Study On E-COMMERCE by Altanai Bisht

Personal Study Notes
by - Altanai Bisht
tara181989@gmail.com http://altanaitelecom.wordpress.com

Study Topic
e-Commerce

By :
Altanai Bisht
7th Semester
Bachelor of Technology
Anna University


by - Altanai Bisht
IT1007 ELECTRONICS COMMERCE

UNIT I 9

Introduction Electronic Commerce Framework The Anatomy of E-Commerce Applications.
The Network Infrastructure for E-Commerce, The Internet as a Network Infrastructure.

UNIT II 9

Electronic Payment Systems, Interorganizational Commerce and EDI, EDI Implementation, MIME
and Value added Networks.

UNIT III 9

Advertising and Marketing on the Internet, Computer Based Education and Training,
Technological Components of Education on-Demand, Digital Copy rights and Electronic
Commerce, Software Agent.

UNIT IV 9

The Corporate Digital Library Dimensions of Internal Electronics Commerce Systems, Making a
Business case for a document Library, Types of Digital documents, Issues behind document
Infrastructure, Corporate data warehouses, Documents Active / Compound document
architecture.

UNIT V 9

Multimedia and Digital Video Broad band Telecommunications Mobile and Wireless
Computing Fundamentals.

TEXT BOOK
1. Frontiers of Electronic Commerce, Kalakota & Whinston, Pearson Education, 2002.

REFERENCES
1. Kamalesh K. Bajaj, E-Commerce: The Cutting Edge & Business, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2003.
2. Brenda Kennan, Managing your E-Commerce Business, PHI, 2001.
3. Electronic Commerce from Vision to Fulfillment, PHI, Elias M. Awad, Feb-2003.
4. Electronic Commerce Framework, Technology and Application, TMH, Bharat Bhaskar,
2003.
5. Effy Oz, Foundations of E-Commerce, PHI, 2001.
6. Jim A Carter, Developing E-Commerce Systems, PHI, 2001.


by - Altanai Bisht
ELECTRONIC COMMERCE

Introduction
Electronic commerce, commonly known as (electronic marketing) e-commerce or
eCommerce, consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems
such as the Internet and other computer networks. The amount of trade conducted electronically
has grown extraordinarily with widespread Internet usage. The use of commerce is conducted in
this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain
management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI),
inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic
commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at some point in the transaction's lifecycle,
although it can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as well.
A large percentage of electronic commerce is conducted entirely electronically for virtual items
such as access to premium content on a website, but most electronic commerce involves the
transportation of physical items in some way. Online retailers are sometimes known as e-tailers
and online retail is sometimes known as e-tail. Almost all big retailers have electronic commerce
presence on the World Wide Web.
Electronic commerce that is conducted between businesses is referred to as business-to-business or
B2B. B2B can be open to all interested parties (e.g. commodity exchange) or limited to specific, pre-
qualified participants (private electronic market). Electronic commerce that is conducted between
businesses and consumers, on the other hand, is referred to as business-to-consumer or B2C. This
is the type of electronic commerce conducted by companies such as Amazon.com.
Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of
the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of the business transactions.

by - Altanai Bisht
Early development
The meaning of electronic commerce has changed over the last 30 years. Originally, electronic
commerce meant the facilitation of commercial transactions electronically, using technology such
as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). These were both
introduced in the late 1970s, allowing businesses to send commercial documents like purchase
orders or invoices electronically. The growth and acceptance of credit cards, automated teller
machines (ATM) and telephone banking in the 1980s were also forms of electronic commerce.
Another form of e-commerce was the airline reservation system typified by Sabre in the USA and
Travicom in the UK.
Online shopping is an important component of electronic commerce. From the 1990s onwards,
electronic commerce would additionally include enterprise resource planning systems (ERP), data
mining and data warehousing.

An early example of many-to-many electronic commerce in physical goods was the Boston
Computer Exchange, a marketplace for used computers launched in 1982. An early online
information marketplace, including online consulting, was the American Information Exchange,
another pre Internet

online system introduced in 1991.

In 1990 Tim Berners-Lee invented the WorldWideWeb web browser and transformed an academic
telecommunication network into a worldwide everyman everyday communication system called
internet/www. Commercial enterprise on the Internet was strictly prohibited until 1991 .
[1]

Although the Internet became popular worldwide around 1994 when the first internet online
shopping started, it took about five years to introduce security protocols and DSL allowing
continual connection to the Internet. By the end of 2000, many European and American business
companies offered their services through the World Wide Web. Since then people began to

by - Altanai Bisht
associate a word "ecommerce" with the ability of purchasing various goods through the Internet
using secure protocols and electronic payment services.
Timeline
1982: Minitel was introduced nationwide in France by France Telecom and used for online
ordering.
1987: Swreg begins to provide software and shareware authors means to sell their products
online through an electronic Merchant account.
1990: Tim Berners-Lee writes the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, using a NeXT
computer.
1992: J.H. Snider and Terra Ziporyn publish Future Shop: How New Technologies Will
Change the Way We Shop and What We Buy. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312063598.
1994: Netscape releases the Navigator browser in October under the code name Mozilla.
Pizza Hut offers pizza ordering on its Web page. The first online bank opens. Attempts to
offer flower delivery and magazine subscriptions online. Adult materials also become
commercially available, as do cars and bikes. Netscape 1.0 is introduced in late 1994 SSL
encryption that made transactions secure.
1995: Jeff Bezos launches Amazon.com and the first commercial-free 24 hour, internet-only
radio stations, Radio HK and NetRadio start broadcasting. Dell and Cisco begin to
aggressively use Internet for commercial transactions. eBay is founded by computer
programmer Pierre Omidyar as AuctionWeb.
1998: Electronic postal stamps can be purchased and downloaded for printing from the
Web.
1999: Business.com sold for US $7.5 million to eCompanies, which was purchased in 1997
for US $149,000. The peer-to-peer filesharing software Napster launches. ATG Stores
launches to sell decorative items for the home online.
2000: The dot-com bust.

by - Altanai Bisht
2002: eBay acquires PayPal for $1.5 billion
[2]
. Niche retail companies CSN Stores and
NetShops are founded with the concept of selling products through several targeted
domains, rather than a central portal.
2003: Amazon.com posts first yearly profit.
2007: Business.com acquired by R.H. Donnelley for $345 million
[3]
.
2008: US eCommerce and Online Retail sales projected to have reached $204 billion, an
increase of 17 percent over 2007
[4]
.
Business applications
Some common applications related to electronic commerce are the following:
Email
Enterprise content management
Instant messaging
Newsgroups
Online shopping and order tracking
Online banking
Online office suites
Domestic and international payment systems
Shopping cart software
Teleconferencing
Electronic tickets
Forms
Contemporary electronic commerce involves everything from ordering "digital" content for
immediate online consumption, to ordering conventional goods and services, to "meta" services to
facilitate other types of electronic commerce.

by - Altanai Bisht
On the consumer level, electronic commerce is mostly conducted on the World Wide
Web. An individual can go online to purchase anything from books or groceries, to expensive
items like real estate. Another example would be online banking, i.e. online bill payments, buying
stocks, transferring funds from one account to another, and initiating wire payment to another
country. All of these activities can be done with a few strokes of the keyboard.
On the institutional level, big corporations and financial institutions use the internet to exchange
financial data to facilitate domestic and international business. Data integrity and security are very
hot and pressing issues for electronic commerce today.
Example applications
E-mail
Electronic mail, most commonly abbreviated email and e-mail, is a method of exchanging
digital messages. E-mail systems are based on a store-and-forward model in which e-mail
computer server systems accept, forward, deliver and store messages on behalf of users, who only
need to connect to the e-mail infrastructure, typically an e-mail server, with a network-enabled
device for the duration of message submission or retrieval. Originally, e-mail was always
transmitted directly from one user's device to another's; nowadays this is rarely the case.
An electronic mail message consists of two components, the message header, and the message body,
which is the email's content. The message header contains control information, including,
minimally, an originator's email address and one or more recipient addresses. Usually additional
information is added, such as a subject header field.
Originally a text-only communications medium, email was extended to carry multi-
media content attachments, which were standardized in with RFC 2045 through RFC 2049,
collectively called, Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME).

by - Altanai Bisht
The foundation for today's global Internet e-mail service was created in the early ARPANET and
standards for encoding of messages were proposed as early as 1973 (RFC 561). An e-mail sent in
the early 1970s looked very similar to one sent on the Internet today. Conversion from the
ARPANET to the Internet in the early 1980s produced the core of the current service.
Network-based email was initially exchanged on the ARPANET in extensions to the File Transfer
Protocol (FTP), but is today carried by the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), first published
as Internet standard 10 (RFC 821) in 1982. In the process of transporting e-mail messages between
systems, SMTP communicates delivery parameters using a message envelope separately from the
message (header and body) itself.
Operation overview
The diagram to the right shows a typical sequence of event

that takes place when Alice
composes a message using her mail user agent (MUA) She enters the e-mail address of her
correspondent, and hits the "send" button.


