1

SOME BASIC FORMULAE ON NUMBERS

i. (a + b)(a - b) = (a
2
- b
2
)
ii. (a + b)
2
= (a
2
+ b
2
+ 2ab)
iii. (a - b)
2
= (a
2
+ b
2
- 2ab)
iv. (a + b + c)
2
= a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2(ab + bc + ca)
v. (a
3
+ b
3
) = (a + b)(a
2
- ab + b
2
)
vi. (a
3
- b
3
) = (a - b)(a
2
+ ab + b
2
)
vii. (a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
- 3abc) = (a + b + c)(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
- ab - bc - ac)
viii. When a + b + c = 0, then a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
= 3abc.
PROBLEMS ON TRAINS
1. km/hr to m/s conversion:
a km/hr =

a x
5
m/s.
18
2. m/s to km/hr conversion:
a m/s =

a x
18
km/hr.
5
3. Formulas or in!in" S#ee!$ %ime an! &istance
4. Time taken b a train !" #en$th l metres t! %ass a %!#e !r stan&in$ man !r a si$na# %!st is e'(a# t! the time
taken b the train t! )!ver l metres.
5. Time taken b a train !" #en$th l metres t! %ass a stati!ner !b*e)t !" #en$th bmetres is the time taken b the
train t! )!ver (l + b) metres.
+. ,(%%!se t-! trains !r t-! !b*e)ts b!&ies are m!vin$ in the same &ire)ti!n at um/s an& v m/s, -here u . v,
then their re#ative s%ee& is = (u - v) m/s.
/. ,(%%!se t-! trains !r t-! !b*e)ts b!&ies are m!vin$ in !%%!site &ire)ti!ns at um/s an& v m/s, then their
re#ative s%ee& is = (u + v) m/s.
8. 0" t-! trains !" #en$th a metres an& b metres are m!vin$ in !%%!site &ire)ti!ns atu m/s an& v m/s, then1
The time taken b the trains t! )r!ss ea)h !ther =
(a + b)
se).
(u + v)
2. 0" t-! trains !" #en$th a metres an& b metres are m!vin$ in the same &ire)ti!n atu m/s an& v m/s, then1
The time taken b the "aster train t! )r!ss the s#!-er train =
(a + b)
se).
(u - v)
10. 0" t-! trains (!r b!&ies) start at the same time "r!m %!ints 3 an& 4 t!-ar&s ea)h !ther an& a"ter )r!ssin$
the take a an& b se) in rea)hin$ 4 an& 3 res%e)tive#, then1
(35s s%ee&) 1 (45s s%ee&) = (b 1 a)
S'EE& FORMULA:
,(%%!se a man )!vers a )ertain &istan)e at x km/hr an& an e'(a# &istan)e at ykm/hr. Then,
the avera$e s%ee& &(rin$ the -h!#e *!(rne is
2xy
km/hr.
x + y
3

8
The #ast three &i$its are &ivisib#e b 8
102()* (81+68=102) +es
21+,-. (30268=3/
3
/4) No
2
The s(m !" the &i$its is &ivisib#e b 2

(7!te1 !( )an a%%# this r(#e t! that ans-er
a$ain i" !( -ant)
1+22 (1+++2+2=18, an& a$ain,
1+8=2)+es
2013 (2+0+1+3=+) No
10
The n(mber en&s in 0
22- is
22) is n!t
11
0" !( s(m ever se)!n& &i$it an& then s(btra)t
a## !ther &i$its an& the ans-er is1
-, !r
!ivisi/le /0 ))
1,+1 ((3+4) - (1++) = -) +es
3223 ((/+2) - (3+2) = ))) +es
2412+ ((5+/) - (2+1++) = ,) No
12 The n(mber is &ivisib#e b b!th 3 and 4
+48 (++4+8=18 an& 1863=+, a#s!
4864=12) +es
21+ (2+1++=1+, 1+63= 5
1
/3) No
PROFIT AND LOSS
1. 8ain = (,.9.) - (:.9.)
2. ;!ss = (:.9.) - (,.9.)
3. ;!ss !r $ain is a#-as re)k!ne& !n :.9.
4. 8ain 9er)enta$e1 (8ain <)
8ain < =

