1

Thermal Inertia in Buildings

Josep Sole
European Sustainibility & Technical Manager
Slide 2 Title of the presentation date/time
Context
Some new concepts are appearing in building market:
Thermal Inertia
Thermal capacity
Thermal mass
Periodic transmittance
Thermal time constant
Summer comfort
Dynamic calculations
......
In many cases these aspects are used to support heavy constructions
against light constructions
In other cases they are used to promote some heavy vegetal or animal
based insulations against mineral or plastic insulations.
Many times the role of thermal inertia is overestimate specially in
insulated buildings.
2
Slide 3 Title of the presentation date/time
Thermal Inertia in Buildings
Material / Product characteristics
Slide 4 Title of the presentation date/time
Thermal conductivity
Quantity of heat going trough one
material when:
Surface is = 1m
2
Thickness = 1m
Time = 1s
Temperature difference between faces = 1K
d=1 m
S=1 m
2
DT=1K
t=1 s
Units:
W/mK
3
Slide 5 Title of the presentation date/time
Thermal resistance
Product difficulty to transfer
heat trough it
It takes in consideration
thickness and thermal
conductivity:
R = Thickness / Conductivity
Units:
m
2
K/W
Slide 6 Title of the presentation date/time
Specific heat
Quantity of heat necessary to
increase the material temperature:
Mass = 1 kg
Temperature increasing =1K
T
m=1kg
m=1kg
T+1
+ Heat
Units:
J/ (kg K)
For mineral products c aprox 1000 J/kgK
For organic products c aprox 1400 J/kg/K
4
Slide 7 Title of the presentation date/time
Thermal capacity
Availability for one product to
store heat
Thermal capacity:
Thickness * density * specific
heat
C = d* r * c
e
Slide 8 Title of the presentation date/time
Thermal Inertia in Buildings
Building components
5
Slide 9 Title of the presentation date/time
Steady state conditions
Temperatures are constant in along time.
Heat flow trough elements is constant
during the time.
Temperatures in each point of element are
only function of layer thermal resistance.
T
e
T
i
T
se
T
si
R
se
R
si
R
Q= constant
Under steady state conditions time and heat storage is not an issue
Slide 10 Title of the presentation date/time
Heat flow (steady state)
U value
T
e
T
i
T
se
T
si
R
se
R
si
R
Q= constant
U = 1/ (R
si
+ S R
i
+ R
se
)
f = U (q
i
q
e
) t
q
si
= q
i
U*R
si
*(q
i
-q
e
)
Heat flow only depends from U value (or R value).
Position on layers have no influence
6
Slide 11 Title of the presentation date/time
Non steady state conditions
Temperatures in both sides can vary along
the time
Heat flow trough the element is not constant
Temperatures in each point are dependent
from:
Time
Thermal resistance
Thermal capacity
T
e
T
i
T
se
T
si
R
se
R
si
R
Slide 12 Title of the presentation date/time
Steady state vs Dynamic calculations
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5
10
15
20
25
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Text Tint
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25
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Text Tint
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25
30
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Text Tint
All the time External Temperature is lower / higher than Internal one
Heat flow can var but always with the same direction (from interior to
exterior or vice versa)
Under these conditions steady state consideration can be used with
average temperatures.
Part of the time external
temperature higher than
internal.
Heat flow can vary along the
time but also the direction can
be inversed
Under these conditions steady
sate hypothesis can not be
used.
Cold weather
Hot weather
Temperate weather
Steady State calculations Dynamic Calculations
7
Slide 13 Title of the presentation date/time
Time delay / shift
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Te Tsi
Time delay
Under non steady state conditions
external temperatures varies
(sinusoidal mode) and the internal
one also follows the same pattern
but with some time delay
False believe:
If the time delay is high enough the internal
overheating can be compensate by the lower
external temperature.
Dynamic heat flow can provide more accurate
information than time delay (see periodic
transmittance)
Reality:
Calculation internal temperature in a room needs a
holistic approach (interaction between all
elements, internal gains, solar gains, ventilation,..)
and not only one component.
Slide 14 Title of the presentation date/time
Internal capacity
Internal capacity represents the capacity of a wall to store heat.
Simplified calculation:
Non insulated wall:
Due to decay of temperatures only half of the
thickness is considerate (area of the triangle)
Insulated wall:
Due to decay of temperatures only internal layer
are considerate (area of the internal rectangle)
C = 0,5 d c r
C = d
int
c r
False believe:
If is possible to store heat the internal overheating can be dissipate later.
Dynamic heat flow can provide more accurate information than heat capacity (see periodic transmittance)
Reality:
Energy demand calculation needs a holistic approach (interaction between all elements, internal gains,
solar gains, ventilation,..) and not only one component.
8
Slide 15 Title of the presentation date/time
Heat flow (non steady state conditions)
Under non steady state conditions heat flow
can be divided in a permanent
transmittance (identical to steady state
conditions; U value) + periodic
transmittance (quantity to add to the
permanent in order to obtain the real heat
flow; Periodic transmittance value Y
12
)
H
e
a
t