by - Altanai Bisht
1. Here MUA formats the message in e-mail format and uses the Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol (SMTP) to send the message to the local mail transfer agent (MTA), in this case
smtp.a.org, run by Alice's Internet Service Provider (ISP).
2. The MTA looks at the destination address provided in the SMTP protocol (not from the
message header), in this case bob@b.org. An Internet e-mail address is a string of the form
localpart@exampledomain. The part before the @ sign is the local part of the address, often
the username of the recipient, and the part after the @ sign is a domain name or a fully
qualified domain name. The MTA resolves a domain name to determine the fully qualified
domain name of the mail exchange server in the Domain Name System (DNS).
3. The DNS server for the b.org domain, ns.b.org, responds with any MX records listing the
mail exchange servers for that domain, in this case mx.b.org, a server run by Bob's ISP.
4. smtp.a.org sends the message to mx.b.org using SMTP, which delivers it to the mailbox of
the user bob.
5. Bob presses the "get mail" button in his MUA, which picks up the message using the Post
Office Protocol (POP3).
That sequence of events applies to the majority of e-mail users. However, there are many
alternative possibilities and complications to the e-mail system:
Alice or Bob may use a client connected to a corporate e-mail system, such as IBM Lotus
Notes or Microsoft Exchange. These systems often have their own internal e-mail format
and their clients typically communicate with the e-mail server using a vendor-specific,
proprietary protocol. The server sends or receives e-mail via the Internet through the
product's Internet mail gateway which also does any necessary reformatting. If Alice and
Bob work for the same company, the entire transaction may happen completely within a
single corporate e-mail system.
Alice may not have a MUA on her computer but instead may connect to a webmail service.
Alice's computer may run its own MTA, so avoiding the transfer at step 1.

by - Altanai Bisht
Bob may pick up his e-mail in many ways, for example using the Internet Message Access
Protocol, by logging into mx.b.org and reading it directly, or by using a webmail service.
Domains usually have several mail exchange servers so that they can continue to accept
mail when the main mail exchange server is not available.
E-mail messages are not secure if e-mail encryption is not used correctly.
Many MTAs used to accept messages for any recipient on the Internet and do their best to deliver
them. Such MTAs are called open mail relays. This was very important in the early days of the
Internet when network connections were unreliable. If an MTA couldn't reach the destination, it
could at least deliver it to a relay closer to the destination. The relay stood a better chance of
delivering the message at a later time. However, this mechanism proved to be exploitable by
people sending unsolicited bulk e-mail and as a consequence very few modern MTAs are open
mail relays, and many MTAs don't accept messages from open mail relays because such messages
are very likely to be spam.
Message format
The Internet e-mail message format is defined in RFC 5322 and a series of RFCs, RFC 2045
through RFC 2049, collectively called, Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions, or MIME. Although as
of July 13, 2005, RFC 2822 is technically a proposed IETF standard and the MIME RFCs are draft
IETF standards,
[23]
these documents are the standards for the format of Internet e-mail. Prior to the
introduction of RFC 2822 in 2001, the format described by RFC 822 was the standard for Internet e-
mail for nearly 20 years; it is still the official IETF standard. The IETF reserved the numbers 5321
and 5322 for the updated versions of RFC 2821 (SMTP) and RFC 2822, as it previously did with
RFC 821 and RFC 822, honoring the extreme importance of these two RFCs. RFC 822 was
published in 1982 and based on the earlier RFC 733 .


by - Altanai Bisht

Internet e-mail messages consist of two major sections:
Header Structured into fields such as summary, sender, receiver, and other information
about the e-mail.
Body The message itself as unstructured text; sometimes containing a signature block at
the end. This is exactly the same as the body of a regular letter.
The header is separated from the body by a blank line.
Message header
Each message has exactly one header, which is structured into fields. Each field has a name
and a value. RFC 5322 specifies the precise syntax.
Informally, each line of text in the header that begins with a printable character begins a separate
field. The field name starts in the first character of the line and ends before the separator character
":". The separator is then followed by the field value (the "body" of the field). The value is
continued onto subsequent lines if those lines have a space or tab as their first character. Field
names and values are restricted to 7-bit ASCII characters. Non-ASCII values may be represented
using MIME encoded words.
Header fields
The message header should include at least the following fields:
From: The e-mail address, and optionally the name of the author(s). In many e-mail clients
not changeable except through changing account settings.
To: The e-mail address(es), and optionally name(s) of the message's recipient(s). Indicates
primary recipients (multiple allowed), for secondary recipients see Cc: and Bcc: below.

by - Altanai Bisht
Subject: A brief summary of the topic of the message. Certain abbreviations are commonly
used in the subject, including "RE:" and "FW:" Date: The local time and date when the
message was written. Like the From: field, many email clients fill this in automatically when
sending. The recipient's client may then display the time in the format and time zone local
to her.
Message-ID: Also an automatically generated field; used to prevent multiple delivery and
for reference in In-Reply-To: (see below).
Note that the To: field is not necessarily related to the addresses to which the message is delivered.
The actual delivery list is supplied separately to the transport protocol, SMTP, which may or may
not originally have been extracted from the header content. The "To:" field is similar to the
addressing at the top of a conventional letter which is delivered according to the address on the
outer envelope. Also note that the "From:" field does not have to be the real sender of the e-mail
message. One reason is that it is very easy to fake the "From:" field and let a message seem to be
from any mail address. It is possible to digitally sign e-mail, which is much harder to fake, but
such signatures require extra programming and often external programs to verify. Some Internet
service providers do not relay e-mail claiming to come from a domain not hosted by them, but
very few (if any) check to make sure that the person or even e-mail address named in the "From:"
field is the one associated with the connection. Some Internet service providers apply e-mail
authentication systems to e-mail being sent through their MTA to allow other MTAs to detect
forged spam that might appear to come from them.
RFC 3864 describes registration procedures for message header fields at the IANA; it provides for
permanent and provisional message header field names, including also fields defined for MIME,
netnews, and http, and referencing relevant RFCs. Common header fields for email include:
Bcc: Blind Carbon Copy; addresses added to the SMTP delivery list but not (usually) listed
in the message data, remaining invisible to other recipients.

by - Altanai Bisht
Cc: Carbon copy; Many e-mail clients will mark e-mail in your inbox differently depending
on whether you are in the To: or Cc: list.
Content-Type: Information about how the message is to be displayed, usually a MIME
type.
In-Reply-To: Message-ID of the message that this is a reply to. Used to link related
messages together.
Precedence: commonly with values "bulk", "junk", or "list"; used to indicate that automated
"vacation" or "out of office" responses should not be returned for this mail, eg. to prevent
vacation notices from being sent to all other subscribers of a mailinglist.
Received: Tracking information generated by mail servers that have previously handled a
message, in reverse order (last handler first).
References: Message-ID of the message that this is a reply to, and the message-id of the
message the previous was reply a reply to, etc.
Reply-To: Address that should be used to reply to the message.
Sender: Address of the actual sender acting on behalf of the author listed in the From: field
(secretary, list manager, etc.).
Content encoding
E-mail was originally designed for 7-bit ASCII. Much e-mail software is 8-bit clean but must
assume it will communicate with 8-bit servers and mail readers. The MIME standard introduced
character set specifiers and two content transfer encodings to enable transmission of non-ASCII
data: quoted printable for mostly 7 bit content with a few characters outside that range and base64
for arbitrary binary data. The 8BITMIME extension was introduced to allow transmission of mail
without the need for these encodings but many mail transport agents still do not support it fully.
In some countries, several encoding schemes coexist; as the result, by default, the message in a
non-Latin alphabet language appears in non-readable form (the only exception is coincidence,
when the sender and receiver use the same encoding scheme). Therefore, for international

by - Altanai Bisht
character sets, Unicode is growing in popularity.
Plain text and HTML
Most modern graphic e-mail clients allow the use of either plain text or HTML for the
message body at the option of the user. HTML e-mail messages often include an automatically-
generated plain text copy as well, for compatibility reasons.
Advantages of HTML include the ability to include inline links and images, set apart
previous messages in block quotes, wrap naturally on any display, use emphasis such as
underlines and italics, and change font styles. Disadvantages include the increased size of the
email, privacy concerns about web bugs, abuse of HTML email as a vector for phishing attacks
and the spread of malicious software.
Mailing lists commonly insist that all posts to be made in plain-text
[27][28][29]
for all the
above reasons, but also because they have a significant number of readers using text-based e-mail
clients such as Mutt.
Some Microsoft e-mail clients have allowed richer formatting by using RTF rather than
HTML, but unless the recipient is guaranteed to have a compatible e-mail client this should be
avoided.
Servers and client applications

by - Altanai Bisht

The interface of an e-mail client, Thunderbird.
Messages are exchanged between hosts using the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol with
software programs called mail transfer agents. Users can retrieve their messages from servers
using standard protocols such as POP or IMAP, or, as is more likely in a large corporate

by - Altanai Bisht
environment, with a proprietary protocol specific to Lotus Notes or Microsoft Exchange Servers.
Webmail interfaces allow users to access their mail with any standard web browser, from any
computer, rather than relying on an e-mail client.
Mail can be stored on the client, on the server side, or in both places. Standard formats for
mailboxes include Maildir and mbox. Several prominent e-mail clients use their own proprietary
format and require conversion software to transfer e-mail between them.
Accepting a message obliges an MTA to deliver it, and when a message cannot be
delivered, that MTA must send a bounce message back to the sender, indicating the problem.
Filename extensions
Upon reception of e-mail messages, e-mail client applications save message in operating
system files in the filesystem. Some clients save individual messages as separate files, while others
use various database formats, often proprietary, for collective storage. A historical standard of
storage is the mbox format. The specific format used is often indicated by special filename
extensions:
eml
Used by many e-mail clients including Microsoft Outlook Express, Windows Mail and
Mozilla Thunderbird.
[31]
The files are plain text in MIME format, containing the e-mail
header as well as the message contents and attachments in one or more of several formats.
emlx
Used by Apple Mail.
msg
Used by Microsoft Office Outlook.
mbx
Used by Opera Mail, KMail, and Apple Mail based on the mbox format.

