die resulted in a number less than 4.

The conditional probability of obtaining the sum equal to 8, given that the red die
resulted in a number less than 4, is given by P (E|F).


Page 9 of 103

Question 11:
A fair die is rolled. Consider events E = {1, 3, 5}, F = {2, 3} and G = {2, 3, 4, 5}
Find
(i) P (E|F) and P (F|E) (ii) P (E|G) and P (G|E)
(ii) P ((E F)|G) and P ((E G)|G)
Answer
When a fair die is rolled, the sample space S will be
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
It is given that E = {1, 3, 5}, F = {2, 3}, and G = {2, 3, 4, 5}

(i) E F = {3}

(ii) E G = {3, 5}


Page 10 of 103

(iii) E F = {1, 2, 3, 5}
(E F) G = {1, 2, 3, 5} {2, 3, 4, 5} = {2, 3, 5}
E F = {3}
(E F) G = {3}{2, 3, 4, 5} = {3}


Page 11 of 103

Question 12:
Assume that each born child is equally likely to be a boy or a girl. If a family has two
children, what is the conditional probability that both are girls given that (i) the youngest
is a girl, (ii) at least one is a girl?
Answer
Let b and g represent the boy and the girl child respectively. If a family has two children,
the sample space will be
S = {(b, b), (b, g), (g, b), (g, g)}
Let A be the event that both children are girls.

(i) Let B be the event that the youngest child is a girl.


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The conditional probability that both are girls, given that the youngest child is a girl, is
given by P (A|B).

Therefore, the required probability is .
(ii) Let C be the event that at least one child is a girl.

The conditional probability that both are girls, given that at least one child is a girl, is
given by P(A|C).

Question 13:
An instructor has a question bank consisting of 300 easy True/False questions, 200
difficult True/False questions, 500 easy multiple choice questions and 400 difficult
multiple choice questions. If a question is selected at random from the question bank,


Page 13 of 103

what is the probability that it will be an easy question given that it is a multiple choice
question?
Answer
The given data can be tabulated as
True/False Multiple choice Total
Easy 300 500 800
Difficult 200 400 600
Total 500 900 1400
Let us denote E = easy questions, M = multiple choice questions, D = difficult questions,
and T = True/False questions
Total number of questions = 1400
Total number of multiple choice questions = 900
Therefore, probability of selecting an easy multiple choice question is
P (E M) =
Probability of selecting a multiple choice question, P (M), is

P (E|M) represents the probability that a randomly selected question will be an easy
question, given that it is a multiple choice question.



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Question 14:
Given that the two numbers appearing on throwing the two dice are different. Find the
probability of the event the sum of numbers on the dice is 4.
Answer
When dice is thrown, number of observations in the sample space = 6 6 = 36
Let A be the event that the sum of the numbers on the dice is 4 and B be the event that
the two numbers appearing on throwing the two dice are different.

Let P (A|B) represent the probability that the sum of the numbers on the dice is 4, given
that the two numbers appearing on throwing the two dice are different.


Question 15:
Consider the experiment of throwing a die, if a multiple of 3 comes up, throw the die
again and if any other number comes, toss a coin. Find the conditional probability of the
event the coin shows a tail, given that at least one die shows a 3.
Answer
The outcomes of the given experiment can be represented by the following tree diagram.


Page 15 of 103
The sample space of the experiment is,

Let A be the event that the coin shows a tail and B be the event that at least one die
shows 3.

Probability of the event that the coin shows a tail, given that at least one die shows 3, is
given by P(A|B).
Therefore,

Question 16:
If
(A) 0 (B)
(C) not defined (D) 1
Answer
It is given that


Page 16 of 103

Therefore, P (A|B) is not defined.
Thus, the correct answer is C.

Question 17:
If A and B are events such that P (A|B) = P(B|A), then
(A) A B but A B (B) A = B
(C) A B = (D) P(A) = P(B)
Answer
It is given that, P(A|B) = P(B|A)

P (A) = P (B)
Thus, the correct answer is D.


Page 17 of 103

Exercise 13.2

Question 1:
If , find P (A B) if A and B are independent events.
Answer
It is given that
A and B are independent events. Therefore,

Question 2:
Two cards are drawn at random and without replacement from a pack of 52 playing
cards. Find the probability that both the cards are black.
Answer
There are 26 black cards in a deck of 52 cards.
Let P (A) be the probability of getting a black card in the first draw.

Let P (B) be the probability of getting a black card on the second draw.
Since the card is not replaced,

Thus, probability of getting both the cards black =

Question 3:
A box of oranges is inspected by examining three randomly selected oranges drawn
without replacement. If all the three oranges are good, the box is approved for sale,
otherwise, it is rejected. Find the probability that a box containing 15 oranges out of
which 12 are good and 3 are bad ones will be approved for sale.


Page 18 of 103

Answer
Let A, B, and C be the respective events that the first, second, and third drawn orange is
good.
Therefore, probability that first drawn orange is good, P (A)
The oranges are not replaced.
Therefore, probability of getting second orange good, P (B) =
Similarly, probability of getting third orange good, P(C)
The box is approved for sale, if all the three oranges are good.
Thus, probability of getting all the oranges good
Therefore, the probability that the box is approved for sale is .

Question 4:
A fair coin and an unbiased die are tossed. Let A be the event head appears on the coin
and B be the event 3 on the die. Check whether A and B are independent events or not.
Answer
If a fair coin and an unbiased die are tossed, then the sample space S is given by,

Let A: Head appears on the coin

B: 3 on die


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Therefore, A and B are independent events.

Question 5:
A die marked 1, 2, 3 in red and 4, 5, 6 in green is tossed. Let A be the event, the
number is even, and B be the event, the number is red. Are A and B independent?
Answer
When a die is thrown, the sample space (S) is
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Let A: the number is even = {2, 4, 6}

B: the number is red = {1, 2, 3}

A B = {2}


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Therefore, A and B are not independent.

Question 6:
Let E and F be events with . Are E and F
independent?
Answer
It is given that , and

Therefore, E and F are not independent.