8ain x 100
:.9.
5. ;!ss 9er)enta$e1 (;!ss <)
;!ss < =
;!ss x 100
:.9.
+. ,e##in$ 9ri)e1 (,.9.)
,9 =
(100 + 8ain <)
x :.9
100
5

3. 5orkin" an! Slee#in" 'artners:
3 %artner -h! mana$es the the b(siness is kn!-n as a 6orkin" #artner an& the !ne -h! sim%# invests the
m!ne is a slee#in" #artner.
FRAC%IONS
=ixe& >ra)ti!ns
(Also called "Mixed Numbers")


A Mixed Fraction
is a
whole number
and a proper fraction
combined.

such as 1
3
/4.
1
,
/
1

(one and three!uarters)
Examples
2
,
/
(
/
)
/
1
1
)1
/
)4
21
1
/
4

,ee h!- ea)h exam%#e is ma&e (% !" a -h!#e n(mber an! a %r!%er "ra)ti!n t!$ether? That is -h it is
)a##e& a @mixe&@ "ra)ti!n (!r mixe& n(mber).
Names
We )an $ive names t! ever %art !" a mixe& "ra)ti!n1

Three Types of Fractions
There are three t%es !" "ra)ti!n1
7

Converting Improper Fractions to Mixed Fractions
T! )!nvert an im%r!%er "ra)ti!n t! a mixe& "ra)ti!n, "!##!- these ste%s1


Aivi&e the n(merat!r b the &en!minat!r.
Write &!-n the -h!#e n(mber ans-er
Then -rite &!-n an remain&er ab!ve the &en!minat!r.
Bxam%#e1 :!nvert 11/4 t! a mixe& "ra)ti!n.
Aivi&e1
11 6 4 = 2 -ith a remain&er !" 3
Write &!-n the 2 an& then -rite &!-n the remain&er (3) ab!ve the &en!minat!r (4), #ike this1
2
3
4
When to Use Improper Fractions or Mixed Fractions
>!r ever0!a0 use, %e!%#e (n&erstan& mixe& "ra)ti!ns better1
Bxam%#e1 0t is easier t! sa @0 ate 2
1
/4 sa(sa$es@, than @0 ate
2
/4 sa(sa$es@
4(t "!r mathematics im%r!%er "ra)ti!ns are a)t(a## /etter than mixe& "ra)ti!ns.
4e)a(se mixe& "ra)ti!ns )an be )!n"(sin$ -hen !( -rite them &!-n in a "!rm(#a (are the t-! %arts
s(%%!se& t! be a&&e& !r m(#ti%#e&?)1
Mixed Fraction: What is: 1 + 2
1
/
4
?
Is it: 1 + 2 +
1
/
4
= 3
1
/
4
?
Or is it: 1 + 2
1
/
4
= 1
1
/
2
?

Improper Fraction: What is: 1 +
2
/
4
?
It is:
4
/
4
+
2
/
4
=
13
/
4




9

BODMAS RL!S
1. 7BO&MAS7 Rule:
This r(#e &e%i)ts the )!rre)t se'(en)e in -hi)h the !%erati!ns are t! be exe)(te&, s!
as t! "in& !(t the va#(e !" $iven ex%ressi!n.
Cere 4 - 4ra)ket,
D - !",
A - Aivisi!n,
= - =(#ti%#i)ati!n,
3 - 3&&iti!n an&
, - ,(btra)ti!n
Th(s, in sim%#i"in$ an ex%ressi!n, "irst !" a## the bra)kets m(st be rem!ve&, stri)t#
in the !r&er (), EF an& GG.
3"ter rem!vin$ the bra)kets, -e m(st (se the "!##!-in$ !%erati!ns stri)t# in the
!r&er1
(i) !" (ii) Aivisi!n (iii) =(#ti%#i)ati!n (iv) 3&&iti!n (v) ,(btra)ti!n.
2. Mo!ulus o a Real Num/er:
=!&(#(s !" a rea# n(mber a is &e"ine& as
GaG =
a, i" a . 0
-a, i" a H 0
Th(s, G5G = 5 an& G-5G = -(-5) = 5.
3. 8irnaculum 9or Bar::
When an ex%ressi!n )!ntains Iirna)(#(m, be"!re a%%#in$ the 54DA=3,5 r(#e, -e
sim%#i" the ex%ressi!n (n&er the Iirna)(#(m.

RATIO AND PROPORTION
1. Ratio:
The rati! !" t-! '(antities a an& b in the same (nits, is the "ra)ti!n an& -e -rite it as a 1 b.
0n the rati! a 1 b, -e )a## a as the "irst term !r antece!ent an& b, the se)!n& term !r conse;uent.
B$. The rati! 5 1 2 re%resents
5
-ith ante)e&ent = 5, )!nse'(ent = 2.
2
Rule: The m(#ti%#i)ati!n !r &ivisi!n !" ea)h term !" a rati! b the same n!n-Jer! n(mber &!es n!t a""e)t the
rati!.
11

-e -rite, x
1
.
y


SURDS AND INDICES
1. La6s o In!ices:
i. a
m
x a
n
= a
m + n

ii.
a
m
= a
m - n

a
n

iii. (a
m
)
n
= a
mn

iv. (ab)
n
= a
n
b
n

v.

a n
=
a
n

b b
n

vi. a
0
= 1
2. Sur!s:
;et a be rati!na# n(mber an& n be a %!sitive inte$er s()h that a
(1/n)
= a
Then, a is )a##e& a s(r& !" !r&er n.
3. La6s o Sur!s:
i. a = a
(1/n)

ii. ab = a x b
iii.

=
a
b
iv. (a)
n
= a
v.
vi. (a)
m
= a
m


PIPES AND CISTERN
1. Inlet:
3 %i%e )!nne)te& -ith a tank !r a )istern !r a reserv!ir, that "i##s it, is kn!-n as an in#et.
Outlet:
3 %i%e )!nne)te& -ith a tank !r )istern !r reserv!ir, em%tin$ it, is kn!-n as an !(t#et.
2. 0" a %i%e )an "i## a tank in x h!(rs, then1
13

i. K!##in$ an (nbiase& &i)e.
ii. T!ssin$ a "air )!in.
iii. Ara-in$ a )ar& "r!m a %a)k !" -e##-sh(""#e& )ar&s.
iv. 9i)kin$ (% a ba## !" )ertain )!#!(r "r!m a ba$ )!ntainin$ ba##s !" &i""erent )!#!(rs.
&etails:
v. When -e thr!- a )!in, then either a Cea& (C) !r a Tai# (T) a%%ears.
vi. 3 &i)e is a s!#i& )(be, havin$ + "a)es, marke& 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, + res%e)tive#. When -e thr!- a &ie, the
!(t)!me is the n(mber that a%%ears !n its (%%er "a)e.
vii. 3 %a)k !" )ar&s has 52 )ar&s.
0t has 13 )ar&s !" ea)h s(it, name S#a!es$ Clu/s$ <earts an! &iamon!s.
:ar&s !" s%a&es an& )#(bs are /lack car!s.
:ar&s !" hearts an& &iam!n&s are re! car!s.
There are 4 h!n!(rs !" ea)h (nit.
There are =in"s$ >ueens an! ?acks. These are a## )a##e& ace car!s.
3. Sam#le S#ace:
When -e %er"!rm an ex%eriment, then the set , !" a## %!ssib#e !(t)!mes is )a##e& the sam#le s#ace.
E@am#les:
1. 0n t!ssin$ a )!in, , = EC, TF
2. 0" t-! )!ins are t!sse&, the , = ECC, CT, TC, TTF.
3. 0n r!##in$ a &i)e, -e have, , = E1, 2, 3, 4, 5, +F.
Event:
3n s(bset !" a sam%#e s%a)e is )a##e& an event.
'ro/a/ilit0 o Occurrence o an Event:
;et , be the sam%#e an& #et B be an event.
Then, B ,.
9(B) =
n(B)
.
n(,)
Results on 'ro/a/ilit0:
. 9(,) = 1
i. 0 9 (B) 1
ii. 9( ) = 0
iii. >!r an events 3 an& 4 -e have 1 9(3 4) = 9(3) + 9(4) - 9(3 4)
iv. 0" 3 &en!tes (n!t-3), then 9(3) = 1 - 9(3).