f
l
o
w
Time
Permanent
Transmittance
Periodic
Transmittance
If external temperature oscillation is big periodic
thermal transmittance takes more relevance for
peak heat flow.
In cold weather internal external temperature
difference takes more importance than external
temperature oscillation.
In hot weather temperature oscillation is more
relevant than temperature difference.
) ( * *
e i
U A q q
e
Y A q

* *

12

e e i
Y A U A q q q

* * ) ( * *
12 max

Average heat flow
Periodic contribution
Maximum heat flow
Slide 16 Title of the presentation date/time
Thermal Inertia in Buildings
Building components : Examples of calculations
9
Slide 17 Title of the presentation date/time
EN 13786 Dynamic proprieties
The EN ISO 13786 standard allows to calculate:
Periodic transmittance
Time delay
Thermal capacity.
Uses the heat transfer matrix for each layer and the total transfer matrix for the whole construction
Slide 18 Title of the presentation date/time
Calculations according EN 13786
(URSA PAN from Ursa Italia)
10
Slide 19 Title of the presentation date/time
Heavy walls
Thermal capacity / Time delay vs insulation position
No insulation Internal insulation External insulation
C
kJ/m2K
TD
h
C
kJ/m2K
TD
h
C
kJ/m2K
TD
h
15 cm concrete
(360 kg/m
2
)
70 5h42 20 6h59 69 7h22
15 cm heavy ceramic brick
(153 kg/m
2
)
56 5h7 21 6h46 55 7h12
15 cm light ceramic brick
(95 kg/m
2
)
42 6h10 21 8h6 39 8h23
15 cm aerated concrete
(75 kg/m
2
)
39 5h25 21 7h22 39 7h37
The lowest thermal capacity is obtained with internal insulation in despite of
that the time decay is higher than with no insulation.
Insulation 6 cm; l=0,035 W/mK; r=20 kg/m
3
; c=1000 J/kgK
Slide 20 Title of the presentation date/time
Cavity wall
Thermal capacity / Time delay vs insulation level
No insulation 50% Insulation 100% Insulation
C
kJ/m2K
TD
h
C
kJ/m2K
TD
h
C
kJ/m2K
TD
h
Cavity wall insulation 64,64 8h 11 63,38 9h 56 63,07 10h 23
Air gap 10 cm; insulation l=0,035 W/mK; r=20 kg/m
3
; c=1000 J/kgK
There is only small difference between no insulation and insulation.
High insulation level increases the time delay.
11
Slide 21 Title of the presentation date/time
Heavy walls
Periodic transmittance vs insulation position
No insulation Internal insulation External insulation
U
W/m2K
Y
12
W/m2K
U
W/m2K
Y
12
W/m2K
U
W/m2K
Y
12
W/m2K
15 cm concrete
(360 kg/m
2
)
2,865 1,250 0,485 0,141 0,485 0,095
15 cm heavy ceramic brick
(153 kg/m
2
)
1,908 1,236 0,447 0,195 0,447 0,153
15 cm light ceramic brick
(95 kg/m
2
)
0,903 0,575 0,354 0,135 0,354 0,120
15 cm aerated concrete
(75 kg/m
2
)
0,884 0,628 0,351 0,161 0,351 0,146
In a no insulated walls differences in U and Y
12
values are significant
In insulated walls there is only small difference according to thermal mass.
Insulation position (internal vs external) has only a small relevance on Y
12
Insulation 6 cm; l=0,035 W/mK; r=20 kg/m
3
; c=1000 J/kgK
Slide 22 Title of the presentation date/time
Cavity wall
Periodic transmittance vs insulation level
No insulation 50% insulation 100% Insulation
U
W/m2K
Y
12
W/m2K
U
W/m2K
Y
12
W/m2K
U
W/m2K
Y
12
W/m2K
Cavity wall insulation 1,211 0,478 0,443 0,121 0,283 0,072
There is a significant difference between no insulation and insulation
Increasing the insulation not only reduces de average heat flow but also
reduces periodic thermal transmittance
Air gap 10 cm; insulation l=0,035 W/mK; r=20 kg/m
3
; c=1000 J/kgK
12
Slide 23 Title of the presentation date/time
Heavy walls
Periodic transmittance vs heat capacity
There is no correlation between thermal capacity and periodic
transmittance.
Insulation reduces periodic transmittance.
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
P
e
r
i
o
d
i
c