Question 7:
Given that the events A and B are such that and P (B) = p. Find p
if they are (i) mutually exclusive (ii) independent.
Answer
It is given that
(i) When A and B are mutually exclusive, A B =
P (A B) = 0


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It is known that,

(ii) When A and B are independent,
It is known that,

Question 8:
Let A and B be independent events with P (A) = 0.3 and P (B) = 0.4. Find
(i) P (A B) (ii) P (A B)
(iii) P (A|B) (iv) P (B|A)
Answer
It is given that P (A) = 0.3 and P (B) = 0.4
(i) If A and B are independent events, then

(ii) It is known that,


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(iii) It is known that,

(iv) It is known that,

Question 9:
If A and B are two events such that , find P (not A
and not B).
Answer
It is given that,
P(not on A and not on B) =
P(not on A and not on B) =


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Question 10:
Events A and B are such that . State
whether A and B are independent?
Answer
It is given that

Therefore, A and B are independent events.

Question 11:
Given two independent events A and B such that P (A) = 0.3, P (B) = 0.6. Find
(i) P (A and B) (ii) P (A and not B)
(iii) P (A or B) (iv) P (neither A nor B)
Answer
It is given that P (A) = 0.3 and P (B) = 0.6
Also, A and B are independent events.
(i)

(ii) P (A and not B) =


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(iii) P (A or B) =

(iv) P (neither A nor B) =

Question 12:
A die is tossed thrice. Find the probability of getting an odd number at least once.
Answer
Probability of getting an odd number in a single throw of a die =
Similarly, probability of getting an even number =
Probability of getting an even number three times =
Therefore, probability of getting an odd number at least once
= 1 Probability of getting an odd number in none of the throws
= 1 Probability of getting an even number thrice


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Question 13:
Two balls are drawn at random with replacement from a box containing 10 black and 8
red balls. Find the probability that
(i) both balls are red.
(ii) first ball is black and second is red.
(iii) one of them is black and other is red.
Answer
Total number of balls = 18
Number of red balls = 8
Number of black balls = 10
(i) Probability of getting a red ball in the first draw =
The ball is replaced after the first draw.
Probability of getting a red ball in the second draw =
Therefore, probability of getting both the balls red =
(ii) Probability of getting first ball black =
Probability of getting second ball as red =
Therefore, probability of getting first ball as black and second ball as red =
(iii) Probability of getting first ball as red =
Probability of getting second ball as black =


Page 26 of 103
Therefore, probability of getting first ball as black and second ball as red =
Therefore, probability that one of them is black and other is red
= Probability of getting first ball black and second as red + Probability of getting first ball
red and second ball black

Question 14:
Probability of solving specific problem independently by A and B are respectively.
If both try to solve the problem independently, find the probability that
(i) the problem is solved (ii) exactly one of them solves the problem.
Answer
Probability of solving the problem by A, P (A) =
Probability of solving the problem by B, P (B) =
Since the problem is solved independently by A and B,

i. Probability that the problem is solved = P (A B)
= P (A) + P (B) P (AB)


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(ii) Probability that exactly one of them solves the problem is given by,

Question 15:
One card is drawn at random from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards. In which of the
following cases are the events E and F independent?
(i) E: the card drawn is a spade
F: the card drawn is an ace
(ii) E: the card drawn is black
F: the card drawn is a king
(iii) E: the card drawn is a king or queen
F: the card drawn is a queen or jack
Answer
(i) In a deck of 52 cards, 13 cards are spades and 4 cards are aces.
P(E) = P(the card drawn is a spade) =


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P(F) = P(the card drawn is an ace) =
In the deck of cards, only 1 card is an ace of spades.
P(EF) = P(the card drawn is spade and an ace) =
P(E) P(F) =
P(E) P(F) = P(EF)
Therefore, the events E and F are independent.
(ii) In a deck of 52 cards, 26 cards are black and 4 cards are kings.
P(E) = P(the card drawn is black) =
P(F) = P(the card drawn is a king) =
In the pack of 52 cards, 2 cards are black as well as kings.
P (EF) = P(the card drawn is a black king) =


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P(E) P(F) =
Therefore, the given events E and F are independent.
(iii) In a deck of 52 cards, 4 cards are kings, 4 cards are queens, and 4 cards are jacks.
P(E) = P(the card drawn is a king or a queen) =
P(F) = P(the card drawn is a queen or a jack) =
There are 4 cards which are king or queen and queen or jack.
P(EF) = P(the card drawn is a king or a queen, or queen or a jack)
=
P(E) P(F) =

Therefore, the given events E and F are not independent.

Question 16:
In a hostel, 60% of the students read Hindi newspaper, 40% read English newspaper
and 20% read both Hindi and English news papers. A student is selected at random.
(a) Find the probability that she reads neither Hindi nor English news papers.
(b) If she reads Hindi news paper, find the probability that she reads English news
paper.


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(c) If she reads English news paper, find the probability that she reads Hindi news paper.
Answer
Let H denote the students who read Hindi newspaper and E denote the students who
read English newspaper.
It is given that,

i. Probability that a student reads Hindi or English newspaper is,

(ii) Probability that a randomly chosen student reads English newspaper, if she reads
Hindi news paper, is given by P (E|H).

(iii) Probability that a randomly chosen student reads Hindi newspaper, if she reads
English newspaper, is given by P (H|E).


Page 31 of 103

Question 17:
The probability of obtaining an even prime number on each die, when a pair of dice is
rolled is
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D)
Answer
When two dice are rolled, the number of outcomes is 36.
The only even prime number is 2.
Let E be the event of getting an even prime number on each die.
E = {(2, 2)}

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

Question 18:
Two events A and B will be independent, if
(A) A and B are mutually exclusive
(B)
(C) P(A) = P(B)
(D) P(A) + P(B) = 1


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Answer
Two events A and B are said to be independent, if P(AB) = P(A) P(B)
Consider the result given in alternative B.

This implies that A and B are independent, if
Distracter Rationale
A. Let P (A) = m, P (B) = n, 0 < m, n < 1
A and B are mutually exclusive.

C. Let A: Event of getting an odd number on throw of a die = {1, 3, 5}

B: Event of getting an even number on throw of a die = {2, 4, 6}

Here,

D. From the above example, it can be seen that,


Page 33 of 103

However, it cannot be inferred that A and B are independent.
Thus, the correct answer is B.