by - Altanai Bisht
Some applications (like Apple Mail) also encode attachments into messages for searching while
also producing a physical copy of the files on a disk. Others separate attachments from messages
by depositing them into designated folders on disk.
URI scheme mailto:
The URI scheme, as registered with the IANA, defines the mailto: scheme for SMTP email
addresses. Though its use is not strictly defined, URLs of this form are intended to be used to open
the new message window of the user's mail client when the URL is activated, with the address as
defined by the URL in the To: field.
[

Teleconference
A teleconference or teleseminar is the live exchange and mass articulation of information among
several persons and machines remote from one another but linked by a telecommunications
system. Terms such as audio conferencing, telephone conferencing and phone conferencing are
also sometimes used to refer to teleconferencing.
The telecommunications system may support the teleconference by providing one or more of the
following audio, video, and/or data services by one or more means, such as telephone, computer,
telegraph, teletype, radio, and television.
Internet tele conferencing
Internet teleconferencing includes internet telephone conferencing, videoconferencing, and
Augmented Reality conferencing.
Internet telephony involves conducting a teleconference over the Internet or a Wide Area
Network. One key technology in this area is Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP). Popular software
for personal use includes Skype, Google Talk, Windows Live Messenger and Yahoo Messenger.

by - Altanai Bisht
A working example of a Augmented Reality conferencing was demonstrated at the Salone
di Mobile in Milano by AR+RFID Lab

TELEPORT is another AR teleconferencing tool.

Electronic ticket
E-ticket" redirects here. For the former Disneyland and Disney World tickets, see E ticket.
An electronic ticket or e-ticket is used to represent the purchase of a seat on a passenger
airline, usually through a website or by telephone. This form of airline ticket has rapidly replaced
the old multi-layered paper tickets (from close to zero to 100% in about 10 years) and became
mandatory for IATA members as of June 1, 2008. During the last few years, where paper tickets
were still available, airlines frequently charged extra for issuing them. E-tickets are also available
for certain entertainment venues.
Once a reservation is made, an e-ticket exists only as a digital record in the airline
computers. Customers usually print out a copy of their receipt which contains the record locator
or reservation number and the e-ticket number.
According to critical acclaim, Joel R. Goheen is recognized as the Inventor of Electronic
Ticketing in the Airline Industry, an industry where global electronic ticket sales (the industry
standard) accounts for over $400 Billion (US) a year (2007). See Patents for Electronic Ticketing
Inventions in the Airline Industry.
Electronic tickets have been introduced in road, urban or rail public transport as well.
Checking in with an e-ticket
To check in with an e-ticket, the passenger usually comes to the check-in counter and presents the
e-ticket itinerary receipt which contains a confirmation or reservation code. In some airports and
airlines it's not even necessary to present this document or quote the confirmation code or e-ticket

by - Altanai Bisht
number as the reservation is confirmed solely on the basis of the passenger's identity, which may
be proven by a passport or the matching credit card. Other than that the rest of the check-in
process remains the same from when paper tickets were still the norm. That is, the passenger
checks-in his/her luggage. It is important to note the the e-ticket is not a substitute for the boarding
pass which must still be issued at the end of the check-in process which will usually say
"Electronic Ticket" or "E-ticket".
Self-service and remote check-in
E-tickets are very popular because they allow extra services like:
online/telephone/self-service kiosk check-in
early check-in
printing boarding passes at airport kiosks and at locations other than an airport
automated refunds and exchanges online, by telephone and at kiosks
Several web sites exist to help people holding e-tickets accomplish online check-ins in advance of
the twenty-four-hour airline restriction. These sites store a passenger's flight information and then
when the airline opens up for online check-in the data is transferred to the airline and the
boarding pass is emailed back to the customer.
E-ticket limitations
E-tickets are sometimes not available for some flights from an airline which usually offers them.
This can be due to a number of reasons, the most common being software incompatibility. If an
airline issues tickets for a codeshare flight with another company, and there is no e-ticket
interlining agreement, the operating carrier would not be able to see the issuing carrier's ticket.
Therefore, the carrier that books the flight needs to provide hard copy versions of the tickets so
that the ticket can be processed. Similarly, if the destination airport does not have access to the

by - Altanai Bisht
airline who booked the flight, a paper ticket needs to be issued.
Industry discount (ID) tickets also tend to be issued on paper if they are valid for more than one
airline, and if the airlines that the tickets are valid for do not have an interlining agreement. Since
e-ticket interlining is still the exception rather than the rule, tickets valid for more than one airline
are usually issued on paper.
Currently the ticketing systems of most airlines are only able to produce e-tickets for itineraries of
no more than 16 segments, including surface segments.


by - Altanai Bisht

UNIT I
PART A

1. Define E Commerce.

The act of conducting business on-line, e-commerce may include buying and selling products
with digital cash and via electronic data interchange.

2. What are the elements of E Commerce?

Business - to Business electronic commerce
Business - to Consumer electronic commerce
Transaction and business processes that support selling and buying activities on the
Internet.

3. Define Telecommuting

The Web is helping people work more effectively is by enabling employees of many different
kinds of companies to work at home. In this arrangement is called Telecommuting or Telework.

4. Define C2C.

It includes individuals who buy and sell items among themselves.

5. Define B2G

It includes business transaction with government agencies, such as paying taxes and filing
required reports.

6. Define EFT

It is electronics transmission of account exchange information over private communication
network.

7. Define EDI

by - Altanai Bisht

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) occurs when one business transmit computer readable
data in a standard format to another business.
8. Define VAN

A Value added network is an independent firm that offers connection and transaction
forwarding services to buyers and sellers engaged on EDI.

9. Define Commerce

Commerce or Doing Business, is a negotiated exchange of valuable objects or services
between at least two parties and includes all activities that each of the parties undertakes to
complete the transaction

10. What are the elements of traditional commerce for buyers side?

Identify specific need
Search for products or services that will satisfy the specific need
Select a vendor
Negotiate a purchase transaction, including : Delivery logistics, Inspection, testing, and
acceptance.
Make payment
Perform regular maintenance and make warranty claims.

11. What are the elements of traditional commerce for Sellers side?

Conduct market research to identify customer needs
Create product or service that will meet customers needs
Advertise and promote product or service
Negotiate a purchase transaction, including : Delivery logistics, Inspection, testing, and
acceptance.
Ship goods and invoice customer
Receive and process customer payments
Provide after sale support, maintenance and warranty services.

12. Define activity

Activity is a task performed by a worker in a course of doing his or her job.

13. Define Transaction

by - Altanai Bisht

A transaction is an exchange of value, such as a purchase, a sale, or the conversion of raw
materials into a finished product.
14. Define Business processes

The group of logical, related, and sequential activities and transaction in which business
engage are often collectively referred to as business processes.

15. Define Commodity

A commodity item is a product or service that is hard to distinguish from the same
products or services provided by other sellers.

16. Give some example of e-commerce

Sale / Purchase of books and CDs.
Online delivery of software.
Sale/ Purchase of travel services.
Online shipment tracking.
Sale/ Purchase of investment and insurance products.

17. Give some example of Traditional -commerce

Sale/ Purchase of impulse items for immediate use.
Sale/ Purchase of perishable food products.
Small denomination purchases and sales.
Sale/ Purchase of high value jewelry and antiques.

18. What are the advantages of e commerce?

All the advantages of electronics commerce for business can be summarized in one statement:
Electronic commerce can increase sales and decrease costs.

19. What are the disadvantages of e commerce?

Some business processes may never land themselves to electronics commerce. For example,
perishable foods and high cost, unique items, such as custom designed jewelry and antiques,
may be impossible to inspect adequately from a remote location, regardless of any technologies
that might be devised in the future. Most of the disadvantages of electronic commerce today,
however stem from newness and rapidly developing pace of the underlying technologies.

by - Altanai Bisht

20. Define Transaction cost.

Transaction costs are the total of all that a buyer and seller incur as they gather information
and negotiate a purchase sale transaction.