t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
a
n
c
e

W
/
m
2

K
Thermal capacity kJ/m2
No Insulation Internal Insulation External insulation
Cavity wall (0) Cavity wall (50%) Cavity Wall (100%)
Slide 24 Title of the presentation date/time
Light walls
Thermal capacity / Time delay vs insulation thermal capacity
Wood fibre Glasswool
C
kJ/m2K
TD
h
C
kJ/m2K
TD
h
4 cm 14 1h57 13 1h44
8 cm 14 2h40 12 1h59
16 cm 16 4h50 12 2h36
24 cm 16 7h34 13 3h30
Thickness of insulation has a stronger effect than the type of insulation
Apparently a significant difference in Time decay exists.
Wood fibre l=0,035 W/mK; r=50 kg/m
3
; c=1600 J/kgK
Glasswool l=0,035 W/mK; r=20 kg/m
3
; c=1000 J/kgK
13
Slide 25 Title of the presentation date/time
Light walls
Periodic transmittance vs insulation thermal capacity
At similar insulation level no difference on average thermal heat flow
Thickens (insulation level) has the biggest relevance
Only small difference on periodic transmittance (peak of heat flow)
between different types of insulation
Wood fibre l=0,035 W/mK; r=50 kg/m3; c=1600 J/kgK
Glasswool l=0,035 W/mK; r=20 kg/m
3
; c=1000 J/kgK
Wood fibre Glasswool
U
W/m2K
Y
12
W/m2K
U
W/m2K
Y
12
W/m2K
4 cm 0,63 0,60 0,63 0,60
8 cm 0,37 0,34 0,37 0,35
16 cm 0,20 0,16 0,20 0,19
24 cm 0,14 0,09 0,14 0,12
Slide 26 Title of the presentation date/time
Recapitulation
CONSIDERATIONS:
The building element approach doesn't take consideration important building
parameters as:
Interrelation between building components.
Air infiltration and ventilation.
Internal and Solar gains.
Solar shading
............
Individual building components approach is only a very rough approximation to the
reality. For a better understanding a holistic approach is needed
CONCLUSIONS:
Time delay, thermal capacity are no representative for heat flow or real temperatures
in a room
The only parameter linked to thermal fluxes is U value (average value) and the
periodic transmittance (peak value).
In Insulated building elements periodic transmittance is very few influenced
by the position or nature of insulation (its not the same in a non or very
poor insulated building elements)
14
Slide 27 Title of the presentation date/time
Thermal Inertia in Buildings
Total thermal mass
Internal vs Envelope thermal inertia
Slide 28 Title of the presentation date/time
Total building thermal mass
Internal vs envelope thermal inertia
Total thermal mass is de capacity for a building (thermal zone) to store and
release heat.
Internal floors / partitions / furniture also have the capacity to store and
release heat. Then they must be considerate in thermal mass
Many times only envelope components (walls, roof, floors) are considerate
in thermal inertia calculations. Under these circumstances the envelope
contribution is overestimate.
15
Slide 29 Title of the presentation date/time
Thermal mass (normal dining room)
m m m
2
kg/m
2
kg
length with Area mass weight %
Floor (heavy) 5 4 20 100 2000 31,3
Ceiling (heavy) 5 4 20 100 2000 31,3
Right wall (light) 5 3 15 25 375 5,9
Left wall (light) 5 3 15 25 375 5,9
Rear wall (light) 4 3 12 25 300 4,7
Faade (heavy) 4 3 8,64 100 864 13,5
Window 2,8 1,2 3,36 20 67 1,1
Furniture 5 4 20 20 400 6,3
TOTAL 6381 100,0
Thermal mass/ Area 6381kg / 20 m
2
319 kg/m
2
FACADES ARE NOT THE MOST RELEVANT PART OF BUILDING
THERMAL MAS
The major part of thermal mass is due to floor and ceiling.
All partition walls have the same influence than faades.
Slide 30 Title of the presentation date/time
Where Thermal mass must be located?
Availability
1.- Solar radiation can heat the
floor and it can storage the excess
of heat and limits the overheating:
Efficiency
2.- The heated floor can release
heat during night when
temperatures are lower without
incomfort
More efficient
More efficient
Less efficient
In faades thermal mass is not easily available and its thermally less efficient
Reception Zone
16
Slide 31 Title of the presentation date/time
Recapitulation:
Thermal mass can be relevant at building level.
Component thermal mass only expresses the contribution to overall
building thermal mass. Its necessary to put in a building context
Thermal mass must be located where sun radiation can easily access to
it (floors) and where air convection can easily capture the heat released
from storage mass (floor, ceiling, partition walls)
Usually faade thermal mass is only an irrelevant part of the total
building thermal mass.
Slide 32 Title of the presentation date/time
Thermal Inertia in Buildings
Building holistic approach
17
Slide 33 Title of the presentation date/time
Holistic vs single building component approach
Slide 34 Title of the presentation date/time
Building Energy Balance
In a non steady state conditions building energy balance (energy demand
or free floating temperature) is complex due to very different heat flows
driven by temperatures, solar radiation, internal gains, storage and release
of heat,... at any moment
18
Slide 35 Title of the presentation date/time
Thermal Inertia in Buildings
Holistic calculation methods
EN 13790
Slide 36 Title of the presentation date/time
Calculo demanda energtica
Transmisin
Trmica
Ventilacin
Ganancias
solares
Ganancias
internas
Demanda
Calefaccin
Transmisin
Trmica
Ventilac
in
Ganancias
solares
Ganancias
internas
Demanda
Refrigeracin
19
Slide 37 Title of the presentation date/time
Energy demand EN 13790
Monthly and seasonal method
Needs for heating
Thermal transmission + Ventilation Heating Utilisation factor (Solar + Internal Gains)
Heat losses Heat gains
Needs for cooling
Solar + Internal gains Cooling Utilisation factor (Thermal transmission + ventilation)
Heat losses Heat gains
H G C G H L H N
Q Q Q
, , , ,