Page 34 of 103

Exercise 13.3

Question 1:
An urn contains 5 red and 5 black balls. A ball is drawn at random, its colour is noted
and is returned to the urn. Moreover, 2 additional balls of the colour drawn are put in the
urn and then a ball is drawn at random. What is the probability that the second ball is
red?
Answer
The urn contains 5 red and 5 black balls.
Let a red ball be drawn in the first attempt.
P (drawing a red ball)
If two red balls are added to the urn, then the urn contains 7 red and 5 black balls.
Let a black ball be drawn in the first attempt.
P (drawing a black ball in the first attempt)
If two black balls are added to the urn, then the urn contains 5 red and 7 black balls.
Therefore, probability of drawing second ball as red is

Question 2:
A bag contains 4 red and 4 black balls, another bag contains 2 red and 6 black balls. One
of the two bags is selected at random and a ball is drawn from the bag which is found to
be red. Find the probability that the ball is drawn from the first bag.
Answer
Let E
1
and E
2
be the events of selecting first bag and second bag respectively.


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Let A be the event of getting a red ball.

The probability of drawing a ball from the first bag, given that it is red, is given by P
(E
2
|A).
By using Bayes theorem, we obtain

Question 3:
Of the students in a college, it is known that 60% reside in hostel and 40% are day
scholars (not residing in hostel). Previous year results report that 30% of all students
who reside in hostel attain A grade and 20% of day scholars attain A grade in their
annual examination. At the end of the year, one student is chosen at random from the
college and he has an A grade, what is the probability that the student is hostler?
Answer


Page 36 of 103

Let E
1
and E
2
be the events that the student is a hostler and a day scholar respectively
and A be the event that the chosen student gets grade A.

The probability that a randomly chosen student is a hostler, given that he has an A
grade, is given by .

Question 4:
In answering a question on a multiple choice test, a student either knows the answer or
guesses. Let be the probability that he knows the answer and be the probability that
he guesses. Assuming that a student who guesses at the answer will be correct with
probability What is the probability that the student knows the answer given that he
answered it correctly?
Answer


Page 37 of 103

Let E
1
and E
2
be the respective events that the student knows the answer and he
guesses the answer.
Let A be the event that the answer is correct.

The probability that the student answered correctly, given that he knows the answer, is
1.
P (A|E
1
) = 1
Probability that the student answered correctly, given that he guessed, is .

The probability that the student knows the answer, given that he answered it correctly,
is given by .


Page 38 of 103

Question 5:
A laboratory blood test is 99% effective in detecting a certain disease when it is in fact,
present. However, the test also yields a false positive result for 0.5% of the healthy
person tested (that is, if a healthy person is tested, then, with probability 0.005, the test
will imply he has the disease). If 0.1 percent of the population actually has the disease,
what is the probability that a person has the disease given that his test result is positive?
Answer:
Let E
1
and E
2
be the respective events that a person has a disease and a person has no
disease.
Since E
1
and E
2
are events complimentary to each other,
P (E
1
) + P (E
2
) = 1
P (E
2
) = 1 P (E
1
) = 1 0.001 = 0.999


Page 39 of 103
Let A be the event that the blood test result is positive.

Probabilit
y that a person has a disease, given that his test result is positive, is given by
P (E
1
|A).

Question 6:
There are three coins. One is two headed coin (having head on both faces), another is a
biased coin that comes up heads 75% of the time and third is an unbiased coin. One of
the three coins is chosen at random and tossed, it shows heads, what is the probability
that it was the two headed coin?
Answer
Let E
1
, E
2
, and E
3
be the respective events of choosing a two headed coin, a biased coin,
and an unbiased coin.


Page 40 of 103
Let A be the event that the coin shows heads.
A two-headed coin will always show heads.

Probability of heads coming up, given that it is a biased coin= 75%

Since the third coin is unbiased, the probability that it shows heads is always .

The probability that the coin is two-headed, given that it shows heads, is given by
P (E
1
|A).

Question 7:
An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers and 6000 truck
drivers. The probability of accidents are 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15 respectively. One of the
insured persons meets with an accident. What is the probability that he is a scooter
driver?


Page 41 of 103
Answer
Let E
1
, E
2
, and E
3
be the respective events that the driver is a scooter driver, a car
driver, and a truck driver.
Let A be the event that the person meets with an accident.
There are 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers, and 6000 truck drivers.
Total number of drivers = 2000 + 4000 + 6000 = 12000
P (E
1
) = P (driver is a scooter driver)
P (E
2
) = P (driver is a car driver)
P (E
3
) = P (driver is a truck driver)

The probability that the driver is a scooter driver, given that he met with an accident, is
given by P (E
1
|A).


Page 42 of 103

Question 8:
A factory has two machines A and B. Past record shows that machine A produced 60% of
the items of output and machine B produced 40% of the items. Further, 2% of the items
produced by machine A and 1% produced by machine B were defective. All the items are
put into one stockpile and then one item is chosen at random from this and is found to
be defective. What is the probability that was produced by machine B?
Answer
Let E
1
and E
2
be the respective events of items produced by machines A and B. Let X be
the event that the produced item was found to be defective.
Probability of items produced by machine A, P (E
1
)
Probability of items produced by machine B, P (E
2
)
Probability that machine A produced defective items, P (X|E
1
)
Probability that machine B produced defective items, P (X|E
2
)
The probability that the randomly selected item was from machine B, given that it is
defective, is given by P (E
2
|X).


Page 43 of 103

Question 9:
Two groups are competing for the position on the board of directors of a corporation.
The probabilities that the first and the second groups will win are 0.6 and 0.4
respectively. Further, if the first group wins, the probability of introducing a new product
is 0.7 and the corresponding probability is 0.3 if the second group wins. Find the
probability that the new product introduced was by the second group.
Answer
Let E
1
and E
2
be the respective events that the first group and the second group win the
competition. Let A be the event of introducing a new product.
P (E
1
) = Probability that the first group wins the competition = 0.6
P (E
2
) = Probability that the second group wins the competition = 0.4
P (A|E
1
) = Probability of introducing a new product if the first group wins = 0.7
P (A|E
2
) = Probability of introducing a new product if the second group wins = 0.3
The probability that the new product is introduced by the second group is given by
P (E
2
|A).


Page 44 of 103

Question 10:
Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets a 5 or 6, she tosses a coin three times and notes
the number of heads. If she gets 1, 2, 3 or 4, she tosses a coin once and notes whether
a head or tail is obtained. If she obtained exactly one head, what is the probability that
she threw 1, 2, 3 or 4 with the die?
Answer
Let E
1
be the event that the outcome on the die is 5 or 6 and E
2
be the event that the
outcome on the die is 1, 2, 3, or 4.

