B Sc Programme in Physics, Mahatma Gandhi University
Curriculum and syllabus 2011 admissions onwards
54 SEMESTER V PH5B02U Physical Optics and Photonics Credits 4 (Theory 3+ Practical 1) No. of contact hours 54 Scope: This course aims to provide necessary foundation in optics and photonics which prepare the students for an intensive study of advanced topics at a later stage. Prerequisites: Concepts of waves, basics in Mathematics. Module I Interference (11 hrs) Review of basic ideas of interference, (Coherent waves-Optical path and phase change-superposition of waves, condition for bright and dark fringes).Thin films- plane parallel film-interference due to reflected light-conditions for brightness and darkness-interference due to transmitted light-Haidinger fringes-interference in wedge shaped film-colours in thin films-Newtons rings. Michelson interferometer- construction-working and applications. Optics by Subramanayam, Brijlal, MN Avadhanalu, S.Chand Chapter 14 and15 Diffraction (11 hrs) Fresnel Diffraction Huygens- Fresnel theory zone plate Difference between zone plate and convex lens. Comparison between interference and diffraction diffraction pattern due to a straight edge, single silt. Fraunhoffer diffraction at a single slit, double slit, N slits, theory of plane diffraction grating. Optics by Subramanayam, Brijlal, MN Avadhanalu, S.Chand Chapter 17 and 18 Module II Polarization (10hrs) Concept of polarization (plane of polarization)-polarization by reflection-Brewsters law-polarization by refraction-pile of plates. Polarization by double refraction-(calcite crystal). Anisotropic crystals optic axis Double refraction-Huygens explanation of B Sc Programme in Physics, Mahatma Gandhi University Curriculum and syllabus 2011 admissions onwards 55 double refraction. Positive and Negative crystals-Electromagnetic theory of double refraction. Types of polarized light-Retarders or wave plate- Quarter wave plate Half wave plate- Production and Detection of elliptically and circularly polarized light- Optical Activity-Fresnels Explanation of Optical Rotation-(Analytical treatment not needed) Specific Rotation-Laurents half shade polarimeter Optics by Subramanayam, Brijlal, MN Avadhanalu, S.Chand. Chapter 20 Module-III Lasers (12hrs) Absorption and emission of light-Absorption-spontaneous emission and stimulated emission-light amplification by stimulated emission. Einsteins relations-condition for light amplification population inversion-pumping pumping methods optical pumping electrical pumping -direct conversion. Active medium-metastable states- pumping schemes (two level, three level and four level) Optical resonator (theory not required) Threshold condition. Types of lasers-ruby laser, He-Ne laser, semi- conductor laser. Applications of lasers-Holography (principle, recording and reconstruction) An introduction to lasers theory and applications.MN Avadhanulu.S.Chand Chapter-1 Fibre Optics and Optical Communication (10hrs) Optical fibre- Critical angle of propagation-modes of propagation- Acceptance angle- Fractional refractive index change- Numerical Aperture- Types of Optical fibers- Normalized Frequency- pulse dispersion Attenuation- Applications- Fibre optic communication system- Advantages of Optical fibers. Optics by Subramanayam, Brijlal, MN Avadhanalu, S.Chand Chapter 24. References 1. Optics 3 rd edition- Ajoy Ghatak, TMH 2. Optical Electronics Ajoy Ghatak and K Thyagarajan, Cambridge 3. Optics and Atomic Physics D P Khandelwal, Himalaya Pub. House 4. Optics S K Srivastava, CBS Pub. N Delhi 5. A Text book of Optics S L Kakani, K L Bhandari, S Chand.