C L C L C G C N
Q Q Q
, , , ,

Slide 38 Title of the presentation date/time
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
Gains / losses
U
t
i l i s
a
t
i o
n
f
a
c
t
o
r
f
o
o
r
h
e
a
t
i n
g
t=8
t=12
t=24
t=48
t=168
Energy demand EN 13790
Building time constant Utilisation factor
H L
m
H
C
,
6 , 3

C L
m
C
H
C
,
6 , 3

H G C G H L H N
Q Q Q
, , , ,

Building Time constant for heating:
Time to decrease the building mass
temperature due to thermal losses
Building Time constant for cooling:
Time to decrease the building mass
temperature due to thermal losses
More insulation
More insulation
Thermal inertia impact
Thermal inertia impact
Increasing the building insulation the thermal inertia impact is lowering
C L C L C G C N
Q Q Q
, , , ,

Gains=Losses
Gains=Losses
20
Slide 39 Title of the presentation date/time
CONCLUSION
The relevant parameter for a building its not the thermal inertia
from one individual element (i.e: faade) but for the total building
(building time constant)
In a bad insulated buildings thermal inertia has some relevance
In a well insulated buildings thermal inertia is not relevant
INSULATION, SOLAR SHADINGS, VENTILATION ARE THE KEY
PARAMETERS, THERMAL INERTIA ONLY PLAYS A LIMITED
ROLE IN A POOR INSULATED BUILDINGS
Slide 40 Title of the presentation date/time
Hourly Methods
CASANOVA
This method allows to make distinction
between internal and envelope thermal
inertia
21
Slide 41 Title of the presentation date/time
Examples of results for Roma
Internal Inertia
Low Medium High
Envelope inertia Low 36,9 26,3 22,9
Medium 31,5 25 22,2
High 28,6 24 21,7
Cooling (kWhm
2
/ao)
Internal Inertia
Low Medium High
Envelope inertia Low 76,5 68,2 63,7
Medium 73,3 66,6 62,8
High 70,8 65,2 61,9
Heating (kWhm
2
/ao)
Slide 42 Title of the presentation date/time
Results (Modifying Envelope Inertia)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Envelope-Low Envelope-Medium Envelope-High
Cooling
Internal-Low Internal-Medium Internal-High
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Envelope-Low Envelope-Medium Envelope-High
Heataing
Internal-Low Internal-Medium Internal-High
Increasing the envelope inertia a small reduction of energy demand can be
expected but only in internally low buildings during cooling season its significant
22
Slide 43 Title of the presentation date/time
Results (Modifying Internal Inertia)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Internal -Low Internal-Medium Internal -High
Cooling
Envelope-Low Envelope-Medium Envelope-High
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Internal -Low Internal -Medium Internal -High
Heating
Envelope-Low Envelope-Medium Envelope-High
Increasing internal thermal inertia a reduction of energy demand can be expected
Slide 44 Title of the presentation date/time
Conclusions
Envelope thermal inertia has only small influence on energy demand.
Internal thermal inertia has a more significant impact on energy
demand.
Combining low internal and envelope thermal inertia is the worst case
and it must be complemented with correct shading, insulation and
ventilation.
23
Slide 45 Title of the presentation date/time
Thermal Inertia in Buildings
Dynamic advanced calculations
Slide 46 Title of the presentation date/time
Dynamic calculation:
Single family hose in Seville
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Slide 47 Title of the presentation date/time
Hypothesis
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/ 0
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: 0
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: 0
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/ 0
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: 0
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: 0
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7
/ 0
1
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3
: 0
0
: 0
0
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/ 0
1
0
4
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
0
5
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
0
6
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
0
7
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
0
8
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
0
9
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
1
0
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
1
1
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
1
2
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
1
3
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
1
4
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
1
5
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
1
6
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
1
7
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
1
8
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
1
9
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
2
0
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
2
1
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
2
2
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
2
3
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
2
4
: 0
0
: 0
0
Personnes (W/m2)
Eclairage (W/m2)
Equipements (W/m2)
Internal gains
