Engineering Mathematics 2

INTEGRAL CALCULUS OF ONE VARIABLE

Integration By Substitution

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REMARKS
ALL MATERIALS ARE PREPARED WITH MATHCAD; CERTAIN DIFFERENCES FROM WRITTEN FORM ARE
EXPECTED BUT CORRECT WITHIN THE MATHEMATICAL CONTEXT.

QA 2.3B1(i)
Step 1 Given
⌠
 t
2
I= dt
3
 t +8
⌡
Use substitution method

3
p =t +3 ;for algebraic fraction, choose p to be denominator
2
dp = 3 ⋅ t ⋅ dt ;error occurs when dt is missing

⌠
 1 dp 2
dp Do you know = t ⋅ dt
 p 3
⌡
I=
3

⌠
1  1
I= ⋅ dp ;use formula #2
3  p
⌡

1
I= ⋅ ln( p) + K
3

I=
1 (3 )
⋅ ln t + 3 + K K = constant
3

QA 2.3B1(ii)
Step 1 Step 1 Given

⌠
 2
t
I= dt


( t3 + 8) 2 ;use substitution method
⌡

Let
3
p =t +8

2
dp = 3 ⋅ t ⋅ dt

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 Engineering Mathematics 2

⌠
 1
 dp
2
 p
⌡ dp 2
I= = t ⋅ dt
3 3
⌠
1  1
I= ⋅ dp
3 2
 p
⌡

⌠
1  −2
I= ⋅  p dp
3 ⌡
− 2+ 1
1 p
I= ⋅ +K
3 −2 + 1
−1
1 p
I= ⋅ +K
3 −1
1 −1
I = − ⋅p + K
3

1 3
I=− ⋅ t +8 (
−1
+K )
3
1
I=− +K K = constant
3⋅ ( t + 8)
3

;No verification is shown here

QA 2.3B1(iii)

Step 1 Step 1 Given

⌠
 2
I =  ( x + 1 ) ⋅ x + 2⋅ x + 5 dx
⌡ ;use substitution method

Let
2
p = x + 2⋅ x + 5 Selection of p is usually the argument of
root
dp = ( 2 ⋅ x + 2 ) ⋅ dx
dp
= ( x + 1) ⋅ dx
2
⌠

 p dp
⌡
I=
2

⌠
 1
1  2
I = ⋅  p dp
2 ⌡
1
+1
2
1 p
I= ⋅ +K
2 1
+1
2

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 Engineering Mathematics 2

3
1 2
I = ⋅p + K
3
3

I=
1 2 ( 2
⋅ x + 2⋅ x + 5 + K ) ;K is a constant
3
;No verification is shown here

QA 2.3B1(iv)

Step 1 Given
⌠ ⌠
 6⋅ t − 3  3 ( 2t − 1)
I= dt =  dt
2 2
 4 ⋅ t − 4⋅ t + 1  4⋅ t − 4⋅ t + 1
⌡ ⌡

Let
2
p = 4⋅ t − 4⋅ t + 1

dp = ( 8 ⋅ t − 4 ) ⋅ dt
dp = 4 ⋅ ( 2t − 1) ⋅ dt dp
= ( 2t − 1 ) ⋅ dt
⌠ 4
1
3⋅  dp
 p
⌡
I=
4
3
I= ⋅ ln( p) + K
4

I=
3 ( 2
⋅ ln 4 ⋅ t − 4⋅ t + 1 + K ) ;K is a constant
4

QA 2.3B(v)

Step 1 Given

⌠
t
I= dt
 8t + 1 ;algebraic fraction
⌡

Let

p = 8t + 1 p−1
=t
8
dp = 8dt
dp
= dt
8
⌠
 p− 1
p − 1 dp
 8 ⋅ = t⋅ dt
dp 8 8
 p
⌡
I=
8

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 Engineering Mathematics 2

⌠
1  p−1
I= ⋅ dp
64  p ;reduction
⌡

⌠
1  1
I= ⋅ 1 − dp
64  p
⌡
1
I= ⋅ ( p − ln( p) ) + K K = constant
64

1
I= ⋅ ( 8t + 1 − ln( 8t + 1) ) + K
64
1 1
I= ⋅ ( 8t − ln( 8t + 1) ) + K0 K0 = + K = constant
64 64

QA 2.3B(vi)

Step 1 Given

⌠
t+1
I= dt
 t−1 ;algebraic fraction: examine the denominator
⌡

Let

p = t−1 p+1 =t

( p + 1) + 1 = t + 1 ;must adjust the numerator

dp = dt
⌠ ( t + 1 ) ⋅ dt = [ ( p + 1 ) + 1 ] ⋅ dp
( p + 1) + 1
I= dp
 p
⌡

⌠
p+2
I= dp
 p
⌡
;reduction
⌠
2
I =  1 + dp
 p
⌡

I = p + 2 ⋅ ln( p) + K
I = ( t + 1 ) + 2 ⋅ ln( t + 1 ) + K K = constant

I = t + 2 ⋅ ln( t + 1 ) + k + 1

I = t + 2 ⋅ ln( t + 1 ) + k0 K0 = 1 + K = constant

QA 2.3B(vii)

Step 1 Given

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 Engineering Mathematics 2

⌠

I= t⋅ t + 1 dt

⌡ ;algebraic function: examine the argument of root

Let

p = t+1 p−1 =t

dp = dt ( p − 1 ) dp = t⋅ dt

⌠

I= ( p − 1 ) ⋅ p dp ;expand and integrate termwise

⌡

⌠
 1
 2
I =  ( p − 1 ) ⋅ p dp
⌡ ;reduction

⌠
 3 1
 2 2
I =  p − p dp
⌡ Do you know which formula to use?

3 1
+1 +1
2 2
p p
I= − +K
3 1
+1 +1
2 2
5 3
2 2 2 2
I= ⋅p − ⋅p +K
5 3
5 3
2 2 2 2
I= ⋅ ( t + 1) − ⋅ ( t + 1) +K ;further simplication is avoided
5 3
K = constant

QA 2.3B(viii)

Step 1 Given

⌠
 1
I= dt
 t⋅ ( t + 1 ) ;algebraic fraction
⌡

Let

p= t+1

1
− 1
1 2 2dp = ⋅ dt
dp = ⋅t dt t
2

⌠
2
I= dp Use formula #1 and not #1
 p
⌡

I = 2 ⋅ ln( p) + K

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 Engineering Mathematics 2

I = 2 ⋅ ln( t + 1 ) + K K = constant

QA 2.3B1(ix)
Step 1 Given

⌠
2

 1 1 
3
I= ⋅ − 1 dt
 t
2 t 
⌡
Let

1
p= −1
t
1 1
dp = − ⋅ dt − dp = ⋅ dt
2 2
t t

⌠
 2
 3
I = −  p dp Use formula #1
⌡ 2
n=
3
2
+1
3
p
I=− +K
2
+1
3
5
3
−3  1 
I= ⋅  − 1 +K K = constant
5 t 

QA 2.3B1(x)
Step 1 Given

⌠
 x −x
e +e
I= dx
x −x
 e −e
⌡
Let
x −x
p=e −e

(
dp = e + e
x −x ) ⋅ dx
⌠
1
I= dp
 p Use #2
⌡

I = ln( p ) + K

(
I = ln e − e
x −x )+K ;K = constant

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