Let A be the event of getting exactly one head.
P (A|E
1
) = Probability of getting exactly one head by tossing the coin three times if she
gets 5 or 6
P (A|E
2
) = Probability of getting exactly one head in a single throw of coin if she gets 1,
2, 3, or 4
The probability that the girl threw 1, 2, 3, or 4 with the die, if she obtained exactly one
head, is given by P (E
2
|A).


Page 45 of 103

Question 11:
A manufacturer has three machine operators A, B and C. The first operator A produces
1% defective items, where as the other two operators B and C produce 5% and 7%
defective items respectively. A is on the job for 50% of the time, B is on the job for 30%
of the time and C is on the job for 20% of the time. A defective item is produced, what is
the probability that was produced by A?
Answer
Let E
1
, E
2
, and E
3
be the respective events of the time consumed by machines A, B, and
C for the job.

Let X be the event of producing defective items.


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The probability that the defective item was produced by A is given by P (E
1
|A).

Question 12:
A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the pack, two cards
are drawn and are found to be both diamonds. Find the probability of the lost card being
a diamond.
Answer
Let E
1
and E
2
be the respective events of choosing a diamond card and a card which is
not diamond.
Let A denote the lost card.
Out of 52 cards, 13 cards are diamond and 39 cards are not diamond.


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When one diamond card is lost, there are 12 diamond cards out of 51 cards.
Two cards can be drawn out of 12 diamond cards in ways.
Similarly, 2 diamond cards can be drawn out of 51 cards in ways. The probability of
getting two cards, when one diamond card is lost, is given by P (A|E
1
).

When the lost card is not a diamond, there are 13 diamond cards out of 51 cards.
Two cards can be drawn out of 13 diamond cards in ways whereas 2 cards can be
drawn out of 51 cards in ways.
The probability of getting two cards, when one card is lost which is not diamond, is given
by P (A|E
2
).

The probability that the lost card is diamond is given by P (E
1
|A).


Page 48 of 103

Question 13:
Probability that A speaks truth is . A coin is tossed. A reports that a head appears. The
probability that actually there was head is
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer
Let E
1
and E
2
be the events such that
E
1
: A speaks truth
E
2
: A speaks false
Let X be the event that a head appears.

If a coin is tossed, then it may result in either head (H) or tail (T).
The probability of getting a head is whether A speaks truth or not.

The probability that there is actually a head is given by P (E
1
|X).


Page 49 of 103

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

Question 14:
If A and B are two events such that A B and P (B) 0, then which of the following is
correct?
A.
B.
C.
D. None of these
Answer
If A B, then A B = A


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P (A B) = P (A)
Also, P (A) < P (B)
Consider (1)
Consider (2)
It is known that, P (B) 1

Thus, from (3), it can be concluded that the relation given in alternative C is correct.


Page 51 of 103

Exercise 13.4

Question 1:
State which of the following are not the probability distributions of a random variable.
Give reasons for your answer.
(i)
X 0 1 2
P (X) 0.4 0.4 0.2
(ii)
X 0 1 2 3 4
P (X) 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.3
(iii)
Y 1 0 1
P (Y) 0.6 0.1 0.2
(iv)
Z 3 2 1 0 1
P (Z) 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.05
Answer
It is known that the sum of all the probabilities in a probability distribution is one.
(i) Sum of the probabilities = 0.4 + 0.4 + 0.2 = 1
Therefore, the given table is a probability distribution of random variables.
(ii) It can be seen that for X = 3, P (X) = 0.1
It is known that probability of any observation is not negative. Therefore, the given table
is not a probability distribution of random variables.
(iii) Sum of the probabilities = 0.6 + 0.1 + 0.2 = 0.9 1
Therefore, the given table is not a probability distribution of random variables.


Page 52 of 103
(iv) Sum of the probabilities = 0.3 + 0.2 + 0.4 + 0.1 + 0.05 = 1.05 1
Therefore, the given table is not a probability distribution of random variables.

Question 2:
An urn contains 5 red and 2 black balls. Two balls are randomly drawn. Let X represents
the number of black balls. What are the possible values of X? Is X a random variable?
Answer
The two balls selected can be represented as BB, BR, RB, RR, where B represents a black
ball and R represents a red ball.
X represents the number of black balls.
X (BB) = 2
X (BR) = 1
X (RB) = 1
X (RR) = 0
Therefore, the possible values of X are 0, 1, and 2.
Yes, X is a random variable.

Question 3:
Let X represents the difference between the number of heads and the number of tails
obtained when a coin is tossed 6 times. What are possible values of X?
Answer
A coin is tossed six times and X represents the difference between the number of heads
and the number of tails.
X (6 H, 0T)
X (5 H, 1 T)


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X (4 H, 2 T)
X (3 H, 3 T)
X (2 H, 4 T)
X (1 H, 5 T)
X (0H, 6 T)
Thus, the possible values of X are 6, 4, 2, and 0.

Question 4:
Find the probability distribution of
(i) number of heads in two tosses of a coin
(ii) number of tails in the simultaneous tosses of three coins
(iii) number of heads in four tosses of a coin
Answer
(i) When one coin is tossed twice, the sample space is
{HH, HT, TH, TT}
Let X represent the number of heads.
X (HH) = 2, X (HT) = 1, X (TH) = 1, X (TT) = 0
Therefore, X can take the value of 0, 1, or 2.
It is known that,

P (X = 0) = P (TT)
P (X = 1) = P (HT) + P (TH)


Page 54 of 103

P (X = 2) = P (HH)
Thus, the required probability distribution is as follows.
X 0 1 2
P (X)

(ii) When three coins are tossed simultaneously, the sample space is

Let X represent the number of tails.
It can be seen that X can take the value of 0, 1, 2, or 3.
P (X = 0) = P (HHH) =
P (X = 1) = P (HHT) + P (HTH) + P (THH) =
P (X = 2) = P (HTT) + P (THT) + P (TTH) =
P (X = 3) = P (TTT) =
Thus, the probability distribution is as follows.
X 0 1 2 3
P (X)

(iii) When a coin is tossed four times, the sample space is

Let X be the random variable, which represents the number of heads.
It can be seen that X can take the value of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.


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P (X = 0) = P (TTTT) =
P (X = 1) = P (TTTH) + P (TTHT) + P (THTT) + P (HTTT)
=
P (X = 2) = P (HHTT) + P (THHT) + P (TTHH) + P (HTTH) + P (HTHT)
+ P (THTH)
=
P (X = 3) = P (HHHT) + P (HHTH) + P (HTHH) P (THHH)
=
P (X = 4) = P (HHHH) =
X 0 1 2 3 4
P (X)

Question 5:
Find the probability distribution of the number of successes in two tosses of a die, where
a success is defined as
(i) number greater than 4
(ii) six appears on at least one die
Answer
When a die is tossed two times, we obtain (6 6) = 36 number of observations.
Let X be the random variable, which represents the number of successes.
i. Here, success refers to the number greater than 4.
P (X = 0) = P (number less than or equal to 4 on both the tosses) =


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P (X = 1) = P (number less than or equal to 4 on first toss and greater than 4 on second
toss) + P (number greater than 4 on first toss and less than or equal to 4 on second
toss)

P (X = 2) = P (number greater than 4 on both the tosses)

X 1 1 2
P (X)

(ii) Here, success means six appears on at least one die.
P (Y = 0) = P (six does not appear on any of the dice)
P (Y = 1) = P (six appears on at least one of the dice) =
Thus, the required probability distribution is as follows.
Y 0 1
P (Y)

Question 6:
From a lot of 30 bulbs which include 6 defectives, a sample of 4 bulbs is drawn at
random with replacement. Find the probability distribution of the number of defective
bulbs.
Answer
It is given that out of 30 bulbs, 6 are defective.


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Number of non-defective bulbs = 30 6 = 24
4 bulbs are drawn from the lot with replacement.
Let X be the random variable that denotes the number of defective bulbs in the selected
bulbs.
P (X = 0) = P (4 non-defective and 0 defective)
Therefore, the required probability distribution is as follows.
X 0 1 2 3 4
P (X)

Question 7:
A coin is biased so that the head is 3 times as likely to occur as tail. If the coin is tossed
twice, find the probability distribution of number of tails.
Answer
Let the probability of getting a tail in the biased coin be x.


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P (T) = x
P (H) = 3x
For a biased coin, P (T) + P (H) = 1

When the coin is tossed twice, the sample space is {HH, TT, HT, TH}.
Let X be the random variable representing the number of tails.
P (X = 0) = P (no tail) = P (H) P (H)
P (X = 1) = P (one tail) = P (HT) + P (TH)

P (X = 2) = P (two tails) = P (TT)


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X 0 1 2
P (X)

Question 8:
A random variable X has the following probability distribution.
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P (X) 0 k 2k 2k 3k k
2
2k
2
7k
2
+ k
Determine
(i) k
(ii) P (X < 3)
(iii) P (X > 6)
(iv) P (0 < X < 3)
Answer
(i) It is known that the sum of probabilities of a probability distribution of random
variables is one.

k = 1 is not possible as the probability of an event is never negative.

(ii) P (X < 3) = P (X = 0) + P (X = 1) + P (X = 2)


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(iii) P (X > 6) = P (X = 7)

(iv) P (0 < X < 3) = P (X = 1) + P (X = 2)

Question 9:
The random variable X has probability distribution P(X) of the following form, where k is
some number:

(a) Determine the value of k.
(b) Find P(X < 2), P(X 2), P(X 2).


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Answer
(a) It is known that the sum of probabilities of a probability distribution of random
variables is one.
k + 2k + 3k + 0 = 1
6k = 1
k =
(b) P(X < 2) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1)


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Question 10:
Find the mean number of heads in three tosses of a fair coin.
Answer
Let X denote the success of getting heads.
Therefore, the sample space is
S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
It can be seen that X can take the value of 0, 1, 2, or 3.

P (X = 1) = P (HHT) + P (HTH) + P (THH)

P(X = 2) = P (HHT) + P (HTH) + P (THH)


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X 0 1 2 3
P(X)

Mean of X E(X), =

Question 11:
Two dice are thrown simultaneously. If X denotes the number of sixes, find the
expectation of X.
Answer
Here, X represents the number of sixes obtained when two dice are thrown
simultaneously. Therefore, X can take the value of 0, 1, or 2.
P (X = 0) = P (not getting six on any of the dice) =


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P (X = 1) = P (six on first die and no six on second die) + P (no six on first die and six
on second die)

P (X = 2) = P (six on both the dice) =
X 0 1 2
P(X)

Then, expectation of X = E(X) =

Question 12:
Two numbers are selected at random (without replacement) from the first six positive
integers. Let X denotes the larger of the two numbers obtained. Find E(X).
Answer
The two positive integers can be selected from the first six positive integers without
replacement in 6 5 = 30 ways
X represents the larger of the two numbers obtained. Therefore, X can take the value of
2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
For X = 2, the possible observations are (1, 2) and (2, 1).

For X = 3, the possible observations are (1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 1), and (3, 2).

For X = 4, the possible observations are (1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (4, 3), (4, 2), and (4, 1).


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For X = 5, the possible observations are (1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5), (5, 4), (5, 3), (5,
2), and (5, 1).

For X = 6, the possible observations are (1, 6), (2, 6), (3, 6), (4, 6), (5, 6), (6, 4), (6,
3), (6, 2), and (6, 1).

X 2 3 4 5 6
P(X)

Question 13:
Let X denotes the sum of the numbers obtained when two fair dice are rolled. Find the
variance and standard deviation of X.
Answer
When two fair dice are rolled, 6 6 = 36 observations are obtained.
P(X = 2) = P(1, 1) =


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P(X = 3) = P (1, 2) + P(2, 1) =
P(X = 4) = P(1, 3) + P(2, 2) + P(3, 1) =
P(X = 5) = P(1, 4) + P(2, 3) + P(3, 2) + P(4, 1) =
P(X = 6) = P(1, 5) + P (2, 4) + P(3, 3) + P(4, 2) + P(5, 1) =
P(X = 7) = P(1, 6) + P(2, 5) + P(3, 4) + P(4, 3) + P(5, 2) + P(6, 1)
P(X = 8) = P(2, 6) + P(3, 5) + P(4, 4) + P(5, 3) + P(6, 2) =
P(X = 9) = P(3, 6) + P(4, 5) + P(5, 4) + P(6, 3) =
P(X = 10) = P(4, 6) + P(5, 5) + P(6, 4) =
P(X = 11) = P(5, 6) + P(6, 5) =
P(X = 12) = P(6, 6) =
X 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
P(X)