Ventilation:
Ventilation rate 0,5 volumes per hour only if Text < 27 C
During summer 5 volumes per hour if Tint > Text
Solar protection.
Available at 70% of protection if incident radiation > 75 W/m2.
Internal temperature
20C winter
26C summer
Slide 48 Title of the presentation date/time
Base case
Thickness
cm
Lambda
W/mK
Density
Kg/m3
Specific heat
J/kgK
Render 1,5 0,7 1350 1000
Brick 13 0,667 1140 1000
Insulation 5 0,036 18 900
Plasterboard 1,5 0,25 825 1000
Thickness
cm
Lambda
W/mK
Density
Kg/m3
Specific heat
J/kgK
Concrete 12 2,3 2400 1000
Insulation 2 0,034 35 1000
Mortar 4 0,7 1350 1000
Ceramic 2 1,- 2000 800
Thickness
cm
Lambda
W/mK
Density
Kg/m3
Specific heat
J/kgK
Tile 2 1,5 2100 1000
Ceramic 4 0,228 670 1000
Air layer -- -- -- --
Insulation 8 0,040 12 900
Plasterboard 1,5 0,25 825 1000
Roof
Floor
Faade
25
Slide 49 Title of the presentation date/time
Results base case
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/ 1
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: 0
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: 0
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/ 1
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: 0
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: 0
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/ 1
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1
: 0
0
: 0
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/ 1
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6
: 0
0
: 0
0
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/ 1
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2
1
: 0
0
: 0
0
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7
/ 1
1
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2
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 1
1
0
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: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 1
1
1
2
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 1
1
1
7
: 0
0
: 0
0
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7
/ 1
1
2
2
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
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/ 1
2
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3
: 0
0
: 0
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/ 1
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: 0
0
: 0
0
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/ 1
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1
3
: 0
0
: 0
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/ 1
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8
: 0
0
: 0
0
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/ 1
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3
: 0
0
: 0
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/ 1
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: 0
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: 0
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/ 1
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: 0
0
: 0
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/ 1
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1
4
: 0
0
: 0
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/ 1
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1
9
: 0
0
: 0
0
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/ 1
3
2
4
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 1
4
0
5
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 1
4
1
0
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 1
4
1
5
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 1
4
2
0
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 1
5
0
1
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 1
5
0
6
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 1
5
1
1
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 1
5
1
6
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 1
5
2
1
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 1
6
0
2
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 1
6
0
7
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 1
6
1
2
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 1
6
1
7
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 1
6
2
2
: 0
0
: 0
0
Environment:Outdoor Dry Bulb [C](Hourly) P01_E02 2:Zone Mean Air Temperature [C](Hourly)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
J
a
n
u
a
r
y
F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y
M
a
r
c
h
A
p
r
i l
M
a
y
J
u
n
e
J
u
l y
A
u
g
u
s
t
S
e
p
t
e
m
b
e
r
O
c
t
o
b
e
r
N
o
v
e
m
b
e
r
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
Heating kWh Cooling kWh
Tmax : 34,64 C
N Hours > 26C : 192 h
Summer week
Total heating: 2129 kWh
Total cooling: 1667 kWh
Slide 50 Title of the presentation date/time
Alternative cases
Case
1-Base Very low thermal inertia
2- Insulation high density and specific heat from 12 to 90 kg/m3 from 1000 to 1500 J/kgK
3-No night ventilation (summer)
4-No solar shading (summer)
5-Half insulation thickness
6-High mass ceiling Plasterboard changed by 12 cm concrete
7-No night ventilation no solar protection
8-Heavy faade External insulation
9-Heavy floor Insulation below concrete floor
10.-Double insulation on roof