21. Define Vertical Integration.

The practice of an existing firm replace one or more of its supplier markets with its own
hierarchical structure for creating the supplied product is called vertical Integration.

22. Define Strategic alliances

Network economic structure, companies coordinate their strategies, resources, and skill sets
by forming long term, stable relationships with other companies and individuals based on
shared purpose. These relationships are often called strategic alliances or strategic partnership.

23. Define Law of diminishing returns.

Economists have found that most activities yield less value as the amount of consumption
increases. This characteristic of economic activity is called the law of diminishing returns.

24. Define Network effect.

An interesting exception to the law of diminishing returns occurs as more people or
organizations participate in a network, the value of the network to each participant increase. The
increase in value is called the network effect.

25. Define Business Unit.

A strategic business unit, or simply business unit, is one particular combination of product,
distribution channel, and customer type.

26. Define value chain

A value chain is a way of organizing the activities that each strategic business unit
undertakes to design, produce, promote, market, deliver, and support the products or services it
sells.

by - Altanai Bisht

27. What is meant by SWOT Analysis?

The acronym is short for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.

28. Write the result for the SWOT analysis?

Strengths Sell directly to consumers, Keep costs below competitors costs.
Weaknesses No strong relationships with computer retailers.
Opportunities Consumer desire for one stop shopping, Consumers know what they
want to buy, Internet could be a powerful marketing tool.
Threats Competitors have stronger brand names, Competitors have strong relations with
computer retailers.

29. Define Computer Networks

A computer network is any technology that allows people to connect computers to each other.

30. Define Internet.

The Internet is a large system of interconnected computer networks than spans the globe.

31. Define mailing list.

A mailing list is an e mail address that forwards any message it receives to any user who
has subscribed to that list.

32. Define Hypertext server.

A hypertext server is a computer that stores files written in the hypertext markup languages
and lets other computers connect to it and read these files.

33. Define Web server.

A hypertext server is a computer that stores files written in the hypertext markup languages
and lets other computers connect to it and read these files. Hypertext server used on the web
today are usually called Web server.


by - Altanai Bisht
34. Define Web browser.

A web browser is a software interface that lets users read HTML documents and move from
one HTML format to another through text formatted with hypertext link tags in each file.
35. Define Hypertext.

System in which text on one page links to text on other pages. This is called Hypertext.

36. Define GUI.

A Graphical user interface is a way of presenting program control functions and program
output to users. It uses pictures, icons, and other graphical elements instead of displaying just text.

37. Define Hyperlink.

A hypertext link, or hyperlink, points to another location in the same or another HTML
document. It is an important type of tag.

38. Define WWW.

WWW or Web is a subset of the computers on the Internet that are connected to each other in
a specific way that makes them and their contents easily accessible to each other.

39. Write the abbreviation for the following terms

NAP Network Access Point
ISP Internet Service Providers
NSF National Science Foundation


EDI Electronic data interchange.
EFT Electronic funds transfer.
C2C Consumer- to- consumer
B2B Business- to- business.
B2G Business- to government.
B2C Business to consumer.

by - Altanai Bisht

UNIT II
PART A
1. Define LAN.

A network of computers that are located close together is called a local area network(LAN).

2. Define WAN

Networks of computers that are connected over greater distances are called wide area
networks(WAN)

3. Define MAN.

A man is not generally owned by a signle organization. The Man, its communication links
and equipment are generally owned by either a consortium of users or by a single network
provides who sells the service to the users.

4. Define Circuit switching

This circuit forms a single electrical path between caller and receiver. This single path of
connected circuits switched into each other is maintained for the entire length of the call. This type
of centrally controlled, single connection model is known as circuit switching.

5. Define Circuit .

The combination of telephone lines and the closed switches that connect them to each other is
called a circuit.

6. Define Packet switching.

Any message exceeding a network defines maximum length is broken up into shorter units,
known as packets, for transmission; the packets, each with an associated header, are the
transmitted individually through the network.

7. Define Message switching.

This is the store and forward the message. Sometimes there is no need for a circuit to be

by - Altanai Bisht
established all the way from source to the destination. Consider a connection between the users (A
and B). the connection represented by a series of link (AB, BC and CD).

The message is stored at B and then forwarded.

8. Define Router.

A device that forwards data packets along networks. A router is connected to at least two
networks, commonly two LANOR WANS or a LAN and is ISPs network. It located at gate ways.

9. Define Routing algorithm.

The programs on router computers that determine the best path on which to send each packet
contains rules called routing algorithms.

10. Define Gateways.

A gateway is a network point that acts asan entrance to another network. On the Internet,
anode or stopping point canbe either a gateway node or a host node.

11. Define Protocol.

A protocol is a collection of rules for formatting, ordering, and error-Checking data sent across
a network.

12. Define Backbone routers.

The routers are very large computers that can each handle more than 50 million packets per
second! These routers are sometimes called backbone routers.

13. What are the main protocol used in Internet?

Transmission control protocol(TCP)
Internet protocol(IP)

14. Define IP Address.

It uses a 32 nit number to identify the computers connected to the Internet. This address is

by - Altanai Bisht
called an IP address.


TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol / Internet protocol.
IPV4 Internet Protocol Version 4.
IPV6 Internet Protocol Version 6.
ARIN American registry for Internet Numbers.
RIPE Reseaux IP Europeans.
APNIC Asia Pacific Network Information Center.
IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority.
IEFT Internet Engineering Task Force.

16. Define Domain names.

Domain names are sets of words that are assigned to specific IP addresses. Domain names can
contain two or more words groups separated by periods.

17. Define Web client.

Web client software or web browser software.

18. Define Web server.

Web client software sends requests for web page files to other computers web server

19. Define E mail.

E-mail that is sent across the Internet must also be formatted according to a common set of
rules.


SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
POP Post Office Protocol
MIME Multipurpose Internet mail Extensions

21. Define tags.


by - Altanai Bisht
A text markup language specifies a set of tags that are inserted into the text. These markup
tags, also called tags.

22. Define SGML.

The markup language most commonly used on the web is HTML, which is a subset of a much
older and far more complex text markup language called Standard Generalized Markup Language
(SGML)

23. Define XML.

A markup language that was derived from SGML for use on the web is Extensible markup
language( XML),

24. Define W3C.

The World Wide Web consortium(W3C), a not-for-profit group that maintains standards for
the web, presented its first draft from of XML in 1996.

25. Define XHTML.

In 2000, the W3C released the first version of a recommendation for a new markup language
called Extensible Hypertext Markup Language(XTML).

26. Define Markup languages and what are the elements for the Hypertext?

The text elements that are related to each other are called hypertext elements.

27. Define Homepage.

In a hierarchical hyperlink structure, the web user opens an introductory page called a home
page or start page..

28. Define CSS.

Cascading style sheets(CSS) are sets of instructions that give web developers more control
over the format of displayed pages.

29. Define Internets.


by - Altanai Bisht
The Internet is a large system of interconnected computer networks than spans the globe.

30. Define Intranets.

Corporate networks that house internal memos, corporate policy handbooks, expense account
worksheets, budgets, newsletters and a variety of other corporate documents

31. Define Extranets.

Intranets that allow certain authorized parties outside the company to access certain parts of
the information stored in the system

32. Define Private networks.

The private network is a private, leased-line connection between two companies that
physically connects their intranets to one another.

33. Define Leased line.

A leased line is a permanent telephone connection between two points.

34. Define VPN.

A virtual private network (VPN) is an extranet that uses public networks and their
protocols to send sensitive data to partners, customers, suppliers, and employees using a system
called IP tunneling or encapsulation.

35. Define Encapsulation.

The passageway is created by VPN software that encrypts the packet content and then places
the encrypted packets inside another packet in a process called encapsulation.

36. Define IP Wrapper.

The passageway is created by VPN software that encrypts the packet content and then places
the encrypted packets inside another packet in a process called encapsulation. The outer packet is
called an IP Wrapper.


by - Altanai Bisht
37. What is mean by Internet access provider?

Larger firms that provide Internet access to other businesses, called Internet access providers
(IAPs). Information that can travel from the Internet to a user in a given amount of time.
38. Define bandwidth.

Bandwidth is the amount of data that can travel through a communication line per unit of
time.

39. Define Net bandwidth.

Traffic on the Internet and at your local service provider greatly affects net bandwidth

40. Define Symmetric connections.

Symmetric connections provide the same bandwidth in both directions.

41. Define Asymmetric connections.

Asymmetric connections provide different bandwidths for each direction.

42. Define upstream band width.

Upstream bandwidth, also called upload bandwidth, is a measure of the amount of
information that can travel from the user to the Internet in a given amount of time.

44. What is mean by broad band services?

Connections that operate at speeds of greater than about 200 Kbps are called broadband
services.

45. Define high speed DSL.

Connection services is available on there provides 768Kbps of symmetric bandwidth is
called as high speed DSL

46. Define WAP

A wireless access point (WAP) is a device that transmits network packets between WI-Fi
equipped computers and other devices that are within its range.


by - Altanai Bisht
47. Define PAN.

