Elastic Flexural Analysis for

Serviceability
Lecture Goals
Serviceability
Crack width
Moments of inertia
1
Introduction
Ultimate Limit States Lead to collapse
Serviceability Limit States Disrupt use of Structures
but do not cause collapse
Recall:
Types of Serviceability Limit States
- Excessive crack width
- Excessive deflection
- Undesirable vibrations
- Fatigue (ULS)
2
Crack Width Control
Cracks are caused by tensile stresses due to loads
moments, shears, etc..
3
Crack Width Control
Cracks are caused by tensile stresses due to loads
moments, shears, etc..
4
Crack Width Control
Bar crack development.
5
Crack Width Control
Temperature crack development
6
Crack Width Control
Appearance (smooth surface > 0.01 to 0.013
public concern)
Leakage (Liquid-retaining structures)
Corrosion (cracks can speed up occurrence
of corrosion)
Reasons for crack width control?
7
Crack Width Control
Chlorides (other corrosive substances) present
Relative Humidity > 60 %
High Ambient Temperatures (accelerates
chemical reactions)
Wetting and drying cycles
Stray electrical currents occur in the bars.
Corrosion more apt to occur if (steel oxidizes rust )
8
Limits on Crack Width
0.4mm (0.016 in.) for interior exposure
0.33mm (0.013 in.) for exterior exposure
max.. crack width =
ACI Codes Basis
Cracking controlled in ACI code by regulating the
distribution of reinforcement in beams/slabs.
9
Limits on Crack Width
Tolerable Crack Widths
Tolerable
Crack Width
Dry air or protective membrane - 0.016 in.
Humidity, moist air, soil - 0.012 in.
Deicing chemicals - 0.007 in.
Seawater and seawater spray - 0.006 in.
wetting and drying
Water-retaining structures - 0.004 in.
(excluding nonpressure pipes)
Exposure Condition
10
11
Deflection Control
Visual Appearance

( 25 ft. span 1.2 in. )
Damage to Non-structural Elements
- cracking of partitions
- malfunction of doors /windows
(1.)
(2.)
Reasons to Limit Deflection
1
are generally visible
250
l o >

12
Deflection Control
Disruption of function
- sensitive machinery, equipment
- ponding of rain water on roofs
Damage to Structural Elements
- large os than serviceability problem
- (contact w/ other members modify
load paths)
(3.)
(4.)
13
Allowable Deflections
14
Allowable Deflections
15
Deflection Response of RC Beams
(Flexure)
A- Ends of Beam Crack
B - Cracking at midspan
C - Instantaneous
deflection under service
load
C - long time deflection
under service load
D and E - yielding of
reinforcement @ ends &
midspan
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
12
2
wl
M
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
12
2
wl
M
2
16
wl
M
| |
=
|
\ .
16
Moment of Inertia
For normal weight
concrete
( ) psi 33
c
1.5
c c
f E e =
For w
c
= 90 to 155 lb/ft
3

( ) psi 57000
c c
f E =
(ACI 8.5.1)
17
EI
M
EI
M
= = =
|
| slope
Moment Vs curvature plot
18
Moment Vs Slope Plot
The cracked beam starts to lose strength as the amount of
cracking increases
19
Variation of EI along the length
of the beam
20
Moment of Inertia for Deflection
Calculation
For (intermediate values of EI)
gt e cr
I I I s s
Brandon
derived
Cracking Moment =
Moment of inertia of transformed cross-section
Modulus of rupture =
r g
t
f I
y
c
7.5 f
M
cr
=
I
gt
=
f
r
=
3 3
cr cr
e g cr
a a
1
M M
I I I
M M
(
| | | |
( = +
| |
(
\ . \ .

21
Moment of Inertia for Deflection
Calculation
Distance from centroid to extreme tension fiber
maximum moment in member at loading stage
for which I
e
is being computed or at any
previous loading stage
Moment of inertia of concrete section neglect
reinforcement
y
t
=
M
a
=
I
g
=
3 3
cr cr
e g cr
a a
1
M M
I I I
M M
(
| | | |
( = +
| |
(
\ . \ .

( )
3
cr
e cr g cr
a
M
I I I I
M
| |
= +
|
\ .
22
Deflection Response of RC Beams
(Flexure)
For Continuous beams
ACI 9.5.2.4
ACI Com. 435
Weight Average
( ) ( )
( )
e2 1 e mid e avg e
25 . 0 50 . 0 I I I I + + =
( ) ( )
( )

+ + =
e2 1 e mid e avg e
15 . 0 70 . 0
: continous ends 2
I I I I
( ) ( )
( )

+ =
1 e mid e avg e
15 . 0 85 . 0
: continous end 1
I I I
( )
2 end @
1 end @
midspan @
e e2
e e1
e mid e
I I
I I
I I
=
=
=
23
Uncracked Transformed Section
Part (n) =E
j
/E
i
Area nArea y
i
y
i
(n)A
Concrete 1 b
w
h b
w
h 0.5h 0.5b
w
h2
A
s
n A
s
(n-1)A
s
d (n-1)A
s
d
A
s
n A
s
(n-1)A
s
d (n-1)A
s
d

n A

i i
y n A


*
i i i
*
i i
y n A
y
n A

Note: (n-1) is to remove area of

concrete
24
Cracked Transformed Section
25
Cracked Transformed Section

+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =

s
s
i
i i 2
nA y b
d nA
y
y b
A
A y
y
Finding the centroid of singly Reinforced Rectangular
Section
0
2 2
0
2
2
s s
2
s s
2
s s
2
= +
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= +
b
d nA
y
b
nA
y
d nA y nA y
b
d nA
y
y b y nA y b
Solve for the quadratic for
y
26
Cracked Transformed Section
0
2 2
s s
2
= +
b
d nA
y
b
nA
y
Note:
c
s
E
E
n =
Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section
( )
2
s
3
cr
3
1
y d nA y b I + =
27
Example (Rectangular - Single)
For the following example find centroid and moment
of inertia for an uncracked and cracked section and
compare the results.
E
s
= 29000 ksi
E
c
= 3625 ksi
d = 15.5 in b = 12 in. h = 18 in.
Use 4 # 7 bars for the steel.
28
Example
A #7 bar has an A
s
= 0.6 in
2
s
c
E 29000 ksi
8
E 3625 ksi
n = = =
( )
2 2
s
4 0.6 in 2.4 in A = =
The uncracked centroid is

( )
( )
( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
2
s
s
2
2
2
3
2
1
2

1
12 in 18 in
8 1 2.4 in 15.5 in
2

12 in 18 in 8 1 2.4 in
2204.4 in
9.47 in
232.8 in
bh
n A d
y
bh n A
+
=
+
+
=
+
= =
29
Example
The uncracked moment of inertia

( ) ( )
( )( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
2
3
2
s
3
2
2
2
4
1
12 2
12 in 18 in
18 in
9.47 in 12 in 18 in 15.5 in 9.47 in 8 1 2.4 in
12 2
6491 in
bh h
I y bh d y n A
| |
= + +
|
\ .
| |
= + +
|
\ .
=
The cracked centroid is defined by:

( )( )
2
s
2.4 in
0.0129
12 in 15.5 in
A
bd
= = =
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( )
2
2
2 8 0.0129 2 8 0.0129 8 0.0129 0.3627
0.3627 15.5 in 5.62 in
y
n n n
d
y

| |
= + = =
|
\ .
= =
30
Example
The cracked moment of inertia is

( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
3
2
s
3 2
2
4
3
1
12 in 5.62 in 15.5 in 5.62 in 8 2.4 in
3
2584.2 in
by
I d y nA = +
= +
=
Notice that the centroid changes from 9.47 in. to 5.62
in. and the moment of inertia decreases from 6491 in
4

to 2584 in
4
. The cracked section loses more than half
of its strength.
31
Cracked Transformed Section
( ) ( )
'
s s s s 2
2 1 2 2 1 2
0
n A nA n Ad nAd
y y
b b
' '
+ +
+ =
Note:
c
s
E
E
n =
Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Section
( ) ( ) ( )
2
s
2
s
3
cr
1
3
1
y d nA d y A n y b I +
'

'
+ =
32
Uncracked Transformed Section
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )


steel
2
s
2
s
concrete
2
3
gt
1 1
2 12
1
d y A n d y A n
h
y bh bh I
+
'

'
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
Note:
3
g
12
1
bh I =
Moment of inertia (uncracked doubly reinforced beam)
33
Example (Rectangular - Double)
34
35
36
37
38
39
Cracked Transformed Section
Finding the centroid of doubly reinforced T-Section
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0
2 1 2

2 1 2 2
w
s s
2
w e
w
s s w e
2
=
+
'
+

+
'
+
+
b
d nA A n t b b
y
b
nA A n b b t
y
40
Cracked Transformed Section
Finding the moment of inertia for a doubly reinforced
T-Section
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
3
3
cr e e w
beam
flange
2 2
s s
steel
1 1
12 2 3
1
t
I b y b t y b y t
n A y d nA d y
| |
= + +
|
\ .
' '
+ +
41
Reinf. Concrete Sections - Example
Given a doubly reinforced beam with h = 24 in, b = 12
in., d = 2.5 in. and d = 21.5 in. with 2# 7 bars in
compression steel and 4 # 7 bars in tension steel. The
material properties are f
c
= 4 ksi and f
y
= 60 ksi.
a) Determine I
gt
, I
cr
, M
cr(+)
, M
cr(-)


b) Determine the NA of the beam at ultimate Load.

42
Reinf. Concrete Sections - Example
The components of the beam
( )
( )
2 2
s
2 2
s
c c
2 0.6 in 1.2 in
4 0.6 in 2.4 in
1 k
57000 57000 4000
1000 lb
3605 ksi
A
A
E f
'
= =
= =
| |
= =
|
\ .
=
43
Reinf. Concrete Sections - Example
Compute the n value and the centroid, I uncracked
n
area (in
2
) narea (in
2
)
y
i
(in) y
i
n area (in
2
)
I (in
4
)
d (in)
d
2
n area(in
4
)
A'
s
7.04 1.2 8.448 2.5 21.12 - -9.756 804.10
A
s
7.04 2.4 16.896 21.5 363.26 - 9.244 1443.75
A
c 1 288 288 12 3456.00 13824 -0.256 18.89
313.344 3840.38 13824 2266.74
s
c
29000 ksi
8.04
3605 ksi
E
n
E
= = =
The compute the centroid and I uncracked
3
i i i
2
i i
2 4 4 4
i i i i
3840.38 in
12.26 in.
313.34 in
I 13824 in 2266.7 in 16090.7 in
y n A
y
n A
I d n A
= = =
= + = + =

44
Reinf .Concrete Sections - Example
Compute the centroid and I for a cracked doubly reinforced
beam.
( ) ( )
'
s s s s 2
2 1 2 2 1 2
0
n A nA n Ad nAd
y y
b b
' '
+ +
+ =
( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )( )
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 7.04 1.2 in 2 8.04 2.4 in
12 in.
2 7.04 1.2 in (2.5) 2 8.04 2.4 in 21.5 in.
0
12 in.
4.624 72.664 0
y y
y y
+
+
+
=
+ =
( ) ( )
2
4.624 4.624 4 72.664
6.52 in.
2
y
+ +
= =
45
Reinf. Concrete Sections - Example
Compute the moment of inertia for a cracked doubly
reinforced beam.
( ) ( ) ( )
2
s
2
s
3
cr
1
3
1
y d nA d y A n y b I +
'

'
+ =
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
3 2
2
cr
2
2 4
1
12 in. 6.52 in. 7.04 1.2 in 6.52 in. 2.5 in.
3
8.04 2.4 in 21.5 in. 6.52 in. 5575.22 in
I = +
+ =
The critical ratio of moment of inertia
4
cr
cr g
4
g
5575.22 in
0.346 0.35
16090.7 in
I
I I
I
= = ~
46
Reinf. Concrete Sections - Example
The maximum tension stress in tension is
r c
7.5 7.5 4000 474.3 psi 0.4743 ksi f f = = =
The uncracked moments for the beam
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
4
r
cr
4
r
cr
0.4743 ksi 16090.7 in
650.2 k-in.
24 in. 12.26 in.
0.4743 ksi 16090.7 in
622.6 k-in.
12.26 in.
My I
M
I y
f I
M
y
f I
M
y
o
o
+

= =
= = =

= = =
47
Reinf. Concrete Sections - Example
b) Find the components of the beam (at ultimate)
( )( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
c c
s
s s s
2
s s s c
0.85 0.85 4 ksi 12 in. 0.85 34.68
2.5 in. 0.0075
0.003 0.003
0.0075 217.5
29000 0.003 87
217.5 261
0.85 1.2 in 87 0.85(4) 100.32
C f ba c c
c
c c
f E
c c
C A f f
c c
c
c
= = =

| |
'
= =
|
\ .
| |
'
= = =
|
\ .
| |
'
= = =
|
\ .
Find the components of the beam
( )( )
2
2
c s
2.4 in 60 ksi 144 k
261
144 k 34.68 100.32 34.68 43.68 261 0
T
T C C c c c
c
= =
= + = + =
48
Reinf. Concrete Sections - Example
The neutral axis
( ) ( )( )
( )
2
43.68 43.68 4 261 34.68
3.44 in.
2 34.68
c
+ +
= =
The strain of the steel
Note: At service loads, beams are assumed to act elastically.
( )
( )
s
s
3.44 in. 2.5 in.
0.003 0.0008 0.00207
3.44 in.
21.5 in. 3.44 in.
0.003 0.0158 0.00207
3.44 in.
c
c

| |
'
= = <
|
\ .

| |
= = >
|
\ .
3.44 in.
y 6.52 in.
c =
=
49
Calculate the Deflections
(1) Instantaneous (immediate) deflections
(2) Sustained load deflection
Instantaneous Deflections
due to dead loads (unfactored) , live, etc.
50
Instantaneous (Immediate)
deflections
51
Instantaneous (Immediate)
deflections
52
53
Deflection Coefficients
54
Sustained Load Deflections
Creep causes an increase in
concrete strain
Curvature
increases

Compression steel
present
Increase in compressive strains
cause increase in stress in
compression reinf. (reduces
creep strain in concrete)
Helps limit this effect.
55
Sustained Load Deflections
Sustained load deflection =
A
A
i

Instantaneous deflection
1 50

A
=
'
+
ACI 9.5.2.5
bd
A
s
'
=
'

at mid-span for simple and continuous beams

at support for cantilever beams
56
Sustained Load Deflections
= time dependent factor for sustained load
5 years or more
12 months
6 months
3 months
1.4
1.2
1.0
2.0
57
58
Sustained Load Deflections
For dead and live loads
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
total
DL inst LL inst
DL L.T. LL L.T.

A = A + A
+ A + A
DL and LL may have different factors for LT ( long
term) A calculations
( ) inst DL total
components N/S
of attachment after
total
A A = A
|
|
.
|

\
|
59
Example 9-5:
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
Example 9-6:
74
75
76
77