Calculations are repeated for each case
26
Slide 51 Title of the presentation date/time
Maximum temperatures in summer
Case
Tmax
C
Consideration
1-Base
34,64 --
2- Insulation high density and specific
heat
34,60 Indifferent
3-No night ventilation (summer)
35,32 Slightly negative
4-No solar shading (summer)
35,94 Negative
5-Half insulation thickness
35,60 Negative
6-High mass ceiling
32,16 Positive
7-No night ventilation no solar protection
36,68 Very negative
8-Heavy faade
33,23 Positive
9-Heavy floor
33,93 Positive
10.-Double insulation on roof
33,95 Positive
Slide 52 Title of the presentation date/time
Total annual energy demand
kwh per year
0 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000
1-Base
2-Masse volumique de
lisolant
3-Elimination ventilation
4-Elimination protection
solaire
5-Rduction de
lisolation
6-Plaf ond lourd
7-Elimination ventilation
et protection solaire
8-Faade lourde
9-Sol lourd
10-Double isolant
No effect
27
Slide 53 Title of the presentation date/time
Conclusions
Single family house in Sevilla
No cooled building (but enough insulated)
Key negative parameters are no nigth ventilation and no solar
protection.
Increasing the insulation density is indifferent
Heavy (and ventilated) ceiling is very positive.
Increasing the thermal mass for floors and walls have only small
positive effect.
Cooled buildings (enough insulated)
Insulation reduction is negative
No solar protection nor night cooling is very negative
Heavy ventilated ceiling has a positive effect.
Slide 54 Title of the presentation date/time
Single Family house in Marseille
Fachada Sur
Fachada Norte
28
Slide 55 Title of the presentation date/time
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
0
7
/ 0
1
0
1
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
0
2
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
0
3
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
0
4
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
0
5
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
0
6
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
0
7
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
0
8
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
0
9
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
1
0
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
1
1
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
1
2
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
1
3
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
1
4
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
1
5
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
1
6
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
1
7
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
1
8
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
1
9
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
2
0
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
2
1
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
2
2
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
2
3
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
2
4
: 0
0
: 0
0
Personnes (W/m2) Eclairage (W/m2) Equipements (W/m2)
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
0
7
/ 0
1
0
1
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
0
6
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
1
1
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
1
6
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
2
1
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
2
0
2
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
2
0
7
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
2
1
2
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
2
1
7
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
2
2
2
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
3
0
3
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
3
0
8
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
3
1
3
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
3
1
8
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
3
2
3
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
4
0
4
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
4
0
9
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
4
1
4
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
4
1
9
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
4
2
4
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
5
0
5
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
5
1
0
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
5
1
5
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
5
2
0
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
6
0
1
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
6
0
6
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
6
1
1
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
6
1
6
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
6
2
1
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
7
0
2
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
7
0
7
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
7
1
2
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
7
1
7
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
7
2
2
: 0
0
: 0
0
T
(