These small Bluetooth networks are called personal area networks (PANs)

UNIT III
PART - A

1. What are the elements for the Web server?

Hardware
Operating system software
Web server software

2. What are the different sites of Web sites?

Development site
Extranet
Intranet
Transaction processing sites
Content delivery sites

3. Define Development sites.

Simple sites that companies use to evaluate different web designs with little initial investment.
A development site can reside on an existing PC running web server software. Multiple testers
access the site through their client computers on an existing LAN.

4. Define Transaction processing sites.

Commerce sites such as business-to-business and business-to-consumer electronic commerce
sites that must be available 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

5. Define Content delivery sites.

Sites that deliver content such as news, histories, summaries, and other digital information.
Visitors must be able to locate articles quickly with a fast and precise search engine.

6. Define Dynamic page.


by - Altanai Bisht
A dynamic page is a web page whose content is shaped by a program in response to use
requests.

7. Define Static page.

A static page is an unchanging page retrieved from disk.

8. Define Dynamic content.

Dynamic content is nonstatic information constructed in response to a web clients request.

9. What is mean by server side scripting?

In server-side scripting, programs running on the web server create the web pages before
sending them back to the requesting web clients as parts of response messages.

10. Define Server software.

The software that the server computer uses to make these files and programs available to the
other computers is sometime called server software.

11. Define Database Software.

The server computer on which database management software runs is often called a database
server.

12. What is mean by request message?

The message that a web client sends to request a file or files from a web server is called a
request message.

13. What is mean by response message?

The server does this by retrieving the web page file from its disk and then creating a properly
formatted response message.

14. Define response header line.

The response header line indicates the HTTP version used by the server, the status of the
response and an explanation of the status information.


by - Altanai Bisht
15. Define response header field.

A response header field returns information describing the servers attributes. The entity body
returns information describing the servers attributes.
16. What is mean by 3 tier architecture?

A three-tier architecture extends the two-tier architecture to allow additional processing to
occur before the web server responds to the web clients request.

17. What is mean by N tier architecture?

Higher-order architectures that is , those that have more than three tiers-are usually called
n-tier architectures.

18. Define tracert.

Tracert (TRACE RouTe) sends data packets to every computer on the path (Internet)
between one computer and another computer and clocks the packets round-trip times.

19. Define Spam.

E-mail does have some drawbacks. One significant annoyance is spam. Spam, also known as
unsolicited commercial e-mail

20. Define Telnet.

Telnet is a program that allows users to long on to a computer that is connected to the
Internet. mounted frame.

21. Define FTP.

The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the part of the TCP/IP rules that defines the formats used to
transfer files between TCP/IP connected computers.

22. What are the types of FTP.

Full privilege FTP
Anonymous FTP

23. Define full privilege FTP.

by - Altanai Bisht

An FRP connection to a computer on which the user has an account is called full privilege
FTP.

24. Define Anonymous FTP.

One way to access a remote computer is called anonymous FTP. It allows the user to log on as
a guest.

25. What is mean by orphan file.

An orphan file is a file on the web site that is not linked to any page.

26. Define blade server.

A recent innovation in server computer design is to put small server computers on a single
computer board and then install many of those boards into a rack- mounted frame. These servers-
on-a-cards are called blade servers.

27. Define Virtual server.

A virtual server or virtual host is a feature that maintains more than one server on one
machine.

28. What is mean by Benchmarking?

Benchmarking is testing that is used to compare the performance of hardware and software.

29. Define Throughput.

Throughput is the number of HTTP requests that a particular hardware and software
combination can process in a unit of time.

30. Define Response time.

Response time is the amount of time a server requires to process one request.

31. Define Centralized architecture.

Centralized architecture is to use a few very large and fast computers.


by - Altanai Bisht
32. Define distributed architecture.

If use a large number of less powerful computers and divide the workload among them.
This is sometimes called a distributed architecture.
33. What are the types of hosting?

Self hosting
Shared hosting
Dedicated hosting

34. Define Self hosting.

When companies need to incorporate electronic commerce components, they may opt to run
servers in-house; this is called self-hosting.

35. Define Shared hosting.

Shared hosting means that the clients web site is on a server that hosts other web sites
simultaneously and is operated by the service provider at its location.

36. Define dedicated hosting

Dedicated hosting, the service provider makes a web server available to the client, but the
client does not share the server with other clients of the service provider .

37. What is mean by scaleable?

Best hosting services provide web server hardware and software combination that are
scalable, which means that they can be adapted to meet changing requirements when their clients
grow.

38. What is mean by middle ware?

Larger companies usually establish the connections between their electronic commerce
software and their existing accounting system by using a type of software called middleware.

39. Define application server.

An application server is a computer that takes the request messages received by the web
server and runs application programs that perform some kind of action based on the contents of

by - Altanai Bisht
the request messages.

40. Define database manager.

A database manager is software that stores information in a highly structured way.

41. What are the rules for the business logic?

The actions that the application server software performs are determined by the rules used in
the business. These rules are called business logic.

42. Define Distributed information systems.

Large information systems that store the same data in many different physical location are
called distributed information systems

43. Define Distributed database systems.

Large information systems that store the same data in many different physical location are
called distributed information systems The databases within those systems are called distributed
database systems.

44. Define SOAP.

The Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) is a message-passing protocol that defines how to
send marked up data from one software application to another across a network.

45. Define ERP.

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software packages are business systems that integrate all
facets of a business, including accounting, logistics, manufacturing, marketing, planning, project
management and treasury functions.


by - Altanai Bisht

UNIT IV
PART - A

1. What are the classifieds for the computer security?

* Secrecy
* Integrity
* Availability
* Key management
* Nonrepudiation
* Authentication

2. Define secrecy?

Secrecy refers to protecting against unauthorized data disclosure and ensuring the
authenticity of data source

3. Define integrity?

Integrity refers to preventing unauthorized data modification

4. Define necessity?

Necessity refers to preventing data delays or denials

5. Define security policy?

A security policy is a written statement describing which assets to protect and why are they
protected and who are responsible for that protection and what behaviors are acceptable

6. What are the elements for the security policy?

* Authentication

by - Altanai Bisht
* Access control
* Secrecy
* Data integrity
* Audit

7. What is meant by Cyber squatting?

Cyber squatting is the practice of registering a domain name that is trade mark of another
person in hope that the owner will pay huge amount to acquire the URL.

8. Define Java script?

Java script is a scripting language that is developed by Netscape to enable Web page
developers to build active amount.

9. Define virus?

A virus is software that attaches itself to another program and cause damage when host
program is activated.

10. Define worm?

A worm is a type of virus that replicates itself on the computer it infects and it can spread
quickly through INTERNET.

11. Define macro virus?

A micro virus is a type of virus that is coded as small program called macro and is embedded
in a file.

12. Define Domain Name Server?

Domain name servers are the computers on internet that maintains directories that link
domain name to IP address.

13. Define spoofing?

Masquerading or spoofing pretending to be someone you are not ,or representing a website
as an original when it is fake is one means of distributing web sites.

by - Altanai Bisht

14. What is the purpose of necessity threats?

The purpose of a necessity threat, also known as by other names such as a delay, denial, or
denial of service threat (DoS), is to disrupt normal computer processing, or deny processing
entirely.
15. What is meant by buffer?

A buffer is an area of memory set aside to hold data read from a file or database. A buffer is
necessary whenever any input or output operation takes place because a computer can process file
information much faster than the information can be read from input devices or written to output
devices. A buffer serves as a holding area for incoming or outgoing data.

16. What is meant by Availability?

Provide delivery assurance for each message segment so that message or message segments
cannot be lost undetectably.

17. What is meant by key management?

Provide secure distribution and management of keys needed to provide secure
communications.

18. What is meant by Non-repudiation?

Provide undeniable, end to end proof of each messages origin and recipient.

19. What is meant by Authentication?

Securely identify clients and server with digital signatures and certificates.

20. What is meant by copy control?

Copy control is an electronic mechanism for limiting number of copies that one can make of
a digital work.

21. Define Digital certificate?

A digital certificate, also known as a digital ID, is an attachment to an e mail message or a
program embedded in a web page that verifies that the sender or web site is who or what it claims

by - Altanai Bisht
to be. In addition, the digital certificate contains a means to send an encrypted message encoded
so others cannot read it to the entity that sent the original web page or e mail message.

22. What are the elements for the digital certificate?

(i).Certificate owners identifying information, such as name, organization, address, and so on.
(ii)Certificate owners public key.
(iii)Dates between which the certificate is valid.
(iv)Serial number of the certificate.
(v)Name of the certificate issuer
(vi)Digital signature of the certificate issuer.

23. What are the options for the security setting level?

Security level options are Low, Medium Low, Low, High.

24. Define Encryption?

Encryption is the coding of information by using a mathematically based program and a
secret key to produce a string of characters that is unintelligible.

25. Define Cryptography?

Cryptography is the science of creating message that only the sender and receiver can read.
Cryptography does not hide text; it converts it to other text that is visible, but does not appear to
have any meaning.