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Question 14:
A class has 15 students whose ages are 14, 17, 15, 14, 21, 17, 19, 20, 16, 18, 20, 17,
16, 19 and 20 years. One student is selected in such a manner that each has the same
chance of being chosen and the age X of the selected student is recorded. What is the
probability distribution of the random variable X? Find mean, variance and standard
deviation of X.
Answer


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There are 15 students in the class. Each student has the same chance to be chosen.
Therefore, the probability of each student to be selected is .
The given information can be compiled in the frequency table as follows.
X 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
f 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1
P(X = 14) = , P(X = 15) = , P(X = 16) = , P(X = 16) = ,
P(X = 18) = , P(X = 19) = , P(X = 20) = , P(X = 21) =
Therefore, the probability distribution of random variable X is as follows.
X 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
f

Then, mean of X = E(X)

E(X
2
) =


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Question 15:
In a meeting, 70% of the members favour and 30% oppose a certain proposal. A
member is selected at random and we take X = 0 if he opposed, and X = 1 if he is in
favour. Find E(X) and Var(X).
Answer
It is given that P(X = 0) = 30% =

Therefore, the probability distribution is as follows.
X 0 1
P(X) 0.3 0.7


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It is known that, Var (X) =
= 0.7 (0.7)
2

= 0.7 0.49
= 0.21

Question 16:
The mean of the numbers obtained on throwing a die having written 1 on three faces, 2
on two faces and 5 on one face is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 5 (D)
Answer
Let X be the random variable representing a number on the die.
The total number of observations is six.

Therefore, the probability distribution is as follows.
X 1 2 5
P(X)

Mean = E(X) =


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Question 17:
Suppose that two cards are drawn at random from a deck of cards. Let X be the number
of aces obtained. Then the value of E(X) is
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Answer
Let X denote the number of aces obtained. Therefore, X can take any of the values of 0,
1, or 2.
In a deck of 52 cards, 4 cards are aces. Therefore, there are 48 non-ace cards.
P (X = 0) = P (0 ace and 2 non-ace cards) =
P (X = 1) = P (1 ace and 1 non-ace cards) =
P (X = 2) = P (2 ace and 0 non- ace cards) =
X 0 1 2


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P(X)

Then, E(X) =

Therefore, the correct answer is D.


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Exercise 13.5

Question 1:
A die is thrown 6 times. If getting an odd number is a success, what is the probability of
(i) 5 successes? (ii) at least 5 successes?
(iii) at most 5 successes?
Answer
The repeated tosses of a die are Bernoulli trials. Let X denote the number of successes of
getting odd numbers in an experiment of 6 trials.
Probability of getting an odd number in a single throw of a die is,

X has a binomial distribution.
Therefore, P (X = x) =

(i) P (5 successes) = P (X = 5)

(ii) P(at least 5 successes) = P(X 5)


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(iii) P (at most 5 successes) = P(X 5)

Question 2:
A pair of dice is thrown 4 times. If getting a doublet is considered a success, find the
probability of two successes.
Answer
The repeated tosses of a pair of dice are Bernoulli trials. Let X denote the number of
times of getting doublets in an experiment of throwing two dice simultaneously four
times.
Probability of getting doublets in a single throw of the pair of dice is

Clearly, X has the binomial distribution with n = 4,


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P (2 successes) = P (X = 2)

Question 3:
There are 5% defective items in a large bulk of items. What is the probability that a
sample of 10 items will include not more than one defective item?
Answer
Let X denote the number of defective items in a sample of 10 items drawn successively.
Since the drawing is done with replacement, the trials are Bernoulli trials.

X has a binomial distribution with n = 10 and
P(X = x) =

P (not more than 1 defective item) = P (X 1)


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Question 4:
Five cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well-shuffled deck of 52
cards. What is the probability that
(i) all the five cards are spades?
(ii) only 3 cards are spades?
(iii) none is a spade?
Answer
Let X represent the number of spade cards among the five cards drawn. Since the
drawing of card is with replacement, the trials are Bernoulli trials.
In a well shuffled deck of 52 cards, there are 13 spade cards.


(i) P (all five cards are spades) = P(X = 5)


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(ii) P (only 3 cards are spades) = P(X = 3)

(iii) P (none is a spade) = P(X = 0)

Question 5:
The probability that a bulb produced by a factory will fuse after 150 days of use is 0.05.
What is the probability that out of 5 such bulbs
(i) none
(ii) not more than one
(iii) more than one
(iv) at least one
will fuse after 150 days of use.
Answer
Let X represent the number of bulbs that will fuse after 150 days of use in an experiment
of 5 trials. The trials are Bernoulli trials.
It is given that, p = 0.05


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X has a binomial distribution with n = 5 and p = 0.05

(i) P (none) = P(X = 0)

(ii) P (not more than one) = P(X 1)

(iii) P (more than 1) = P(X > 1)

(iv) P (at least one) = P(X 1)


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Question 6:
A bag consists of 10 balls each marked with one of the digits 0 to 9. If four balls are
drawn successively with replacement from the bag, what is the probability that none is
marked with the digit 0?
Answer
Let X denote the number of balls marked with the digit 0 among the 4 balls drawn.
Since the balls are drawn with replacement, the trials are Bernoulli trials.

P (none marked with 0) = P (X = 0)

Question 7:
In an examination, 20 questions of true-false type are asked. Suppose a student tosses
a fair coin to determine his answer to each question. If the coin falls heads, he answers
true; if it falls tails, he answers false. Find the probability that he answers at least 12
questions correctly.
Answer
Let X represent the number of correctly answered questions out of 20 questions.


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The repeated tosses of a coin are Bernoulli trails. Since head on a coin represents the
true answer and tail represents the false answer, the correctly answered questions are
Bernoulli trials.
p =

X has a binomial distribution with n = 20 and p =

P (at least 12 questions answered correctly) = P(X 12)

Question 8:
Suppose X has a binomial distribution . Show that X = 3 is the most likely
outcome.
(Hint: P(X = 3) is the maximum among all P (x
i
), x
i
= 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
Answer


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X is the random variable whose binomial distribution is .
Therefore, n = 6 and

It can be seen that P(X = x) will be maximum, if will be maximum.

The value of is maximum. Therefore, for x = 3, P(X = x) is maximum.
Thus, X = 3 is the most likely outcome.

Question 9:
On a multiple choice examination with three possible answers for each of the five
questions, what is the probability that a candidate would get four or more correct
answers just by guessing?
Answer
The repeated guessing of correct answers from multiple choice questions are Bernoulli
trials. Let X represent the number of correct answers by guessing in the set of 5 multiple
choice questions.


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Probability of getting a correct answer is, p

Clearly, X has a binomial distribution with n = 5 and p

P (guessing more than 4 correct answers) = P(X 4)

Question 10:
A person buys a lottery ticket in 50 lotteries, in each of which his chance of winning a
prize is . What is the probability that he will in a prize (a) at least once (b) exactly
once (c) at least twice?
Answer
Let X represent the number of winning prizes in 50 lotteries. The trials are Bernoulli
trials.
Clearly, X has a binomial distribution with n = 50 and


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(a) P (winning at least once) = P (X 1)

(b) P (winning exactly once) = P(X = 1)

(c) P (at least twice) = P(X 2)


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Question 11:
Find the probability of getting 5 exactly twice in 7 throws of a die.
Answer
The repeated tossing of a die are Bernoulli trials. Let X represent the number of times of
getting 5 in 7 throws of the die.
Probability of getting 5 in a single throw of the die, p

Clearly, X has the probability distribution with n = 7 and p

P (getting 5 exactly twice) = P(X = 2)


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Question 12:
Find the probability of throwing at most 2 sixes in 6 throws of a single die.
Answer
The repeated tossing of the die are Bernoulli trials. Let X represent the number of times
of getting sixes in 6 throws of the die.
Probability of getting six in a single throw of die, p

Clearly, X has a binomial distribution with n = 6

P (at most 2 sixes) = P(X 2)


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Question 13:
It is known that 10% of certain articles manufactured are defective. What is the
probability that in a random sample of 12 such articles, 9 are defective?
Answer
The repeated selections of articles in a random sample space are Bernoulli trails. Let X
denote the number of times of selecting defective articles in a random sample space of
12 articles.
Clearly, X has a binomial distribution with n = 12 and p = 10% =


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P (selecting 9 defective articles) =

Question 14:
In a box containing 100 bulbs, 10 are defective. The probability that out of a sample of 5
bulbs, none is defective is
(A) 10
1

(B)
(C)
(D)
Answer
The repeated selections of defective bulbs from a box are Bernoulli trials. Let X denote
the number of defective bulbs out of a sample of 5 bulbs.
Probability of getting a defective bulb, p


P (none of the bulbs is defective) = P(X = 0)


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Question 15:
The probability that a student is not a swimmer is . Then the probability that out of five
students, four are swimmers is
(A) (B)
(C) (D) None of these
Answer
The repeated selection of students who are swimmers are Bernoulli trials. Let X denote
the number of students, out of 5 students, who are swimmers.
Probability of students who are not swimmers, q


P (four students are swimmers) = P(X = 4)
Therefore, the correct answer is A.


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Question 1:
A and B are two events such that P (A) 0. Find P (B|A), if
(i) A is a subset of B (ii) A B =
Answer
It is given that, P (A) 0
(i) A is a subset of B.

(ii)

Question 2:
A couple has two children,
(i) Find the probability that both children are males, if it is known that at least one of the
children is male.
(ii) Find the probability that both children are females, if it is known that the elder child
is a female.
Answer
If a couple has two children, then the sample space is
S = {(b, b), (b, g), (g, b), (g, g)}
(i) Let E and F respectively denote the events that both children are males and at least
one of the children is a male.


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(ii) Let A and B respectively denote the events that both children are females and the
elder child is a female.

Question 3:
Suppose that 5% of men and 0.25% of women have grey hair. A haired person is
selected at random. What is the probability of this person being male?
Assume that there are equal number of males and females.
Answer
It is given that 5% of men and 0.25% of women have grey hair.
Therefore, percentage of people with grey hair = (5 + 0.25) % = 5.25%
Probability that the selected haired person is a male


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Question 4:
Suppose that 90% of people are right-handed. What is the probability that at most 6 of a
random sample of 10 people are right-handed?
Answer
A person can be either right-handed or left-handed.
It is given that 90% of the people are right-handed.

Using binomial distribution, the probability that more than 6 people are right-handed is
given by,

Therefore, the probability that at most 6 people are right-handed
= 1 P (more than 6 are right-handed)

Question 5:
An urn contains 25 balls of which 10 balls bear a mark X and the remaining 15 bear a
mark Y. A ball is drawn at random from the urn, its mark is noted down and it is
replaced. If 6 balls are drawn in this way, find the probability that
(i) all will bear X mark.
(ii) not more than 2 will bear Y mark.
(iii) at least one ball will bear Y mark
(iv) the number of balls with X mark and Y mark will be equal.
Answer
Total number of balls in the urn = 25
Balls bearing mark X = 10
Balls bearing mark Y = 15


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p = P (ball bearing mark X) =
q = P (ball bearing mark Y) =
Six balls are drawn with replacement. Therefore, the number of trials are Bernoulli trials.
Let Z be the random variable that represents the number of balls with Y mark on them
in the trials.
Clearly, Z has a binomial distribution with n = 6 and p = .
P (Z = z) =
(i) P (all will bear X mark) = P (Z = 0) =
(ii) P (not more than 2 bear Y mark) = P (Z 2)
= P (Z = 0) + P (Z = 1) + P (Z = 2)

(iii) P (at least one ball bears Y mark) = P (Z 1) = 1 P (Z = 0)

(iv) P (equal number of balls with X mark and Y mark) = P (Z = 3)


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=

Question 6:
In a hurdle race, a player has to cross 10 hurdles. The probability that he will clear each
hurdle is . What is the probability that he will knock down fewer than 2 hurdles?
Answer
Let p and q respectively be the probabilities that the player will clear and knock down
the hurdle.