C
)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
n
(
h
-
1
)
Environment:Outdoor Dry Bulb [C](Hourly) P02_E02 ALTILLO:Zone Mean Air Temperature [C](Hourly)
P02_E02 ALTILLO:Zone Infiltration Air Change Rate [ach](Hourly) P02_E02 ALTILLO:Zone Ventilation Air Change Rate [ach](Hourly)
Internal gains
Infiltration 0,5 n-1
Ventilation 5 n-1 (if Tex<27 and Tint > Text
Slide 56 Title of the presentation date/time
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0
7
/ 0
1
0
1
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
0
6
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
1
1
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
1
6
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
2
1
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
2
0
2
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
2
0
7
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
2
1
2
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
2
1
7
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
2
2
2
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
3
0
3
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
3
0
8
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
3
1
3
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
3
1
8
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
3
2
3
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
4
0
4
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
4
0
9
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
4
1
4
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
4
1
9
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
4
2
4
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
5
0
5
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
5
1
0
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
5
1
5
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
5
2
0
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
6
0
1
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
6
0
6
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
6
1
1
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
6
1
6
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
6
2
1
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
7
0
2
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
7
0
7
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
7
1
2
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
7
1
7
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
7
2
2
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
VELUX 2:Surface Ext Solar Incident[W/m2](Hourly) VELUX 2:Window SystemSolar Transmittance[](Hourly)
Fermeture volets
Solar protection
if incident radiation > 75W/m2
Internal thermal inertia 20 kJ/m2K
29
Slide 57 Title of the presentation date/time
Wall Thickness
cm
Lambda
W/mK
Density
Kg/m3
Specific heat
J/kgK
Render 1,5 1.- 1700 1000
Concrete brick 20 0,87 1000 1000
Insulation 10 0,035 20 1030
Vapour barrier -- -- -- --
Plasterboard 1,5 0,25 800 1000
Floor Thickness
cm
Lambda
W/mK
Density
Kg/m3
Specific heat
J/kgK
Concrete 12 2.- 2400 1000
Insulation 5 0,034 35 1400
Mortar 4 0,7 1700 1000
Ceramic 2 1,9 2300 1000
Slide 58 Title of the presentation date/time
Roof Thickness
cm
Lambda
W/mK
Density
Kg/m3
Specific heat
J/kgK
Tile 1,5 1,9 2300 1000
Air gap 3 0,19 1,2 1008
Wind barrier -- -- -- --
Insulation R=5 17,5 0,035 20 1030
Vapour Barrier -- -- -- --
Plasterboard 1.2 0,25 800 1000
Intermediate floor Thickness
cm
Lambda
W/mK
Density
Kg/m3
Specific heat
J/kgK
Ceramic 2 1,9 2300 1000
Wood panel 3 0,15 600 1700
Insulation 10 0,04 12 1030
Plasterboard 1,5 0,25 800 1000
30
Slide 59 Title of the presentation date/time
Cases
Cases
1.-Base case:
2.-Increasing the density of roof insulation:
3.-No night ventilation
4.- Decreasing night ventilation )n=3)
5.- No solar protection
6.-Decreasing the roof insulation (R=1,65)
7.-Increasing the roof insulation (R=8)
8.- Increasing internal insulation (heavy intermediate floor)
9.- Window with argon
10.- Aerated concrete block faade
Slide 60 Title of the presentation date/time
Base case result
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
0
7
/ 0
1
0
1
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
0
6
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
1
1
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
1
6
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
1
2
1
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
2
0
2
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
2
0
7
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
2
1
2
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
2
1
7
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
2
2
2
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
3
0
3
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
3
0
8
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
3
1
3
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
3
1
8
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
3
2
3
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
4
0
4
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
4
0
9
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
4
1
4
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
4
1
9
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
4
2
4
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
5
0
5
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
5
1
0
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
5
1
5
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
5
2
0
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
6
0
1
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
6
0
6
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
6
1
1
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
6
1
6
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
6
2
1
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
7
0
2
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
7
0
7
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
7
1
2
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
7
1
7
: 0
0
: 0
0
0
7
/ 0
7
2
2
: 0
0
: 0
0
Environment:Outdoor Dry Bulb [C](Hourly) P02_E02 COMBLES:Zone Mean Air Temperature [C](Hourly)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
J
a
n
u
a
r y
F
e
b
r u
a
r y
M
a
r c
h
A
p
r i l
M
a
y
J
u
n
e
J
u
l y
A
u
g
u
s
t
S
e
p
t e
m
b
e
r
O
c
t o
b
e
r
N
o
v
e
m
b
e
r
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
P02_E02 COMBLES:Zone/Sys Sensible Heating Energy [kWh](Monthly)
P02_E02 COMBLES:Zone/Sys Sensible Cooling Energy [kWh](Monthly)
31
Slide 61 Title of the presentation date/time
Non cooled building
Cases Tmax
C
(DC)
Hours >
26C
(%)
Consideration
1.-Base case: 33,26
(--)
106
(63%)
2.-Increasing the density of roof insulation: 33,04
(-0,22)
108
(64%)
0
3.-No night ventilation 37,96
(+4,70)
168
(100%)
- -
4.- Decreasing night ventilation (n=3) 33,93
(+0,67)
124
(74%)
-
5.- No solar protection 40,09
(+6,83)
132
(79%)
- -
6.-Decreasing the roof insulation (R=1,65) 34,07
(+0,81)
107
(64%)
-
7.-Increasin the roof insulation (R=8) 33,02
(-0,24)
107
(64%)
0
8.- Increasing internal inertia (heavy intermediate floor) 32,40
(-0,86)
97
(59%)
0
9.- Window with argon 32,21
(-1,05)
106
(63%)
0
10.- Aerated concrete block faade 33,59
(+0,33)
107
(64%)
0
Slide 62 Title of the presentation date/time
Cooled building results
Cas Heating Cooling Total Consideration
kWh kWh kWh Winter Summer
1.-Base case: 1986 842 2828
2.-Increasing the density of roof
insulation:
1968
(-1%)
800
(-5%)
2768
(-4%)
0 0
3.-No night ventilation 1986
(=)
1767
(+110%)
3753
(+33%)
- -
4.- Decreasing night ventilation (n=3) 1986
(=)
969
(+15%)
2955
(+5%)
-
5.- No solar protection 1968
(=)
2304
(+174%)
4272
(+51%)
- -
6.-Decreasing the roof insulation
(R=1,65)
3039
(+53%)
1024
(+22%)
4063
(+44%)
- - -
7.-Increasin the roof insulation (R=8) 1740
(-12%)
793
(-6%)
2532
(-10%)
+ + + +
8.- Increasing internal inertia (heavy
intermediate floor)
1930
(-3%)
782
(-7%)
2713
(-4%)
0 + +
9.- Window with argon 1769
(-11%)
825
(-2%)
2594
(-8%)
+ 0
10.- Aerated concrete block faade 1891
(-5%)
851
(+1%)
2742
(-3%)
0 0
32
Slide 63 Title of the presentation date/time
Conclusions
Increasing the internal thermal inertia by heavy internal floor or high
density insulation has no significant effect on summer comfort neither on
energy demand
Slide 64 Title of the presentation date/time
Thermal Inertia in Buildings
Bibliographic support
33
Slide 65 Title of the presentation date/time
PASSIVHAUS ISTITUT
Validacin externa
Ninguna variacin sensible de la demanda en funcin de la
inercia trmica del edificio
Slide 66 Title of the presentation date/time
In a well insulated buildings
the thermal mass has only
small influence
34
Slide 67 Title of the presentation date/time
Slide 68 Title of the presentation date/time
35
Slide 69 Title of the presentation date/time
Slide 70 Title of the presentation date/time
Summer indoor comfort levels in the Mediterranean Area.
36
Slide 71 Title of the presentation date/time
http://www.lamaisonpassive.fr/spip/spip.php?article22
Slide 72 Title of the presentation date/time
CONCLUSION
In all cases:
Considering only building components
Considering a simplified holistic approach
Considering a detailed calculation
Under different weather conditions (southern countries)
THERMAL INERTIA ON BUILDINGS HAS ONLY
SLIGHTLY IMPACT IN A INSULATED BUILDINGS AND
A SMALL EFFECT IN A NON INSULATED BUILDINGS
37
Gracias por su atencin
Thanks for your attention
Danke fr Ihre Aufmerksamkeit