26. Define Encryption program?

The program that transforms normal text, called clear text into cipher text (the unintelligible
string of characters) is called encryption program.

27. What are the function for Encryption?

(i)Hash Coding
(ii)Asymmetric encryption (public key encryption)
(iii) Symmetric encryption.

28. Define Hash coding?

Hash coding is a process that uses a hash algorithm to calculate a number, called a hash

by - Altanai Bisht
value, from a message of any length. It is a fingerprint for the message because it is almost certain
to be unique for each message.

29. Define Asymmetric Encryption?

Asymmetric encryption, or public key encryption, encodes messages by using two
mathematically related numeric keys. In their system, one key of the pair, called public key, is
freely distributed to the public at large - to anyone interested in communicating securely with the
holder of both keys.

30. Define Symmetric Encryption?

Symmetric encryption also known as private key encryption, encodes a message by using
a single numeric key, such as 456839420783, to encode and decode data. Because the same key is
used, both the message sender and the message receiver must know the key. Encoding and
decoding message using symmetric encryption is very fast and efficient.

31. How is public key encryption advantageous over private key encryption?

Public key systems provide several advantages over private key encryption methods. First,
the combination of key required to provide private message between enormous numbers of
people is small. Second, key distribution is not a problem. Each persons public key can be posted
anywhere and does not require any special handling to distribute. Third, public key systems make
implementation of digital signatures possible.

32. Define Firewall?

A firewall is a computer and software combination that is installed at the Internet entry
point of a networked system.

33. What are the characteristics of firewalls?

(i)All traffic from inside to outside and from outside to inside the network must pass through it.
(ii)Only authorized traffic, as defined by the local security policy, is allowed to pass through it.
(iii)The firewall itself is immune to penetration.

34. Define Trusted / Untrusted?

Those networks inside the firewall are often called trusted, whereas networks outside the
firewall are called untrusted.


by - Altanai Bisht
35. What are the classifieds for the firewalls?

(i) Packet filter firewalls.
(ii) Gateway Servers
(iii) Proxy Servers.

36. Define Packet-filter firewall?

Packet filter firewalls examine all data flowing back and forth between the trusted
network(within the firewall) and the Internet. Packet filtering examines the source and destination
addresses and ports of incoming packets and denies or permits entrance to the packets based on a
pre programmed set of rules.

37. Define Gateway server?

Gateway server are firewalls that filter traffic based on the application requested. Gateway
server limit access to specific applications such as Telnet, FTP, and HTTP. A gateway firewall
provides a central point where all requests can be classified, logged, and later analyzed.

38. Define proxy server?

Proxy servers are firewalls that communicate with the internet on the private networks
behalf. When a browser is configured to use a proxy server firewall, the firewall passes the
browser request to the internet. When the internet sends back a response, the proxy server relays it
back to the browser. Proxy server are also used to serve as a huge cache for web pages.

39. Define Integrity Threats?

An Integrity threat, also known as active wiretapping, exists when an unauthorized party can
alter a message stream of information.

40. Define cyber vandalism?

Cyber vandalism is the electronic defacing of an existing web sites page. The electronic
equivalent of destroying property or placing graffiti on objects, cyber vandalism occurs whenever
someone replaces a web sites regular content with his or her own content.

41. What are the types of cookies?

1. Session cookies.

by - Altanai Bisht
2. Persistent cookies.

42. Define Session Cookies?

Session cookies, which exist until the web client ends the connection(or session).

43. Define Persistent cookies?

Persistent cookies, which remain on the client computer indefinitely. Electronic commerce
sites use both kinds of cookies.

44. Define Ethical Hacking?

Ethical hackers, these computer sleuths are hired to probe PCs and locate information that can
be used in legal proceedings.

45. Define computer forensics?

The field of computer forensics is responsible for the collection, preservation, and analysis of
computer related evidence.


by - Altanai Bisht

UNIT V
PART - A

1. Define Intelligent Agent?

An Intelligent agent is software that assists people and acts on their behalf. Intelligent
agents work by allowing people to delegate work that they could have done, to the agent
software.

2. Define Agent?

Agents are seen as a way of supplying software that acts as the representative of the users
goals in the complex environment. Agent software can provide the glue between the applications,
freeing the user from the complexity of dealing with the separate application environments.

3. Define Single Agent?

A single agent system is one in which the problem domain is encapsulated within the
system. Single agent systems are not configured to interface with other agents.

4. Define Multi Agent?

Multi Agent systems, on the other hand, are much more complex to design and test, but
they provide greater potential for electronic commerce applications since the interaction between
agents of multiple systems is possible. A multi agent environment necessitates that cooperation
between agents exists.

by - Altanai Bisht

5. Why is Agent Technology useful?

For a new technology to be considered valuable and useful to the marketplace.

6. Write characteristics for the Agent technology?

(i)The ability to solve problems that have hitherto been beyond the scope of automation either
because no existing technology could be used to solve the problem, or because it was considered
too expensive.
(ii)The ability to solve problems that can already be solved in a significantly better way.

7. Write the function of Intelligent Agent?

(i) Agency
(ii) Intelligence.
(iii) Mobility.

8. Define Agency?

The degree of autonomous action that can be taken; that is actions performed without the
need for direct human intervention or intervention by other agents. The agent have control over
the actions performed within its system, ie., not have actions imposed by other agents. Actions can
be requested by other agents, but the agent itself decides whether to approve and allow the action.

9. Define Intelligence?

The extend to which an agent understand its own internal state and its external
environment. The level of intelligence is further classified according to its ability to respond, to
adapt, and to take initiative.

10. Define Respond?


by - Altanai Bisht
Agents should perceive and respond to their environments.

11. Define Adapt?

Agents should have the ability to detect changes in users environment and the relevant
environment.
12. Define Initiate?

Agents should be able to determine when new or different goal directed behavior is
necessary by first recognizing a developing need to achieve that goal.

13. Define Mobility?

Agent mobility refers to the ability of software to travel from machine to machine and
perform tasks or processes on foreign computers. When necessary, agents should be able to
interact with other agents and humans, both to perform their own activities and to help others
agents and humans with theirs.

14. Define Agent society?

A system or environment where multiple agents work together to achieve multiple, but
interdependent goals is called an agent society.

15. What are the features of Agent society?

(i) openness
(ii) complexity of society
(iii) interfacing techniques
(iv) negotiation
(v) internal control methods.

16. Define openness?

Openness of a system refers to the capability of the system to dynamically change in response
to its environment.

by - Altanai Bisht
17. Define complexity of society?

Complexity of society involves the manner in which tasks are decomposed into manageable
units, similar to object orient design.

18. Define Interfacing?

Interfacing techniques help the various agents in the society to connect and communicate.
Autonomous or semi autonomous agents, or nodes in a society must employ some agreed upon
interfaces.

19. Define Negotiation?

Negotiation between agents is a key component of societies, and the method used to negotiate
can affect the quality and optimization of decisions made by agents.

20. Define Internal controls?

Internal controls over the data used by agents and the actual knowledge base contained by the
agent are another feature of agent societies.

21. What are the technologies used in online information chain?

(i)Pull or Pull Technology
(ii)Push or Push Technology

22. Define continuous reliability assurance?

Continuous reliability assurance is the type of assurance service that accountants can perform
over real time computer based systems.

23. What is an aglet?

A Java Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language (JKQML) has been developed and

by - Altanai Bisht
used in mobile agents written in applets, called aglets.

24. Define Marketing?

Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and
distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and
organizational goals.
25. Define Product?

A product is a good service that a business offers to its customers. Without some sort of viable
product to offer, a business cannot survive.

26. Define Service product?

Service product generally involves the performance of a task for the customer; examples
include work performed by doctors, accountants, hairdressers, and actors.

27. Define Pricing?

The pricing of goods refers to the processes involved in determining the amount to charge for
a specific physical good or service. Pricing models are typically used to determine a firms price.

28. Define Distribution?

The distribution task entails moving the product from the producer to the customer. The
product may travel directly from the producer to the consumer or it may be channeled through
intermediaries such as wholesalers, warehouses and/or retailers.

29. Define One way channels?

One way channels send a message to the potential customer, but do not provide a direct
mechanism for communication to the business. Eg., radio, roadside bulletin boards, television,
magazines, newspapers.


by - Altanai Bisht
30. Define Two way channels?

Two- way channels send the message to the potential customer and provide a direct
mechanism for communication from the potential customer to the business. Eg., direct mail via
phone responses and inquiries, telemarketing web site advertising via forms based input.

31. Write the range of Internet marketing techniques?

The Internet marketing techniques, ranging from passive to aggressive.

32. Define Search Engines?

Search engines take user defined strings and Boolean expressions(such as AND and OR) and
return a list of closely matched web sites in the order of closeness of match.

33. Define Banner Advertisements?

Typically rectangular in shape, banner advertisements contain text and graphics that are
placed on the screens of search engines, web browser software, and web sites to attract the
attention of WWW user.

34. Define Click through Advertisements?

The Click through advertisements, meaning they contain hypertext links to the site about
which the banner is advertising. The banners can contain static text or animation.