Let X be the random variable that represents the number of times the player will knock
down the hurdle.
Therefore, by binomial distribution, we obtain
P (X = x) =
P (player knocking down less than 2 hurdles) = P (X < 2)
= P (X = 0) + P (X = 1)
=


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Question 7:
A die is thrown again and again until three sixes are obtained. Find the probability of
obtaining the third six in the sixth throw of the die.
Answer
The probability of getting a six in a throw of die is and not getting a six is .
Let
The probability that the 2 sixes come in the first five throws of the die is

Probability that third six comes in the sixth throw =


Page 95 of 103

Question 8:
If a leap year is selected at random, what is the chance that it will contain 53 Tuesdays?
Answer
In a leap year, there are 366 days i.e., 52 weeks and 2 days.
In 52 weeks, there are 52 Tuesdays.
Therefore, the probability that the leap year will contain 53 Tuesdays is equal to the
probability that the remaining 2 days will be Tuesdays.
The remaining 2 days can be
Monday and Tuesday
Tuesday and Wednesday
Wednesday and Thursday
Thursday and Friday
Friday and Saturday
Saturday and Sunday
Sunday and Monday
Total number of cases = 7
Favourable cases = 2
Probability that a leap year will have 53 Tuesdays =

Question 9:
An experiment succeeds twice as often as it fails. Find the probability that in the next six
trials, there will be at least 4 successes.
Answer
The probability of success is twice the probability of failure.
Let the probability of failure be x.
Probability of success = 2x


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Let p = and q =
Let X be the random variable that represents the number of successes in six trials.
By binomial distribution, we obtain
P (X = x) =
Probability of at least 4 successes = P (X 4)
= P (X = 4) + P (X = 5) + P (X = 6)

Question 10:
How many times must a man toss a fair coin so that the probability of having at least
one head is more than 90%?
Answer
Let the man toss the coin n times. The n tosses are n Bernoulli trials.
Probability (p) of getting a head at the toss of a coin is .
p = q =

It is given that,


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P (getting at least one head) >
P (x 1) > 0.9
1 P (x = 0) > 0.9

The minimum value of n that satisfies the given inequality is 4.
Thus, the man should toss the coin 4 or more than 4 times.

Question 11:
In a game, a man wins a rupee for a six and loses a rupee for any other number when a
fair die is thrown. The man decided to throw a die thrice but to quit as and when he gets
a six. Find the expected value of the amount he wins/loses.
Answer
In a throw of a die, the probability of getting a six is and the probability of not getting
a 6 is .
Three cases can occur.
i. If he gets a six in the first throw, then the required probability is .
Amount he will receive = Re 1
ii. If he does not get a six in the first throw and gets a six in the second throw, then
probability =
Amount he will receive = Re 1 + Re 1 = 0


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iii. If he does not get a six in the first two throws and gets a six in the third throw,
then probability =
Amount he will receive = Re 1 Re 1 + Re 1 = 1
Expected value he can win

Question 12:
Suppose we have four boxes. A, B, C and D containing coloured marbles as given below:
Box Marble colour
Red White Black
A 1 6 3
B 6 2 2
C 8 1 1
D 0 6 4
One of the boxes has been selected at random and a single marble is drawn from it. If
the marble is red, what is the probability that it was drawn from box A?, box B?, box C?
Answer
Let R be the event of drawing the red marble.
Let E
A
, E
B
, and E
C
respectively denote the events of selecting the box A, B, and C.
Total number of marbles = 40
Number of red marbles = 15


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Probability of drawing the red marble from box A is given by P (E
A
|R).

Probability that the red marble is from box B is P (E
B
|R).

Probability that the red marble is from box C is P (E
C
|R).

Question 13:
Assume that the chances of the patient having a heart attack are 40%. It is also
assumed that a meditation and yoga course reduce the risk of heart attack by 30% and
prescription of certain drug reduces its chances by 25%. At a time a patient can choose
any one of the two options with equal probabilities. It is given that after going through
one of the two options the patient selected at random suffers a heart attack. Find the
probability that the patient followed a course of meditation and yoga?
Answer
Let A, E
1
, and E
2
respectively denote the events that a person has a heart attack, the
selected person followed the course of yoga and meditation, and the person adopted the
drug prescription.


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Probability that the patient suffering a heart attack followed a course of meditation and
yoga is given by P (E
1
|A).

Question 14:
If each element of a second order determinant is either zero or one, what is the
probability that the value of the determinant is positive? (Assume that the individual
entries of the determinant are chosen independently, each value being assumed with
probability ).
Answer
The total number of determinants of second order with each element being 0 or 1 is (2)
4

= 16
The value of determinant is positive in the following cases.
Required probability =

Question 15:
An electronic assembly consists of two subsystems, say, A and B. From previous testing
procedures, the following probabilities are assumed to be known:
P(A fails) = 0.2
P(B fails alone) = 0.15
P(A and B fail) = 0.15
Evaluate the following probabilities
(i) P(A fails| B has failed) (ii) P(A fails alone)


Page 101 of 103

Answer
Let the event in which A fails and B fails be denoted by E
A
and E
B
.
P (E
A
) = 0.2
P (E
A
E
B
) = 0.15
P (B fails alone) = P (E
B
) P (E
A
E
B
)
0.15 = P (E
B
) 0.15
P (E
B
) = 0.3
(i)
(ii) P (A fails alone) = P (E
A
) P (E
A
E
B
)
= 0.2 0.15
= 0.05

Question 16:
Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls and Bag II contains 4 red and 5 black balls. One
ball is transferred from Bag I to Bag II and then a ball is drawn from Bag II. The ball so
drawn is found to be red in colour. Find the probability that the transferred ball is black.
Answer
Let E
1
and E
2
respectively denote the events that a red ball is transferred from bag I to II
and a black ball is transferred from bag I to II.

Let A be the event that the ball drawn is red.
When a red ball is transferred from bag I to II,

When a black ball is transferred from bag I to II,


Page 102 of 103

Question 17:
If A and B are two events such that P (A) 0 and P(B|A) = 1, then.
(A) A B
(B) B A
(C) B =
(D) A =
Answer
P (A) 0 and

Thus, the correct answer is A.

Question 18:
If P (A|B) > P (A), then which of the following is correct:
(A) P (B|A) < P (B) (B) P (A B) < P (A).P (B)
(C) P (B|A) > P (B) (D) P (B|A) = P (B)
Answer


Page 103 of 103

Thus, the correct answer is C.

Question 19:
If A and B are any two events such that P (A) + P (B) P (A and B) = P (A), then
(A) P (B|A) = 1 (B) P (A|B) = 1
(C) P (B|A) = 0 (D) P (A|B) = 0
Answer

Thus, the correct answer is B.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 12th Maths Chapter 1

Relations and Functions

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