35. List the four levels of agreement identified by DARPA.

(i) Transport
(ii) Language
(iii) Policy
(iv) Architecture

36. Define Physical goods?


by - Altanai Bisht
Physical goods generally have a physical, tangible presence and include items such as
automobiles, grocery items, and printed newspapers.

37. Define Pull or Pull Technology?

Pull or pull technology refers to requesting data from another program or server. The WWW
is based on pull technology, where a client's browser must request a web page before it is sent.
38. Define Push or Push Technology?

Push or push technology refers to sending data to a client without the client requesting it.
Information is sent out, regardless of whether anyone is tuned in. PointCast, which delivers
customized news to users' desktops, is an example of push technology.

39. Define router?

On the Internet, a router is a device or, in some cases, software in a computer, that directs
information packets to the next point toward their destination. The router is connected to at least
two networks and decides which way to send each information packet based on its current
understanding of the state of the networks it is connected to. A router is located at any juncture of
networks, including each Internet point-of-presence.

40. Define TCP/IP?

TCP/IP is the acronym for Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, the suite of
communications protocols used to connect hosts on the Internet. TCP/IP uses several protocols,
the two main ones being TCP and IP. TCP/IP is built into the UNIX operating system and is used
by the Internet, making it the de facto standard for transmitting data over networks. Even network
operating systems that have their own protocols, such as NetWare, also support TCP/IP.

41. Define server?

A server is a computer on a LAN that provides services or resources to client (stand alone)

by - Altanai Bisht
computers by sharing its resources. Servers may be dedicated, in which case they share their
resources but don't use them themselves, except in performing administrative tasks. Servers may
also be used to run applications for users, in which case the server is called an application server.
Peer-to-peer or workgroup servers, such as servers created by using PCs running Windows NT
Workstation to share disk folders, are another class of server.

42. Define work station?

A workstation is a client computer (stand alone machine) on a (Local Area Network) or Wide
Area Network that is used to run applications and is connected to a server from which it obtains
data shared with other computers. Workstation is also used to describe a high-priced PC that uses
a high-performance microprocessor and proprietary architecture to create what some call an
"open" system.

43. Define Internet Explorer (IE)?

Internet Explorer is Microsoft's Web browser. Like Netscape Navigator, Internet Explorer
enables you to view Web pages. The major differences between Internet Explorer and Navigator
are: Internet Explorer supports ActiveX and VBScript, while Navigator does not. Internet Explorer
runs only under Windows and on Macintoshes whereas Navigator runs on these platforms as well
as UNIX. Otherwise, the two browsers are very similar. Both support Java and JavaScript.

44. Define Netscape Communicator?

Netscape Communicator is a suite of software components for sharing, accessing, and
communicating information via intranets and the Internet. Communicator includes components
for navigation, (Navigator), email, (Messenger), discussion groups, (Collabra), HTML authoring,
(Composer), dynamic information delivery, (Netcaster), real-time collaboration, (Conference),
calendar and scheduling, (Calendar), IBM host communications, and Communicator
management.

by - Altanai Bisht

45. Define NetWare?

A popular local-area network (LAN) operating system developed by Novell Corporation,
NetWare is a software product that runs on a variety of different types of LANs, from Ethernet to
IBM token-ring networks. It provides users and programmers with a consistent interface that is
independent of the actual hardware used to transmit messages.
PART - B

1. Write short notes on SGML?

The encoding scheme defined by these Guidelines is formulated as an application of a
system known as the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). SGML is an international
standard for the definition of device-independent, system-independent methods of representing
texts in electronic form. This chapter presents a brief tutorial guide to its main features, for those
readers who have not encountered it before. For a more technical account of TEI practice in using
the SGML standard, for a more technical description of the subset of SGML used by the TEI
encoding scheme, Formal Grammar for the TEI Interchange Format Subset of SGML .
SGML is an international standard for the description of marked-up electronic text. More
exactly, SGML is a metalanguage, that is, a means of formally describing a language, in this case, a
markup language. Before going any further we should define these terms.
The word markup has been used to describe annotation or other marks within a text
intended to instruct a compositor or typist how a particular passage should be printed or laid out.
Examples include wavy underlining to indicate boldface, special symbols for passages to be
omitted or printed in a particular font and so forth. As the formatting and printing of texts was
automated, the term was extended to cover all sorts of special markup codes inserted into electronic
texts to govern formatting, printing, or other processing.
Generalizing from that sense, we define markup, or (synonymously) encoding, as any means

by - Altanai Bisht
of making explicit an interpretation of a text. At a banal level, all printed texts are encoded in this
sense: punctuation marks, use of capitalization, disposition of letters around the page, even the
spaces between words, might be regarded as a kind of markup, the function of which is to help
the human reader determine where one word ends and another begins, or how to identify gross
structural features such as headings or simple syntactic units such as dependent clauses or
sentences. Encoding a text for computer processing is in principle, like transcribing a manuscript
from scriptio continua, a process of making explicit what is conjectural or implicit, a process of
directing the user as to how the content of the text should be interpreted.
By markup language we mean a set of markup conventions used together for encoding texts.
A markup language must specify what markup is allowed, what markup is required, how markup
is to be distinguished from text, and what the markup means. SGML provides the means for doing
the first three; documentation such as these Guidelines is required for the last.
The present chapter attempts to give an informal introduction---much less formal than the
standard itself---to those parts of SGML of which a proper understanding is necessary to make
best use of these Guidelines.
2. What is electronic commerce used for?
Electronic commerce is not limited to certain types of businesses or just technology-related
products and services. Companies in every field are doing business on-line. Networking through
electronic commerce can be applied to any facet of a company's operations, including marketing
and sales; purchasing and logistics; production; design and engineering. The most effective use of
electronic commerce is when several of these functions are combined: information flows from
sales to purchasing, to production.
Electronic commerce can be used to:
Communicate: E-mail and Internet Access

by - Altanai Bisht
Promote: Businesses are using web pages to advise clients and potential clients about their
business and its value. Web pages keep clients informed about products, services, and
developments, and they provide the opportunity to answer client questions. They may also
use their web sites to solicit market research information from clients or guests who visit
their site. Other uses include:
sales -- to sell products, seven days a week, 24 hours per day throughout the globe; product
awareness -- online marketing and advertising; customer service -- customer support and
communication; economy -- to eliminate some costs of paper transactions and mailing;
effectiveness -- due to the speed of communication; it offers the opportunity to work out of
the home; to compete globally without setting up offices in other countries; because small
companies can compete against much larger companies as no one can tell how large or
young your company is based on your Internet presence; to find information, conduct
competitive intelligence, or network with other business owners.
Link
Internally - Improve communications within your company using an Intranet Intranet: a
private network inside a company or organization. Intranets are used to organize internal
company operations, such as payroll and inventory.
Externally - Improve communications with suppliers, customers and partners and integrate
your business processes using an Extranet. Extranet: connecting of two or more intranets,
allowing communication with business partners, suppliers, distributors or customers
Creating New Business Models: Sharing resource with new partners to create virtual global
enterprises. The Net has the potential to act as a central nervous system coordinating the
business activities of new type of corporate organisms.
set up an arrangement whereby sales information is shared instantaneously with
wholesalers, shippers, manufacturers, designers, and even suppliers of raw material.

by - Altanai Bisht
If I don't want to sell electronically, why use electronic commerce? What arethebenefits?
You can improve customer service by providing new avenues for promotion and distribution, by
responding more quickly to orders, and by offering more responsive after sales service.

You can cut costs and save time by improving the quality of supply chain management, by
integrating back-end production and logistics with front-end marketing and sales, and by letting
the computer and software do most of the work in controlling inventory.
You can cut costs and save time by improving internal functions, by cutting down on meetings,
by sharing information, by eliminating endless trails of paper, and by assuring that internal
communications are precise and understood.
3. Write SGML Entities?
The aspects of SGML discussed so far are all concerned with the markup of structural
elements within a document. SGML also provides a simple and flexible method of encoding and
naming arbitrary parts of the actual content of a document in a portable way. In SGML the word
entity has a special sense: it means a named part of a marked up document, irrespective of any
structural considerations. An entity might be a string of characters or a whole file of text. To
include it in a document, we use a construction known as an entity reference. For example, the
following declaration
<!ENTITY tei "Text Encoding Initiative">

defines an entity whose name is tei and whose value is the string ``Text Encoding Initiative.'' This
is an instance of an entity declaration, which declares an internal entity. The following declaration,
by contrast, declares a system entity:


by - Altanai Bisht
<!ENTITY ChapTwo SYSTEM "sgmlmkup.txt">

This defines a system entity whose name is ChapTwo and whose value is the text
associated with the system identifier --- in this case, the system identifier is the name of an
operating system file and the replacement text of the entity is the contents of the file.
Once an entity has been declared, it may be referenced anywhere within a document. This
is done by supplying its name prefixed with the ampersand character and followed by the
semicolon. The semicolon may be omitted if the entity reference is followed by a space or record
end.
When an SGML parser encounters such an entity reference, it immediately substitutes the
value declared for the entity name. Thus, the passage ``The work of the &tei has only just begun''
will be interpreted by an SGML processor exactly as if it read ``The work of the Text Encoding
Initiative has only just begun''. In the case of a system entity, it is, of course, the contents of the
operating system file which are substituted, so that the passage ``The following text has been
suppressed: will be expanded to include the whole of whatever the system finds in the file
sgmlmkup.txt.
This obviously saves typing, and simplifies the task of maintaining consistency in a set of
documents. If the printing of a complex document is to be done at many sites, the document body
itself might use an entity reference, such as &site;, wherever the name of the site is required.
Different entity declarations could then be added at different sites to supply the appropriate string
to be substituted for this name, with no need to change the text of the document itself.
This string substitution mechanism has many other applications. It can be used to
circumvent the notorious inadequacies of many computer systems for representing the full range
of graphic characters needed for the display of modern English (let alone the requirements of
other modern scripts or of ancient languages). So-called`special characters' not directly accessible

by - Altanai Bisht
from the keyboard (or if accessible not correctly translated when transmitted) may be represented
by an entity reference.
Suppose, for example, that we wish to encode the use of ligatures in early printed texts. The
ligatured form of `ct' might be distinguished from the non-ligatured form by encoding it as &ctlig;
rather than ct. Other special typographic features such as leafstops or rules could equally well be
represented by mnemonic entity references in the text. When processing such texts, an entity
declaration would be added giving the desired representation for such textual elements. If, for
example, ligatured letters are of no interest, we would simply add a declaration such as
<!ENTITY ctlig "ct" >
and the distinction present in the source document would be removed. If, on the other hand, a
formatting program capable of representing ligatured characters is to be used, we might replace
the entity declaration to give whatever sequence of characters such a program requires as the
expansion.
A list of entity declarations is known as an entity set. Standard entity sets are provided for
use with most SGML processors, in which the names used will normally be taken from the lists of
such names published as an annex to the SGML standard and elsewhere, as mentioned above.
The replacement values given in an entity declaration are, of course, highly system
dependent. If the characters to be used in them cannot be typed in directly, SGML provides a
mechanism to specify characters by their numeric values, known as character references. A character
reference is distinguished from other characters in the replacement string by the fact that it begins
with a special symbol, conventionally the sequence `&#', and ends with the normal semicolon. For
example, if the formatter to be used represents the ligatured form of ct by the characters c and t
prefixed by the character with decimal value 102, the entity declaration would read:
<!ENTITY ctlig "fct" >

by - Altanai Bisht

Note that character references will generally not make sense if transferred to another
hardware or software environment: for this reason, their use is only recommended in situations
like this.

Useful though the entity reference mechanism is for dealing with occasional departures
from the expected character set, no one would consider using it to encode extended passages, such
as quotations in Greek or Russian in an English text. In such situations, different mechanisms are
appropriate. These are discussed elsewhere in these Guidelines
A special form of entities, parameter entities, may be used within SGML markup declarations;
these differ from the entities discussed above (which technically are known as general entities) in
two ways:
Parameter entities are used only within SGML markup declarations; with some special
exceptions which will not be discussed here, they will normally not be found within the
document itself.
Parameter entities are delimited by percent sign and semicolon, rather than by ampersand
and semicolon.
Declarations for parameter entities take the same form as those for general entities, but insert a
percent sign between the keyword ENTITY and the name of the entity itself. White space (blanks,
tabs, or line breaks) must occur on both sides of the percent sign. An internal parameter entity
named TEI.prose, with an expansion of INCLUDE, and an external parameter entity named
TEI.extensions.dtd, which refers to the system file mystuff.dtd, could be declared thus:

<!ENTITY % TEI.prose 'INCLUDE'>

by - Altanai Bisht
<!ENTITY % TEI.extensions.dtd SYSTEM 'mystuff.dtd'>
The TEI document type definition makes extensive use of parameter entities to control the
selection of different tag sets and to make it easier to modify the TEI DTD.

4. Write the SGML Structure?
The simple and consistent mechanism for the markup or identification of structural textual units
which is provided by SGML. It also describes the methods SGML provides for the expression of rules
defining how combinations of such units can meaningfully occur in any text.
4.1 Elements

The technical term used in the SGML standard for a textual unit, viewed as a structural
component, is element. Different types of elements are given different names, but SGML provides
no way of expressing the meaning of a particular type of element, other than its relationship to
other element types. That is, all one can say about an element called (for instance) <blort> is that
instances of it may (or may not) occur within elements of type <farble>, and that it may (or may
not) be decomposed into elements of type <blortette>. It should be stressed that the SGML
standard is entirely unconcerned with the semantics of textual elements: these are application
dependent. It is up to the creators of SGML conformant tag sets (such as these Guidelines) to
choose intelligible names for the elements they identify and to document their proper use in text
markup. That is one purpose of this document. From the need to choose element names indicative
of function comes the technical term for the name of an element type, which is generic identifier, or
GI.
Within a marked up text (a document instance), each element must be explicitly marked or

by - Altanai Bisht
tagged in some way. The standard provides for a variety of different ways of doing this, the most
commonly used being to insert a tag at the beginning of the element (a start-tag) and another at its
end (an end-tag). The start- and end- tag pair are used to bracket off the element occurrences
within the running text, in rather the same way as different types of parentheses or quotation
marks are used in conventional punctuation. For example, a quotation element in a text might be
tagged as follows:

... Rosalind's remarks <quote>This is the silliest stuff
that ere I heard of!</quote> clearly indicate ...

As this example shows, a start-tag takes the form <name>, where the opening angle bracket
indicates the start of the start-tag, ``name'' is the generic identifier of the element which is being
delimited, and the closing angle bracket indicates the end of a tag. An end-tag takes an identical
form, except that the opening angle bracket is followed by a solidus (slash) character, so that the
corresponding end-tag would be </name>.
4.2 Content Models: An Example

An element may be empty, that is, it may have no content at all, or it may contain simple
text. More usually, however, elements of one type will be embedded (contained entirely) within
elements of a different type.
To illustrate this, we will consider a very simple structural model. Let us assume that we
wish to identify within an anthology only poems, their titles, and the stanzas and lines of which
they are composed. In SGML terms, our document type is the anthology, and it consists of a series
of poems. Each poem has embedded within it one element, a title, and several occurrences of
another, a stanza, each stanza having embedded within it a number of line elements. Fully marked

by - Altanai Bisht
up, a text conforming to this model might appear as follows:
<anthology>
<poem><title>The SICK ROSE</title>
<stanza>
<line>O Rose thou art sick.</line>
<line>The invisible worm,</line>
<line>That flies in the night</line>
<line>In the howling storm:</line>
</stanza>
<stanza>
<line>Has found out thy bed</line>
<line>Of crimson joy:</line>
<line>And his dark secret love</line>
<line>Does thy life destroy.</line>
</stanza>
</poem>



</anthology>

It should be stressed that this example does not use the same names as are proposed for
corresponding elements elsewhere in these Guidelines: the above is not a valid TEI
document. It will however serve as an introduction to the basic notions of SGML. White
space and line breaks have been added to the example for the sake of visual clarity
only; they have no particular significance in the SGML encoding itself. Also, the line


by - Altanai Bisht

is an SGML comment and is not treated as part of the text.
This example makes no assumptions about the rules governing, for example, whether or not a
title can appear in places other than preceding the first stanza, or whether lines can appear which
are not included in a stanza: that is why its markup appears so verbose. In such cases, the
beginning and end of every element must be explicitly marked, because there are no identifiable
rules about which elements can appear where. In practice, however, rules can usually be
formulated to reduce the need for so much tagging. For example, considering our greatly over-
simplified model of a poem, we could state the following rules:
An anthology contains a number of poems and nothing else.
A poem always has a single title element which precedes the first stanza and contains no
other elements.
Apart from the title, a poem consists only of stanzas.
Stanzas consist only of lines and every line is contained by a stanza.
Nothing can follow a stanza except another stanza or the end of a poem.
Nothing can follow a line except another line or the start of a new stanza.
From these rules, it may be inferred that we do not need to mark the ends of stanzas or lines
explicitly. From rule 2 it follows that we do not need to mark the end of the title---it is implied by
the start of the first stanza. Similarly, from rules 3 and 1 it follows that we need not mark the end
of the poem: since poems cannot occur within poems but must occur within anthologies, the end
of a poem is implied by the start of the next poem, or by the end of the anthology. Applying these
simplifications, we could mark up the same poem as follows:


by - Altanai Bisht
<anthology>
<poem><title>The SICK ROSE
<stanza>
<line>O Rose thou art sick.
<line>The invisible worm,
<line>That flies in the night
<line>In the howling storm:
<stanza>
<line>Has found out thy bed
<line>Of crimson joy:
<line>And his dark secret love
<line>Does thy life destroy.

<poem>

</anthology>
The ability to use rules stating which elements can be nested within others to simplify markup
is a very important characteristic of SGML.

****************

Study On E-COMMERCE by Altanai Bisht

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Study On E-COMMERCE by Altanai Bisht

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Personal Study Notes

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen