Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P.

CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION

>>1<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P.
A right Choicefor thereal Aspirant
CENTRAL OFFICE - MADHAPUR
- Branch
CONIC SECTIONS__CONCEPTS_TO REMEMBER
Let S be a fixed point and l be a fixed line. A point P moves such
that SP/PM =e., where PM is the
r
distance from P on to the
directrix. Then the locus of P is called a conic. Here, the fixed line L
is called directrix and the number e is called eccentricity.
If
1) e =0, then the locus of P is called a circle.
2. e =1, then the locus of P is called a parabola.
3. 0 <e <1, then locus of P is called the ellipse.
4. e >1, then the locus of P is called a Hyperbola.
OBSERVATIONS :
1. A conic is a second degree non-homogeneous equation in x and y.
2. A second degree non homogeneous equation in x and y, Ax
2
+2Hxy +By
2
+2Gx +2Fy +C =0
represents.
1. Pair of lines : If, A =0, H
2
> AB, G
2
> AC, F
2
> BC.
2. Circle : If, A = 0, A =B, H =0., G
2
+F
2
- AC > 0
3. Parabola : If, A = 0, H
2
=AB.
4. Ellipse : If A = 0, H
2
<AB.
5. Hyperbola : If A = 0, H
2
>AB.
THE PARABOLA DEFINITIONS,
FORMULAE, FACTS ON PARABOLA
1. If SP/PM =1, then the locus of P is called a parabola.
2. The standard formof parabola is y
2
=4ax.
3. Different forms of Parabolas :
(i) y
2
=4ax ; a >0 This is a parabola, whose axes is along x-axes.
(ii) y
2
=4ax ; a <0 This is a parabola whose axes is along x-axes.
M
P
l (fixed line)
S (fixed)
Y
X
A
Y
X
A
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>2<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
(iii) x
2
=4ay ; a >0 This is a parabola whose axes is along y-axes.
(iv) x
2
=4ay ; a <0 This is a parabola, whose axes is along y-axis
(v) (y - |)
2
=4a(x - o) (or) x =ly
2
+my +n. This is a parabola,
whose axes is parallel to x-axes.
(vi) (x - o)
2
=4a(y - |) (or) y =lx
2
+mx +n. This is a parabola,
whose axes is parallel to y-axes.
4. Parabola is not a closed curve.
5. Axes of the parabola is the line where it is symetrical about it.
6.
From the above diogram
1. The line ZM
r
to x-axes (Axes of the parabola) is called directrix.
2. The line which is
r
to the axes and passing through the focus S is called latus rectum. Fromthe diagram,
LL' is latus rectum.
3. The chord which passes through the focus of the parabola is called focal chord. Fromthe above diagram,
QR is focal chord.
4. The line passing through P and
r
to axes of the parabola is called double ordinate. From the above
diagram, PT is double ordinate.
Y
X
A
Y
X
A
Y
X
A

y
A'
x
Y
X
A

y
A'
x


-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

y
X
E S
P
L
Q
R
L'
A
T
Z
M
Y
l
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>3<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
5. The distance between the focus S and any point on the parabola P is called focal distance or focal radius.
6. Midpoint of S and Z is vertex of the parabola A.
7. Directrix of the parabola is always parallel to the tangent at the vertex of the parabola.
NOTATIONS :
1. S y
2
- 4ax
2. S
1
yy
1
- 2a(x +x
1
)
3. S
11
y
1
2
- 4ax
1
4. S
12
y
1
y
2
- 2a(x
1
+x
2
)
8. A point P(x
1
, y
1
) lies outside or inside or on the parabola according as S
11
> 0, S
11
< 0, S
11
= 0
respectively.
9. Equation of the tangent to the parabola at P(x
1
, y
1
) is yy
1
- 2a(x + x
1
) = 0.
10. Condition at which the line y = mx + c is tangent to the parabola y
2
= 4ax is c = a/m
11. Equation of any tangent to the parabola y
2
= 4ax is y = mx + (a/m)
12. If the line y = mx + c is tangent to the parabola y
2
= 4ax, the point of contact is (c/m, 2a/m) (or) (a/m
2
, 2a/m)
13. The condition at which the line lx + my + n = 0 may be a tangent to the parabola y
2
= 4ax is
ln = am
2
14. Point of contact of the line lx + my + n = 0 w.r.t the parabola y
2
= 4ax is
n
,
- 2am
l l
F
H
G
I
K
J
15. Equation of the normal to the parabola y
2
= 4ax is y = mx - 2am - am
3
. Where m is slope of the
normal to the parabola.
16. Atmost two tangents are possible to draw to a parabola.
17. Equation of pair of tangents to the parabola y
2
= 4ax at (x
1
, y
1
) is S
1
2
= S.S
11
18. Equation of the chord joining the points (x
1
, y
1
) and (x
2
, y
2
) on the parabola y
2
= 4ax is
S
1
+ S
2
= S
12
(or) (y - y
1
) (y - y
2
) = y
2
- 4ax.
19. The locus of point of intersection of
r
tangents to the parabola is directrix
20. The line y = mx + c is tangent to the parabola y
2
= 4a(x + a) then the condition is c = am + (a/m)
21. Locus of the foot of the
r
from the focus to the tangent of the parabola y
2
= 4ax is tangent at
the vertex (i.e., y-axes).
22. [The locus of the foot of the
r
from focus on a tangent to along the parabola].
Equation of the chord of contact of the point (x
1
, y
1
) w.r.t. the parabola y
2
= 4ax is yy
1
- 2a(x + x
1
) = 0.
23. Equation of the polar w.r.t the point P(x
1
, y
1
) to the parabola y
2
= 4ax is y y
1
- 2a(x + x
1
) = 0
24. Pole of the line lx + my + n = 0 w.r.t the parabola y
2
= 4ax is
n
,
- 2am
l l
F
H
G
I
K
J
25. If the lines l
1
x + m
1
y + n
1
= 0, l
2
x + m
2
y + n
2
= 0 are conjugate w.r.t. the parabola y
2
= 4ax, is
n
2
l
1
+ n
1
l
2
= 2am
1
m
2
.
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>4<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
26. Equation of the chord of the parabola y
2
= 4ax. w.r.t. P(x
1
, y
1
) is S
1
= S
11
.
27. The locus of midpoints of chords of the parabola y
2
= 4ax, which subtends a right angle at the
vertex is y
2
= 2a(x - 4a)
28. The polar of any point on the directrix of the parabola always passes through its focus.
29. The locus of midpoints of chords of the parabola y
2
- 4ax, parallel to the line y = mx + c is a
straight line parallel to the axes is parabola.
30. The locus of poles of chords of the parabola
y
2
= 4ax which subtends a right angle at the vertex is x + 4a = 0.
31. Condition at which the line lx + my + n = 0 is normal to the parabola y
2
= 4ax is al
3
+ 2alm
2
+ m
2
n = 0
32. Parametric equations of the parabola y
2
= 4ax is x = at
2
, y = 2at. Where t is parameter.
33. Equation of the chord joining the two points t
1
and t
2
on the parabola y
2
= 4ax is
y(t
1
+ t
2
) - 2x - 2at
1
t
2
= 0
34. Condition at which the above chord is focal chord is t
1
t
2
= -1
35. Equation of the tangent to the parabola y
2
= 4ax at t is yt - x - at
2
= 0.
36. Point of intersection of the tangents to the parabola y
2
= 4ax at t
1
and t
2
is R = [at
1
t
2
, a(t
1
+ t
2
)]
37. Equation of the normal at t on the parabola y
2
- 4ax is y + xt = 2at + (at
3
)
38. At most 3 normals are possible to draw from a point on to the parabola.
If t
1
, t
2
, t
3
are feet of the
r
s from any point p on to the parabola y
2
= 4ax, then
t
1
+ t
2
+ t
3
= 0,
t
1
t
2
+ t
2
t
3
+ t
3
t
1
=
2a- x
a
t
1
t
2
t
3
= y/a.
39. The normal at t on the parabola y
2
= 4ax meets the parabola again at t
2
, then t
2
= - t
1
- (2/t
1
)
40. If normals at t
1
and t
2
on the parabola y
2
= 4ax meet on the parabola then, t
1
t
2
= 2.
41. The tangents at the extremities of the focal chord of a parabola is parallel to normal at
another extermity.
42. A chord which is normal at t to the parabola y
2
= 4ax subtend a light angle at the vertex,
t = 2
43. The normal at p(at
2
, 2at) on the parabola y
2
= 4ax meets the curve again
at Q then, area of APQ =
2a (1+t ) (2+t )
t
2 2 2
.
P
Q
A
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>5<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
44. Length of the chord of contact of the tangents drawn from (x
1
, y
1
) to the
parabola y
2
= 4ax is
S y +4a
a
11
1
2 2
and Area of the
le
formed by
the tangents and chord of contact is
S
2a
11
3/2
b g
45. Tangents are drawn to the parabola y
2
= 4ax at the points whose abscissae are in the ratio k : 1,
then locus of the points of intersection of the tangents is y
2
= (k
-1/4
+ k
1/4
)
2
ax.
46. The orthocentre of the
le
formed by any 3 tangents to the parabola always his on the directrix.
47. Area of the
le
inscribed in the parabola y
2
= 4ax with vertices t
1
, t
2
, t
3
is a
2
| (t
1
- t
2
) (t
2
- t
3
) (t
3
- t
1
) |
48. If the normal to the parabola y
2
= 4ax makes an
angle with x-axis and then it will cut again
the curve at an angle of tan
-1
((1/2) tan ).
49. Area bounded between the parabolas y
2
= 4ax and x
2
= 4by is
16ab
3
.
50. If a chord which is normal to the parabola at one end subtends a right angle at the vertex, then
it is inclined at an angle of tan
-1
( 2) to be axes
51. An equilateral
le
is inscribed in the parabola y
2
= 4ax, whose vertex is at the vertex of the
parabola then length of the side is 8a 3.
52. Normal at the point P(am
2
, - 2am) intersects the parabola y
2
= 4ax at the point Q. If the
tangents at P and Q meets at a point R then area of pqr is
4a (1+m )
m
.
2 2 3
3
53. Point of intersection of the normals at t
1
and t
2
to the parabola y
2
= 4ax is
[2a + a(t
1
2
+ t
2
2
+ 2t
1
t
2
), - at
1
t
2
(t
1
+ t
2
)]
54. The condition at which the line y = mx + c is tangent to the parabola x
2
= 4ay is c = - am
2
.
and point of contact is (2am, + am
2
).
55. The condition at which the line lx + my + n = 0 is tangent to the parabola x
2
= 4ay is mn = al
2
and point of contact is
- 2a
m
,
n l
l
F
H
G
I
K
J
.
56. Equation of any tangent to the parabola x
2
= 4ay is y = mx - am
2
.
57. Angle between the parabolas y
2
= 4ax and x
2
= 4by is u =tan
3 a b
2 a +b
-1
1/3 1/3
2/3 2/3
e j
F
H
G
G
G
I
K
J
J
J
58. Two parabolas are said to be equal if their length of latus rectums are equal.
59. L.L.R = 2(length of
r
from focus on the directrix) = 4(Distance between focus and vertex)
= 4(Distance between vertex and vertex)
R
(x
1
, y
1
)
P
Q
P
u
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>6<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
60. The condition at which the line lx + my + n = 0 is tangent to the parabola y
2
= 4a(x - a) is
a(m
2
- l
2
) = ln.
61. Length of focal chord at which p as one end of parabola y
2
= 4ax is
a t +
1
t
2
F
H
G
I
K
J
62. Length of focal chord of the parabola y
2
= 4ax which makes an angle with axes is 4a cosec
2
.
PARABOLA :: STANDARD RESULTS TO REMEMBER & PRACTICE
1. The locus of point of intersection of two perpendicular tangents to the parabola
2
4 y ax = is
the directrix of the parabola.
2. The locus of the foot of the perpendicular from the focus to the tangent of the parabola
2
4 y ax =
is the tangent at the vertex.
3. The tangents at the ends of a focal chord of a parabola
2
4 y ax = intersect at right angles on
the directrix.
4. The circle on a focal radius of a parabola, as diameter touches the tangent at the vertex.
5. If the tangents at P, Q on the parabola
2
4 y ax =
are perpendicular to each other, then the
point of intersection of the tangents lies on the directrix. Show that P, Q and the focus are
collinear.
6. The condition that the line cos sin x y p o o + = to be a tangent to the parabola
2
4 y ax = is
2
sin cos 0 a p o o + =
and the point of contact is
2
( tan , 2 tan ) a a o o .
7. The condition that the line
i) y mx c = + to be a tangent to the parabola
2
4 ( ) y a x a = + is
1
c a m
m
| |
= +
|
\ .
ii) y mx c = + to be a tangent to the parabola
2
4 x ay = is
2
c am = .
8. If the common tangent of the circle
2 2 2
x y c + =
and the parabola
2
4 y ax = subtends an
angle
u
with x-axis then
2 2
2
4
tan
2
c a c
c
u
+
= .
9. Tangents are drawn to the parabola
2
4 y ax = at points whose abscissae are in the ratio k:1
then they intersect on the curve
2 1/4 1/4 2
( ) y k k ax

= + .
10. The orthocentre of the triangle formed by any three tangents to the parabola
2
4 y ax = lies on
the directrix.
11. The angle between the tangents drawn from the origin to the parabola
2
4 ( ) y a x a =
is
0
90
.
12. The equation of the tangent to the parabola
2
4 y ax =
which is parallel to the chord joining
the origin to the positive end of the latusrectum is 4 2 0 x y a + = .
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>7<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
13. The portion of the tangent intercepted between the point of contact and the directrix of the
parabola
2
4 y ax = subtends a right angle at its focus.
14. The equations of the common tangents to two parabolas
2
4 y ax =
and
2
4 x by =
is
1/3 1/3 2/3
( ) 0 a x b y ab + + =
.
15. If a chord which is normal to the parabola at one end subtends a right angle at the vertex, prove
that it is inclined at an angle
1
tan 2

to the axis.
16. The locus of the point of intersection of tangents to
2
4 y ax =
which intercepts a constant
length 'd' on the directrix is
( )
( )
2
2 2 2
4 y ax x a d x + = .
17. The normal at
1
t on the parabola
2
4 y ax = meets the parabola again at a point
2
t then
2 1
1
2
t t
t
= .
18. A chord which is normal at 't' to the parabola
2
4 y ax = subtends a right angle at the vertex then
2 t = .
19. If the normals at the points
1 2
t and t on the parabola
2
4 y ax =
meet on the parabola then
1 2
2 t t = .
20. The condition that the line 0 lx my n + + = is a normal to the parabola
2
4 y ax = is
3 2 2
2 0 al alm m n + + =
.
21. The locus of the point of intersection of two perpendicular normals to the parabola
2
4 y ax =
is the parabola
2
( 3 ) y a x a = .
22. If the normal at 'P' meets the axis of the parabola
2
4 y ax =
at G. Then PG is the G.M. between
the latusrectum and SP.
23. If the normal at
2
( ,2 ) P at at
on the parabola
2
4 y ax =
meets the curve again at Q, Show that
the area of APQ A is
2 2 2
2 (1 )(2 ) a t t
t
+ +
, where A is the vertex.
24. Let P, Q, R be the feet of the normals drawn from a point to a parabola. Then the circumcircle
of PQR A passes through the vertex of the parabola.
25. Tangents are drawn to a parabola from any point on the directrix. Then the normals at the
point of contact are perpendicular to each other and that they intersect on another parabola.
26. A is a point on the parabola
2
4 y ax =
. The normal at A cuts the parabola again at the point B.
If AB subtends a right angle at the vertex of the parabola, find the slope of AB.
27. The distance between a tangent to the parabola
2
4 y ax =
and the parallel normal is
2
cos sec a ecu u , where
u
is the inclination of either with the axis.
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>8<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
28. If the normal to a parabola makes an angle
u
with the x-axis, then it will cut the curve again
at an angle
1
1
tan tan
2
u

| |
|
\ .
.
29. The locus of poles of chords of the parabola
2
4 y ax = which are at a constant distance 'a' from
the focus is
2
4 ( 2 ) y x x a = +
.
30. The locus of the poles of chords which are normal to the parabola
2
4 y ax =
is
2 3
( 2 ) 4 0 y x a a + + =
.
31. The locus of poles of all the tangents of the parabola
2
4 y ax =
w.r.t the circle
2 2 2
x y a + =
is
2
0 y ax + =
.
32. The locus of poles of all the tangents to the parabola
2
4 y ax =
w.r.t the parabola
2
4 y bx =
is
the parabola
2 2
4 ay b x =
.
33. The polar of any point on the directrix of a parabola passes through the focus.
34. The locus of poles of chords of the parabola
2
4 y ax = which subtend a right angle at the vertex is
4 0 x a + = .
35. A and B are two parabolas having same length of latusrectum, but have their concavities turned
in opposite directions. Show that the locus of poles of tangents to A with respect to B is A.
36. The locus of the poles of the chords of the parabola
2
4 y ax =
which subtend a constant angle
o at the vertex, is the curve
2 2 2
( 4 ) tan 4( 4 ) x a y ax o + = .
37. Two tangents are drawn to a parabola
2
4 y ax =
making complementary angles with the axis.
Then chord of contact passes through the point where the axis cuts the directrix.
38. The length of the chord of contact of tangents drawn from ( )
1 1
, x y to the parabola
2
4 y ax =
is
2 2 2
1 1 1
1
( 4 )( 4 ) y ax y a
a
+ . And the area of the triangle formed by the tangents and the chord
of contact is
2 3/ 2
1 1
1
( 4 )
2
y ax
a
.
39. A tangent to the parabola
2
4 0 y bx + =
meets
2
4 y ax =
at P and Q. Then the locus of the
midpoint of PQ is
2 2
(2 ) 4 y a b a x + =
.
40. The locus of the midpoints of the focal chords of the parabola
2
4 y ax =
is another parabola
whose vertex is the focus of
2
4 y ax =
.
41. The locus of the midpoints of chords, of the parabola
2
4 y ax =
which subtend a right angle at
the vertex of the parabola is
2
2 ( 4 ) y a x a =
.
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>9<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
42. The polar of a point on the line 0 lx my n + + = w.r.t the parabola
2
4 y ax =
meets the curve at
P and Q. Then the locus of the midpoint of PQ is
2
( 4 ) 2 ( ) 0 l y ax a lx my n + + + =
.
43. The locus of midpoints of all chords of the parabola
2
4 y ax =
, which touch the circle
2 2 2
x y a + =
is
2 2 2 2 2
( 2 ) ( 4 ) y ax a y a = +
.
44. The locus of middle points of the chords of the parabola
2
4 y ax =
, parallel to the line
y mx c = + is a straight line parallel to the axis of the parabola.
45. The locus of midpoints of the chords of a parabola
2
4 y ax =
which subtend a right angle at
the vertex is another parabola of half the latusrectum of the given parabola. And all such
chords passes through a fixed point on the axis.
46. The locus of midpoints of chords of
2
4 y ax =
which subtend a constant angle o at the vertex
is
2 2 2 2 2 2
( 2 8 ) 16 cot (4 ) y ax a a ax y o + =
.
47. If the chord joining the points
1 2
& t t of the parabola
2
4 y ax =
is a focal chord then
1 2
1 t t = .
48. A focal chord of a parabola
2
4 y ax =
meets it at P and Q. If S is the focus prove that
1 1 1
SP SQ a
+ = .
49. If the point 't' be one extremity of a focal chord of the parabola
2
4 y ax = , then the length of
the chord is
2
( 1/ ) . a t t +
50. The length of the focal chord of the
2
4 y ax = which makes an angle
u
with its axis is
2
4 cos a ec u .
51. In a parabola, circles are drawn on focal chords as diameters. Then the vertex of the parabola
is the radical centre of all those circles.
52. The power of the (point) vertex with respect to the circle drawn on any focal chord of a pa-
rabola as diameter is a constant.
53. The equation of parabola whose vertex and focus are on x-axis at distances
1
a and a re-
spectively from the origin is
2 1
4( )( ) y a a x a = .
54. The area of the triangle inscribed in a parabola
2
4 y ax =
with vertices
1 2 3
, & t t t is
2
1 2 2 3 3 1
( )( )( ) a t t t t t t .
55. A circle in general cuts the parabola in four points. Then the sum of the parameters of those
concyclic points is zero.
56. An equilateral triangle is inscribed in the parabola
2
4 y ax = whose vertex is at the vertex of
the parabola. Then the length of its side is
8 3 a
.
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>10<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
57. Find the area bounded by the curves
2 2 2
, 4 3 x y x y and y x = = = . [2005]
58. At any point P on the parabola
2
2 4 5 0 y y x + =
, a tangent is drawn which meets the
directrix at Q. Find the locus of a point R which divides QP externally in the ratio
1
:1
2
.
[2004]
59. Three normals with slopes
1 2 3
m m and m are drawn from a point P not on the axis of the
parabola
2
4 y x =
. If
1 2
m m o = , results in the locus of P being a part of the parabola, find the
value of o . [2003]
60. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves.
2 2
, 2 y x y x = =
and 2 y = . Which lies
to the right of the line x =1. [2002]
61.
1 2
C and C be, respectively, the parabolas
2
1 x y =
and
2
1 y x =
. Let P be any point on
1
C and Q be any point on
2
C . Let
1 1
P and Q be the reflections of P and Q, respectively, with
respect to the line y x = . Prove that
1
P lies on
2
C ,
1
Q lies on
1
C and { }
1 1
min , PQ PP QQ > .
Hence or otherwise determine points
0
P and
0
Q on the parabolas
1 2
C and C respectively
such that
0 0
P Q PQ s for all pairs of points (P, Q) with P on
1 2
. C and Q on C
[2000]
62. For which of the following values of m, is the area of the region bounded by the curve
2
y x x =
and the line y mx = equals
9
2
. [1999]
63. Let f(x) be a continuous function given by
2
2 1
( )
1
x x
f x
x ax b x
s

=

+ + >

. Find the area of the

region in the third quadrant bounded by the cures
2
2 x y =
and ( ) y f x = lying on the left of
the line
8 1 0 x + =
. [1999]
64. The angle between a pair of tangents drawn from a point P to the parabola
2
4 y ax =
is
0
45 .
Show that the locus of the point P is a hyperbola. [1998]
65. Find all the possible values of b>0, to that the area of the bounded region enclosed between the
parabolas
2
y x bx =
and
2
x
y
b
= is maximum. [1997]
66. Points A, B and C lie on the parabola
2
4 . y ax =
The tangents to the parabola at A, B and C
taken in pairs, intersect at points P, Q and R. Determine the ratio of the areas of the triangles
ABC and PQR. [1996]
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>11<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
67. From a point A common tangents are drawn to the circle
2
2 2
2
a
x y + = and parabola
2
4 y ax =
.
Find the area of the quadrilateral formed by the common tangents, the chord of contact of the
circle and the chord of contact of the parabola. [1996]
68. Show that the locus of a point that divides a chord of slope 2 of the parabola
2
4 y x =
inter-
nally in the ratio 1:2 is a parabola. Find the vertex of this parabola. [1995]
69. Through the vertex O of a parabola
2
4 y x =
, chords OP and OQ are drawn at right angles to
one another. Show that for all positions of P, PQ cuts the axis of the parabola at a fixed point.
Also find the locus of the middle point of PQ. [1994]
70. In what ratio does the x-axis divide the area of the region bounded by the parabolas
2
4 y x x =
and
2
y x x =
. [1994]
71. Sketch the region bounded by the curves
2
y x =
and
2
2/(1 ) y x = +
. Find the area. [1992]
72. Three normals are drawn from the point (c, 0) to the curve
2
. y x =
Show that 'c' must be
greater than
1
2
. One normal is always the x-axis. Find 'c' for which the other two normals are
perpendicular to each other. [1991]
73. Find the area bounded by the curves
2 2
4 x y + =
,
2
2 x y =
and x y = . [1986]
74. Find the equation of the normal to the curve
2
4 x y =
which passes through the point (1, 2).
[1984]
75. A is a point on the parabola
2
4 y ax =
. The normal at A cuts the parabola again at point B. If
AB subtends a right angle at the vertex of the parabola, find the slope of AB [1982]
76. Find the area bounded by the curve
2
4 x y =
and the straight line 4 2 x y = . [1981]
77. Suppose that the normals drawn at three different points on the parabola
2
4 y x =
passes
through the point (h, k). Show that h > 2.
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>12<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
HEIGHLIGHTS OF PARABOLA
(a) I f the tangent & normal at any point P of the parabola intersect the axis at
T & G then ST =SG =SP where S is the focus. In other words the tangent and the normal at a point
P on the parabola are the bisectors of the angle between the focal radius SP & the perpendicular from
P on the directrix. Fromthis we conclude that all rays emanating fromS will become parallel to the axis
of the parabola after reflection.
Deduce that, if Q is any point on the tangent and QN is the perpendicular fromQ on focal radius and QL
is the perpendicular on the directrix then QL =SN.

Note : Circle circumscribing the triangle formed by any tangent normal and x-axis, has its centre at
focus.
(b) The portion of a tangent to a parabola
cut off between the directrix & the
curve subtends a right angle at the
focus.
m
1
=
a at
at 2
2

=
1 t
t 2
2

;
m
2
=
a 2 t
) 1 t ( a
2

=
t 2
) 1 t (
2

m
1
m
2
= 1
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>13<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
(c) The tangents at the extremities of a
focal chord intersect at right angles
on the directrix, and hence a circle
on any focal chord as diameter
touches the directrix. Also a circle
on any focal radii of a point P
(at
2
, 2at) as diameter touches the
tangent at the vertex and intercepts
a chord of length

a
2
t 1+
on a
normal at the point P.
Note : (1) For computing p draw a perpendicular fromS (a, 0) on tangent at P.
(d) Any tangent to a parabola & the perpendicular on it from the focus meet on the tangent at the vertex.
i.e. locus of the feet of the perpendicular drawn fromfocus upon a variable tangent is the tangent drawn
to the parabola at its vertex.
Explanation : Tangent 't' is
ty =x +at
2
.....(1)
Passing through (h, k) hence
tk =h +at
2
.....(A)
A line through (a, 0) with slope t
y = t (x a) ....(2)
(2) also passes through (h, k)
k = th +at
tk = t
2
h +at
2
....(B)
(A) (B) gives 0 =(1 +t
2
)h
x =0 which is the tangent at the vertex.
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>14<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
(e) If the tangents at P and Q meet in T, then :
TP and TQ subtend equal angles at the focus S.
ST
2
=SP SQ &
The triangles SPT and STQ are similar.
To prove that o =|, it will be sufficient to prove that 'T' lies on the angle bisector of the angle ZPSQ i.e.
perpendicular distance of 'T' fromthe line SP is equal to the perpendicular of T from SQ.
equation of SP
y =
a at
at 2
2
1
1

(x a)
2t
1
x (
2
1
t 1)y 2ab
1
=0
p
1
=
2
1
2 2
1
1 2 1
2
1 2
2
1
t 4 ) 1 t (
at 2 ) t t ( a ) 1 t ( t at 2
+
+

=a | t
1
t
2
|
|||ly p
2
=a | t
2
t
1
| o =|, Hence proved.
Now SP SQ =(a +a
2
1
t )(a +a
2
2
t ) =a
2
(1 +
2
1
t )(1 +
2
2
t )
also (ST)
2
=a
2
(t
1
t
2
1)
2
+a
2
(t
1
+t
2
)
2
=a
2
[
2
1
t
2
2
t +1 +
2
2
t +
2
2
t ]
=a
2
(1 +
2
1
t )(1 +
2
2
t )
Hence (ST)
2
=SP SQ
This is conclusive that product of the focal radii of two points P and Q is equal to the square of the
distance of focus fromthe point of intersection of the tangents drawn at P and Q.
again,
SP
ST
=
ST
SQ
and o =|
hence the two triangles SPT and SQT are similar.
(f) Tangents and Normals at the extremities of the latus rectumof a parabola y
2
=4axconstituteasquare,
their points of intersection being ( a, 0) & (3a, 0).
Hint: figure is Self explanatory]
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>15<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
Note :
(1) The two tangents at the extremities of focal chord meet on the foot of the directrix.
(2) Figure L
1
NL
2
G is square of side
a 2 2
(g) Semi latus rectumof the parabola y
2
=4ax, is the harmonic mean between segments of any focal chord
of the parabola is : 2a=
c b
bc 2
+
i.e.
a
1
c
1
b
1
= + .
[Sol. 2a =
c b
bc 2
+
i.e.
c
1
b
1
a
1
+ =
b =a +at
2
b =a(1 +t
2
)

b
a
=
2
t 1
1
+
....(1)
c =a +
2
t
a

c =
|
.
|

\
|
+
2
t
1
1 a
c
a
=
1 t
t
2
2
+
....(2)
from(1) and (2)
b
a
+
c
a
=1
c
1
b
1
a
1
+ =
(h) The circle circumscribing the triangle formed by any three tangents to a parabola passes

through the
focus.
To prove that o =|
1
t
1
=tanu
1
;
2
t
1
=tanu
2
;
3
t
1
=tanu
3
tan o =
2 1
2 1
tan tan 1
tan tan
u u +
u u
tan o =| tan(u
1
u
2
) | ....(1)
m
1
=
a t at
) t t ( a
1 3
1 3

+
=
1 t t
t t
1 3
1 3

+

Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>16<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
=
3 1
3 1
t t
1
1
t
1
t
1

+
=
3 1
3 1
tan tan 1
tan tan
u u
u + u
m
1
=tan (u
1
+u
3
)
|||ly m
2
=tan (u
2
+u
3
)
tan | =
) tan( ) tan( 1
) tan( ) tan(
3 2 3 1
3 2 3 1
u + u u + u +
u + u u + u
tan | =| tan (u
1
u
2
) | ....(2)
from(1) and (2), we get
o =| hence proved ]
(i) The orthocentre of any triangle formed by three tangents to a parabola y
2
=4ax lies on the directrix &
has the coordinates

a, a(t
1
+t
2
+t
3
+t
1
t
2
t
3
).
Find intersection of BD and CE to get 'O'.
(j) The area of the triangle formed by three points on a parabola is twice the area of the triangle formed
by the tangents at these points.
Refer figure of point (h)
2
1 ) t t ( a t at
1 ) t t ( a t at
1 ) t t ( a t at
1 at 2 at
1 at 2 at
1 at 2 at
A
A
1 3 1 3
3 2 3 2
2 1 2 1
3
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
=
+
+
+
=

Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>17<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
MORE ABOUT NORMALS
If normal drawn to a parabola passes through a point P(h, k) then
k =mh 2am am
3
i.e. am
3
+m(2a h) +k =0.
Then gives m
1
+m
2
+m
3
=0 ; m
1
m
2
+m
2
m
3
+m
3
m
1
=
a
h a 2
; m
1
m
2
m
3
=
a
k

.
where m
1
, m
2
, & m
3
are the slopes of the three concurrent normals. Note that the algebraic sumof the
:
slopes of the three concurrent normals is zero.
ordinates of the three conormal points on the parabola is zero.
Centroid of the triangle formed by three conormal points lies on the xaxis.
Example : Consider of the triangle ABC is
x
1
=
3
) m m m ( a
2
3
2
2
2
1
+ +
y
1
=
3
) m m m ( a 2
3 2 1
+ +
=0
now x
1
=
3
a
[(m
1
+m
2
+m
3
)
2
2

2 1
m m ]
=
3
a 2
a
) h a 2 (
=
3
2
(h 2a)
centroid is
3
2
(h 2a), 0 but
3
2
(h 2a) >0
h >2a
Hence abscissa of the point of concurrency of 3 concurrent normals >2a.
Prob.1 Find the locus of a point which is such that (a) two of the normals drawn fromit to the parabola are at
right angles, (b) the three normals through it cut the axis in points whose distances fromthe vertex are
in arithmetical progression.
[Ans : (a) y
2
=a(h 3a) ; (b) 27ay
2
=2(x 2a)
3
]
Sol. (a) we have m
1
m
2
= 1
also m
1
m
2
m
3
=
a
k
m
3
=
a
k
put m
3
=
a
k
is a root of
am
3
+(2a h)m +k =0
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>18<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
(b) y =mx 2am am
3
hence 2a +
2
1
am
, 2a +
2
2
am
, 2a +
2
3
am

2
3
2
1
2
2
m m m 2 + =
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
2
m m m m 3 + + = =(m
1
+m
2
+m
3
)
2
( )

2 1
m m 2 =
a
) a 2 h ( 2
2
2
m =
a 3
) a 2 h ( 2
which is root of am
3
+(2a h)m +k =0
Prob.2 If the normals at three points P, Q and R meet in a point O and S be the focus, prove that SP SQ SR =a SO
2
.
Sol. SP =
) m 1 ( a
2
1
+
;
SQ =
) m 1 ( a
2
2
+
;
SR =
) m 1 ( a
2
3
+
3
a
SR SQ SP
=
) m 1 (
2
1
+ ) m 1 (
2
2
+ ) m 1 (
2
3
+
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(
(

+
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

2
3 2 1
zero
1 3 2 1
2
2 1 2 1
2
1
) m m m ( m m m m 2 m m m m 2 m 1

Prob 3 A circle circumscribing the triangle formed by three conormal points passes through the vertex of the
parabola and its equation is, 2(x
2
+y
2
) 2(h +2a)x ky =0.
Sol. Equation of the normal at P
y +tx =2at +at
3
passes through (h, k)
at
3
+(2a h)t k =0 ....(1)
t
1
+t
2
+t
3
=0
t
1
t
2
+t
2
t
3
+t
3
t
1
=
a
h a 2
, t
1
t
2
t
3
=
a
k

Let the circle through PQR is
x
2
+y
2
+2gx +2fy +c =0
solving circle x =at
2
, y =2at
a
2
t
4
+4a
2
t
2
+2gat
2
+2f 2at +c =0
a
2
t
4
+2a(2a +g)t
2
+4fat +c =0 ....(2)
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>19<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
t
1
+t
2
+t
3
+t
4
=0
but t
1
+t
2
+t
3
=0 t
4
=0 circle passes through the origin
hence the equation of the circle x
2
+y
2
+2gx +2fy =0
now equation (2) becomes
at
3
+2(2a +g)t +4f =0 ....(3)
(1) and (3) must have the same root
2(2a +g) =2a h
2g = (h +2a)
and 4f = k 2f =
2
k
Hence the equation of the circle is
x
2
+y
2
(h +2a)x
2
k
y =0 2(x
2
+y
2
) 2(h +2a)x ky =0
Prob 4.Three normals are drawn to the parabola y
2
=4ax coso from any point on the straight line y =b sin o.
Prove that the locus of the orthocentre of the triangle formed by the corresponding tangent is the ellipse
1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
= +
, the angle o being variable.
Sol. y
2
=4Ax where A =a cos o
y +tx =2At +at
3
passes through ,b sin o
b sin o +t =2At +At
3
At
3
+(2A ) t b sin o =0
t
1
+t
2
+t
3
=0 ; t
1
t
2
t
3
=
A
sin b o

also h = A = a cos o ....(1)
and k =A (t
1
+t
2
+t
3
+t
1
t
2
t
3
)
=A (0 +
A
sin b o
)
k =b sin o ....(2)
from (1) and (2) locus is
1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
= +
]
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>20<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
EXTRA INFORMATION ON NORMALS
Prob.1 Locus of a point P when the 3 normals drawn fromit are such that area of the triangle formed by their
feet is constant.
Sol : Area of A ABC =constant
1 am 2 am
1 am 2 am
1 am 2 am
3
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
1

=C
(m
1
m
2
)
2
(m
2
m
3
)
2
(m
3
m
1
)
2
=C ....(1)
consider
(m
1
m
2
)
2
=
2
2 2 1
2
1
m m m 2 m +
= [m
1
(m
2
+m
3
) +2m
1
m
2
+m
2
(m
1
+m
3
)
= [(

2 1
m m ) +3m
1
m
2
] ( m
1
m
2
m
3
=
a
k
)
=
3
am
k 3
a
a 2 h
+

(
(
(
(

+
(
(
(
(

+
(
(
(
(

+
n
1
m
2 3 x
m
k 3
) a 2 h (
m
k 3
) a 2 h (
m
k 3
) a 2 h (
l

hence equation (1) becomes
(x +l) (x +m) (x +n) =constant
x
3
+(l +m +n)x
2
+(lm +mn +nl)x +lmn =0
(h 2a)
3
+3k
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
3 2 1
m
1
m
1
m
1
(h 2a)
2
+9k
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
4 3 3 2 2 1
m m
1
m m
1
m m
1
(h 2a)+
3 2 1
3
m m m
k 27
=constant
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>21<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
Prob.2 The sides of a triangle touch a parabola y
2
=4ax and two of its angular points lie on another parabola
y
2
=4b(x +c) with its axis in the same direction, prove that the locus of the third angular point is another
parabola.
Sol. : consider the equations abtained by putting the coordinates of A and B in y
2
=4b(x +c)
a
2
(t
1
+t
2
)
2
=4b(at
1
t
2
+c) ....(1)
a
2
(t
2
+t
3
)
2
=4b(at
2
t
3
+c) ....(2)
this implies that t
1
and t
3
are the roots of the equation,
a
2
(t +t
2
)
2
=4b(a t t
2
+c) having t
1
and t
3
as its roots
i.e. a
2
(t
2
+2tt
2
+
2
2
t ) =4batt
2
+4bc
a
2
t
2
+2t(a
2
t
2
2abt
2
) +a
2
2
2
t 4bc =0
t
1
+t
3
=
2
2 2
2
a
abt 2 t a
=
a
) a b 2 ( t
2

and t
1
t
3
=
2
2
2
2
a
bc 4 t a
; hence
a
k
=
a
) a b 2 ( t
2

t
2
=
a b 2
k

a
h
=
2
2
2
a
bc 4 at

2
2
t
a
bc 4 ah
=
+

2
2
) a b 2 (
k

=
a
bc 4 ah+
hence locus is ay
2
=(2b a)
2
(ax +4bc)
PRACTICE LATER
PQ.1 Circles are drawn through the vertex of the parabola to cut the parabola orthogonally at the other point
of intersection. Prove that the locus of the centres of the circles is the curve,
2y
2
(2y
2
+x
2
12ax) =ax(3x 4a)
2
PQ.2 If the normal at P and Q meet on the parabola, prove that the point of intersection of the tangents at P
and Q lies either on a certain straight line, which is parallel to the tangent at the vertex, or on the curve
whose equation is y
2
(x +2a) +4a
3
=0.
PQ.3 (a) Prove that infinite number of triangles can be constructed in either of the parabolas y
2
=4axandx
2
=4 by
whose sides touch the other parabola.
(b)Prove that the locus of the centre of the circle, which passes through the vertex of a parabola and
through its intersections with a normal chord, is the parabola 2y
2
=ax a
2
.
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>22<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
FINAL TIPS FOR OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
A and B are points with parameters t
1
and t
2
respectively on y
2
= 4ax.
slope of AB =
1 2
2
t t +
Equation of AB : 2x y (t
1
+ t
2
) + 2at
1
t
2
= 0
Tangents at A and B intersect at (at
1
t
2
, a(t
1
+ t
2
))
Normals at A and B intesect at ( ) ( )
( )
2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
2 , a t t t t at t t t + + + +
AB is focal chord : t
1
t
2
= 1
Tangents at A and B orthogonal : t
1
t
2
= 1
Tangents at A and B meet on directrix : t
1
t
2
= 1
Normals at A and B intersects on the parabola : t
1
t
2
= 2
Normal at A meets the parabola at B t
2
= t
1

1
2
t
Chord AB subtends 90
0
at the vertex : t
1
t
2
= 4
Let t
1
, t
2
, t
3
be the feet of normals drawn from a point (h, k) ;
h > 2a, t
1
+ t
2
+ t
3
= 0
k = 0 xaxis is a normal
h = 3a, k = 0 two normals orthogonal.
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>23<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
ELLIPSE
1
SP
PM
< then locus of P is an ellipse.

|
, S S are foci of an ellipse and P is any point on ellipse then
|
SP SP + = Length of the major axis.
4 STANDARD FORMS OF AN ELLIPSE
2
2
2 2
1
( )
y
x
a b
a b
+ =
>
2
2
2 2
1
( )
y
x
a b
a b
+ =
<

2 2
2 2
( ) ( )
1
( )
y x
a b
a b
| o
+ =
>

2 2
2 2
( ) ( )
1
( )
y x
a b
a b
| o
+ =
<
Centre (0,0) (0,0) (0,0) (0,0)
Vertices ( ,0) a (0, ) b ( , ) a o | ( , ) b o |
Foci ( ,0) ae (0, ) be ( , ) ae o | ( , ) be o |
ends of L.R
2
,
b
ae
a
| |
|
\ .
2
,
a
be
b
| |
|
\ .
2
,
b
ae
a
o |
2
,
a
be o + |
|
Eq.of major axis y=0 x=0 0 y| =
0 xo =
Eq.of minor axis x=0 y=0
0 x o =
0 y| =
Eq.of Dix
a
x
e
=
b
y
e
=
/ x a e = o / y b e = |
Eq. of L.R
x be =
y be =
x ae = o
y be = |
Length of major axis
2
2b
a
2
2a
b
2
2b
a
2
2a
b
Length of minor axis 2a 2b 2a 2b
LLR 2b 2a 2b 2a
Eccentricity
2 2
2
a b
a

2 2
2
b a
b

2 2
2
a b
a

2 2
2
b a
b

Diagram C
Y
X

C
Y
X

C
Y
X

C
Y
X

2
2
2 2
1 0
y
x
S
a b
= + = .
Equation of tangent to S=0 in slope form
2 2 2
y mx a m b = +
Two tangents can be drawn from an external point.
If
1 2
, m m are slopes of two tangents drawn from
1 1
( , ) x y to S=0 then
1 1
1 2
2 2
1
2x y
M M
x a
+ =

,
2 2
1
1 2
2 2
1
y b
M M
x a

.
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>24<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
Angle between the tangents drawn from
1 1
( , ) x y to S=0 is
11 1
1 1
2
tan
( , )
ab S
Dixcircleat x y

(
(

.
Point of contact of 0 lx my n + + = w.r.t S=0 is
2 2
,
a l b
n m
(

(

.
Equation of director circle of S=0,
2 2 2 2
x y a b + = + .
Equation of auxilary circle of S=0,
2 2 2
x y a + = .
Conjugate lines
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
a l l b mm n n + = .
Equation of normal at
1 1
( , ) x y ,
2
2
2 2
1 1
b y
a x
a b
x y
=
.
Eccentric angle (S=0) : Angle made by 'P' with major axis is called eccentric angle of ( ) P u .
Tangent at
u
: cos sin 1 0
y
x
a b
u+ u = .
Normal at
u
:
2 2
cos sin
by
ax
a b =
u u
.
Chord joining , o | on S=0,
( ) ( ) ( )
cos sin cos
2 2 2
y
x
a b
o+| o+ | o|
+ = .
PSQ is a focal chord of an ellipse then
1 1 2
SP SQ SL
+ = .
At most 4 normals can be drawn from a given point to an ellipse. The sum of their eccentric angles
of feet of normals is an odd multiple of t.
i) The polar of the centre of an ellipse with respect to the same ellipse does not exist.
ii) The pole of any line passing through the centre an ellipse does not exist.
iii) The polar of a focus of an ellipse is the corresponding directrix.
iv) The pole of a directrix of an ellipse is the corresponding focus.
The condition for the lines
1 1 1
0 l x my n + + = and
2 2 2
0 l x my n + + = to be conjugate lines with
respect to the ellipse S=0 is a
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
a l l mm n n + = .
Equation of the chord of the ellipse S=0 having
1 1
( , ) P x y as its midpoint is
1 11
S S = .
A circle cuts an ellipse at four points real or imaginary. The sum of the eccentric angles of these
four concyclic points on the ellipse is an even multiple of t.
Any line passing through the centre of an ellipse is called a diameter of the ellipse.
Conjugate diameters : Two diameters of an ellipse are said to be conjugate diameters when one
diameter bisects chords parallel to the other.
If
1 2
y mxandy mx = = are conjugate diameters of the ellipse S=0 then
2
1 2
2
b
mm
a
= .
The eccentric angles at the ends of a pair of conjurage diameter differ by a right angle.
The sum of the squares of two conjugate semidiameters of the ellipse S=0 is
2 2
a b + .
The tangents at the ends of a pair of conjugate diameters of the ellipse S=0 form a parallelogram
of constant area 4ab sq.units.
Length of double ordinate conjugate to directrix is corresponding latusrectum.
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>25<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
IMPORTANT HIGHLIGHTS :
Referring to an ellipse
2
2
2
2
b
y
a
x
+ =1
HL-1 If P be any point on the ellipse with

S & S' as its foci then (SP) + (S'P) = 2a.
HL-2
(a) Product of the lengths of the perpendiculars from either focus on a variable tangent to an Ellipse
/ Hyperbola = (semi minor axis)
2
/ (semi conjugate axis)
2
= b
2
mx y +
2 2 2
b m a +
= 0
p
1
p
2
=
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
m 1
b m a mae

m 1
b m a mae
+
+ +
+
+ +
=
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
m 1
e a m ) b m a (
+
+

=
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
m 1
) b a ( m b m a
+
+
=
2
2 2
m 1
) m 1 ( b
+
+
= b
2
(b) Feet of the perpendiculars from either foci on a variable tangent to an ellipse / hyperbola lies on
its auxiliary circle. Hence deduce that the sum of the squares of the chords which the auxiliary
circle intercept on two perpendicular tangents to an ellipse is constant and is equal to the square
on the line joining the foci.
y = mx +
2 2 2
b m a +
(k mh)
2
= a
2
m
2
+ b
2
....(1)
equation of line through F
1
&
slope =
m
1
y 0 =
m
1
(x ae)
k =
m
1
(h ae)
(km + h)
2
= a
2
e
2
= a
2
b
2
....(2)
adding (1) and (2), we get
h
2
+ k
2
+ m
2
(h
2
+ k
2
) = a
2
m
2
+ b
2
+ a
2
b
2
k
2
(1 + m
2
) + h
2
(1 + m
2
) = a
2
(1 + m
2
)
x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
now A'B' = 2l
2
; AB = 2l
1
(S
1
R)
2
+ (S
2
R)
2
= (S
1
S
2
)
2
.
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>26<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
(c) If Y
1
and Y
2
be the feet of the perpendiculars on the auxiliay circle from the foci upon any
tangent, at P on the ellipse, then the point of intersection 'Q' of the tangents at Y
1
and Y
2
lies on
the ordinate through P. If P varies i.e. u varies then the locus of Q is an ellipse having the same
eccentricity as the original ellipse.
Chord of Contact (C.O.C) w.r.t the circle x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
is
hx + ky = a
2
....(1)
This must be the same tangent at P(u)
1
b
sin y
a
cos x
=
u
+
u
....(2)
Comparing (1) and (2)
2
a
sin
kb
cos
ha
=
u
+
u

u
=
u =
b
sin a
k
cos a h
2
1
b
a
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
Which is an ellipse whose eccentricity e' is given by
e'
2
= 1
4
2 2
a
b a
e'
2
= 1
2
2
a
b
= e
2
(d) Lines joining centre to the feet of perpendicular from a focus on any tangent at P and the line
joining other focus to the point of contant 'P' are parallel.
b
sin y
a
cos x u
+
u
= 1
b
sin y
a
cos x u
+
u
= 1
ae sec a
sec a
T S
CT
1
u
u
=
=
) e (sec a
sec a
u
u
T S
CT
1
=
u cos e 1
1
Again
P S
CN
1
2
=
|
.
|

\
|
u cos a
e
a
e
a
=
u cos ae a
a
=
u cos e 1
1

P S
CN
ST
CT
1
2
=
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>27<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
Now use sine law in triangles CN
2
T and S
1
PT we can prove o + | = | + |
i.e.
) sin(
CT
| + o
=
| sin
a
and
| sin
P S
1
=
) sin(
T S
1
| + |

a
CT
=
|
| + o
sin
) sin(
and
P S
T S
1
1
=
|
| + |
sin
) sin(
hence sin(o + |) = sin(| + |) ]
HL-3 If the normal at any point P on the ellipse with centre C meet the major & minor axes in G &
g respectively, & if CF be perpendicular upon this normal, then
(i) PF . PG = b (ii) PF . Pg = a
(iii) PG . Pg = SP . S'

P (iv) CG . CT = (CS)
2
(v) locus of the mid point of Gg is another ellipse having the same eccentricity as that of the
original ellipse.
[where S and S' are the focii of the ellipse and T is the point where tangent at P meet the major
axis]
(i) PF PG = b
2

1
2
1
2
y
y b
x
x a


= a
2
e
2
LHS=Power of the point P w.r.t.
the circle on CG as diameter
= x
1
(x
1
e
2
x
1
) +
2
1
y
=
2
1
x (1 e
2
) +
2
1
y
= a
2
cos
2
u
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
2
2
a
b
1 1 + b
2
sin
2
u
= b
2
cos
2
u + b
2
sin
2
u
= b
2
]
(ii) PF Pg = a
2
LHS = Power of the point P w.r.t.
the circle on Cg as diameter
=
2
1
x
+ y
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
2
1
2 2
1
b
y e a
y
= a
2
cos
2
u + b
2
sin
2
u
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
2
2 2
b
) b a (
1
+ b
2
sin
2
u
= a
2
cos
2
u + b
2
sin
2
u
2
2
h
a
= a
2
]
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>28<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
(iii) PG . Pg = SP . S'

P
RHS = (a ae cosu)(a + ae cosu)
a
2
a
2
e
2
cos
2
u
a
2
(a
2
b
2
) cos
2
u
a
2
sin
2
u + b
2
cos
2
u
LHS = Power of P w.r.t
the circle on Gg as diameter
= x
1
(x
1
e
2
x
1
) + y
1 |
|
.
|

\
|
+
2
1
2 2
1
b
y e a
y
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
2
2 2
2
1
2 2
1
b
e a
1 y ) e 1 ( x =
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
2
2 2
2
1 2
2
2
1
b
b a
1 y
a
b
x
= b
2
cos
2
u + a
2
sin
2
u = RHS ]
(iv) CG . CT = (CS)
2
HL-4 The tangent & normal at a point P on the ellipse bisect the external & internal angles between
the focal distances of P. This refers to the well known reflection property of the ellipse which
states that rays from one focus are reflected through other focus &

viceversa. Hence we can
deduce that the straight lines joining each focus to the foot of the perpendicular from the other
focus upon the tangent at any point P meet on the normal PG and bisects it where G is the point
where normal at P meets the major axis.
Reflection property :
1
2
GS
G S
=
1
2
1
2
x e ae
ae x e

+
=
1
1
ex a
ex a

+
or
1
2
PS
PS
=
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+
1
1
x
e
a
e
x
e
a
e
=
1
1
ex a
ex a

+
Also In AS
1
PN
1
and AN
1
PQ
Z N
1
PQ = Z N
2
PS
1
= u
(neglect property)
PN
1
is common
Z QN
1
P = PN
1
S
1
= 90
S
1
PN
1
= N
1
PQ
1
N
1
is the mid point of S
1
Q
Now proceed
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>29<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
HL-5 The portion of the tangent to an ellipse between the point of contact & the directrix subtends a
right angle at the corresponding focus.
HL-6 The circle on any focal distance as diameter touches the auxiliary circle.
HL-7 Perpendiculars from the centre upon all chords which join the ends of any perpendicular diameters
of the ellipse are of constant length.
HL-8 If the tangent at the point P of a standard ellipse meets the axis in T and t and CY is the
perpendicular on it from the centre then,
(i) Tt . PY = a
2
b
2
and
(ii) least value of T

t is a + b.
Tt py = a
2
b
2
u + u
2 2 2 2
ec cos b sec a
ab 2 ) cos b sin a ( b a
2 2 2
+ u u + +
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>30<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
HYPERBOLA
Y
X
Y
1
S
B
Z
C
Z
1

B
1
S
1
A A
1
X
1
Y
Y
1
B
B
1
X
1
X
S
1
A
1
Z
1
C Z
A A
4 STANDARD FORMS OF THE HYPERBOLA
1. A conic section is said to be a hyperbola if its eccentricity is greater than 1.
2. Four Standard forms of a hyperbola.
S.No. Content I II III IV
q Equation
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
=
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
=
2 2
2 2
( ) ( )
1
x y
a b
o |
=
2 2
2 2
( ) ( )
1
x y
a b
o |
=
where b
2
=a
2
(e
2
1) where a
2
=b
2
(e
2
1) where b
2
=a
2
(e
2
1) where a
2
=b
2
(e
2
1)
q Figure
1. Centre (C) (0, 0) (0, 0) ( ) | o, ( ) | o,
2. Vertices A, A
1
=(

a, 0) B, B
1
=(0,

b) ( ) | o , a ( ) b | o,
3. Foci (S, S
1
) ( ) 0 ae, ( ) be 0 , ( ) | o , ae ( ) be | o,
4. Z, Z
1
( ) 0 e a , / ( ) e b 0 / , ( ) | o , /e a
( ) e b/ , | o
5. Ends of latararecta ( ) a b ae
2
/ , ( ) be b a
2
, / ( )
2
, / ae b a o |
( )
2
/ , a b be o |
6. Eqn. of Transverse axis y =0 x =0 y =| x =o
7. Eqn. of Conjugate axis x =0 y =0 x =o y =|
8. Eqn's. of latararecta x =

ae y =

be x =o
ae y =|

be
9. Eqn's. of Directrices x =

a/e y =

b/e x =o
a/e y =|

b/e
10. Length of Transverseaxis 2a 2b 2a 2b
11. Length of Conjugate axis 2b 2a 2b 2a
12. Length of latus rectum 2b
2
/a 2a
2
/b 2b
2
/a 2a
2
/b
13. Eccenctricity (e)
2 2
2
a b
a
+
2 2
2
b a
b
+
2 2
2
a b
a
+
2 2
2
b a
b
+
14. Differenceof focal distances
(focal radii) of a point S
1
PSP =2a S
1
PSP =2b S
1
PSP =2a S
1
PSP =2b
p on the hyperbola
15. Distance between the foci SS
1
=2ae SS
1
=2be SS
1
=2ae SS
1
=2be
16. Distance between vertices AA
1
=2a BB
1
=2b AA
1
=2a BB
1
=2b
17. Distancebetween directrices ZZ
1
=2a/e ZZ
1
=2b/e ZZ
1
=2a/e ZZ
1
=2b/e
X
X
1
Y
Y
1
X
X
1
Y
Y
1
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>31<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
3. The hyperbolas
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2
= 1 and
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2
=1 are called conjugate hyperbolas to each other
4. If e
1
, e
2
are the eccentricities of two conjugate hyperbolas then e
1
2
+e
2
2
= e
1
2
e
2
2
.
5. A hyperbola is said to be a rectangular hyperbola if the length of its transverse axis is equal to the
length of its conjugate axis.
6. x
2
y
2
=a
2
, xy=c
2
are represents rectangular hyperbolas.
7. The eccentricity of a rectangular hyperbola is
2
.
8. We use the following notation in this chapter
S =
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2
1 ; S
1
=
xx
1
a
2

yy
1
b
2
1
S
11
=
x
1
2
a
2

y
1
2
b
2
1 ; S
12
=
x
1
x
2
a
2

y
1
y
2
b
2
1
9. A point (x
1
, y
1
) is said to be
i) an external point to the hyperbola S=0 if S
11
< 0.
ii) an internal point to the hyperbola S=0 if S
11
> 0.
iii) lies on the hyperbola S=0 if S
11
= 0.
10. Two tangents can be drawn to a hyperbola from an external point.
11. The equation of the tangent to the hyperbola S=0 at P(x
1
,y
1
) is S
1
= 0.
12. The equation of the normal to the hyperbola
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2
= 1at P (x
1
, y
1
) is
a
2
x
x
1
+
b
2
y
y
1
= a
2
+b
2
13. The condition that the line y = mx+c may be a tangent to the hyperbola
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2
= 1 is c
2
= a
2
m
2
b
2
and the point
of contact is
|
|
.
|

\
|

c
b
c
m a
2 2
,
.
14. The condition that the line lx+my+n = 0 may be a tangent to the hyperbola
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2
= 1 is
a
2
l
2
b
2
m
2
=n
2
and the point of contact is
|
|
.
|

\
|

n
m b
n
a
2 2
,
l
.
15. The equation of a tangent to the hyperbola
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2
=1 may be taken as y = mx
a
2
m
2
b
2
.
16. If m
1
, m
2
are the slopes of the tangent s through P to the hyperbola
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2
= 1 then
m
1
+m
2
=
2x
1
y
1
x
1
2
a
2 ; m
1
m
2
=
y
1
2
+ b
2
x
1
2
a
2 .
17. If
u
is the angle between the tangents drawn from a point (x
1
, y
1
) to the hyperbola S=
0 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
=
then tan
u
=
2 2 2
1
2
1
11
2
b a y x
S ab
+ +

Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>32<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
18. The equation to the director circle of
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2
=1 is x
2
+y
2
= a
2
b
2
.
19. The equation to the auxiliary circle of
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2
=1 is x
2
+y
2
= a
2
.
20. The equation to the chord of contact of P(x
1
,y
1
) with respect to the hyperbola S=0 is S
1
=0.
21. The equation of the polar of the point P(x
1
,y
1
) with respect to the hyperbola S = 0 is S
1
=0.
22. The pole of the line lx+my+n=0 with respect to the hyperbola S =
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2
1 = 0 is
2 2
a b m
,
n n
| |
|
\ .
l
.
23. The condition for the points P(x
1
, y
1
) and Q(x
2
,y
2
) to be conjugate with respect to the hyperbola S=0
is S
12
=0.
24. The condition for the lines l
1
x+m
1
y+n
1
=0 and l
2
x+m
2
y+n
2
=0 to be conjugate with respect to the
hyperbola
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2
= 1 is a
2
l
1
l
2
b
2
m
1
m
2
= n
1
n
2
.
25. The equation of the chord of the hyperbola S = 0 having P(x
1
,y
1
) as its mid point is S
1
=S
11
.
26. The equation to the pair of tangents to the hyperbola S = 0 from P(x
1
,y
1
) is S
1
2
= SS
11
.
27. The equations x = a Secq ; y = b tanq are called parametric equations of the hyperbola
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2
=1and
the point (asec
u
, btan
u
) is called parametric point. It is denoted by p(
u
).
28. If P(x
1
, y
1
)=(a sec q, b tan q) is a point on hyperbola
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
= and its foci are S, S
1
then SP =
1
sec ex a ae a u = and S
1
P =
1
sec ex a ae a u + = + .
29. The equation of the chord joining two points a and b on the hyperbola
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2
= 1 is
x
a
Cos
o |
2
|
\

|
.
|
y
b
Sin
o + |
2
|
\

|
.
| = Cos
o+ |
2
|
\

|
.
| .
30. If a and b are the ends of a focal chord of a hyperbola S=0 then e.Cos
2
o | | |
|
\ .
= Cos
2
o | + | |
|
\ .
31. The equation of the tangent at P(q) on the hyperbola s=0 is
x
a
Secu
y
b
tanu
= 1.
32. The equation of the normal at P(q) on the hyperbola S=0 is
ax
Secu
+
by
tanu
= a
2
+b
2
.
33. The condition that the line lx+my+n=0 to be a normal to the hyperbola
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2
=1 is
( )
2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
a b
a b

m n
+
=
l
.
34. Atmost four normals can be drawn from a point to a hyperbola.
35. The parametric equations of xy = c
2
are x = ct; y=
c
t
.
36. Properties of asymptotes :
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>33<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
i) The equations of the asymptotes of the hyperbola S = 0 are
x
a

y
b
= 0 (or)
x
a
b
y =
.
ii) The equation to the pair of asymptotes of
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2
=1 is
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2
=0.
iii) Equation of hyperbola and equation of its pair of asymptotes are differ in their constant terms
only.
iv) Asymptotes of the hyperbola passes through the centre of the hyperbola and they are equally
inclined to the axes of the hyperbola.
v) The angle between the asymptotes of the hyperbola S = 0 is 2 tan
1
b
a
|
\

|
.
| or 2 Sec
1
(e).
vi) The angle between the asymptotes of a rectangular hyperbola is

t
2
.
vii) The equation of a rectangular hyperbola whose asymptotes are the coordinates axes is xy = c
2
.
viii) The product of perpendiculars from any point on hyperbola S=0 to its asymptotes is
a
2
b
2
a
2
+ b
2
.
ix) Asymptotes of a hyperbola and its conjugate hyperbola are same.
x) If H, C and A are the equations of a hyperbola, its conjugate hyperbola and its pair of asymptotes
respectively then H+C=2A.
HIGHLIGHTS ON TANGENTS AND NORMALS
HL1 Locus of the feet of the perpendicular drawn fromfocus of the hyperbola
1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
=
upon any tangent is
its auxiliary circle i.e. x
2
+y
2
=a
2
& the product of the feet of these perpendiculars is b
2
(semi C A)
2
HL2 The portion of the tangent between the point of contact & the directrix subtends a right angle at the
corresponding focus.
HL3 The tangent & normal at any point of a
hyperbola bisect the angle between the
focal radii. This spells the reflection
property of the hyperbola as "An
incoming light ray

" aimed towards
one focus is reflected from the outer
surface of the hyperbola towards the
other focus. It follows that if an ellipse
and a hyperbola have the same foci, they
cut at right angles at any
of their common point.
Note that the ellipse
1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
= +
and the hyperbola
1
b k
y
k a
x
2 2
2
2 2
2
=

(a >k >b >0) are confocal

and therefore orthogonal.
HL4 The foci of the hyperbola and the points
P and Q in which any tangent meets
the tangents at the vertices are
concyclic with PQ as diameter of the
circle.
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>34<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
T :
1
b
tan y
a
sec x
=
u

u
y
tan
b ) 1 (sec
=
u
u
y =
|
.
|

\
|
u
u
sin
cos 1
b
Family of circles through F
1
F
2
(x ae)(x +ae) +y
2
+y =0 PQ as diameter
ASYMPTOTES & ITS PROPERTIES:
Definition : If the length of the perpendicular let fall froma point on a hyperbola to a straight line tends to
zero as the point on the hyperbola moves to infinity along the hyperbola, then the straight line is called the
Asymptote of the Hyperbola.
To find the asymptote of the hyperbola :
Let y =mx +c is the asymptote of the hyperbola
1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
=
.
Solving these two we get the quadratic as (b
2

a
2
m
2
) x
2
2a
2
mcx

a
2
(b
2
+c
2
) =0 ....(1)
In order that y =mx +c be an asymptote, both
roots of equation (1) must approach infinity, the
conditions for which are :
coeff of x
2
=0 & coeff of x =0.
b
2
a
2
m
2
=0 or m=
a
b

&
a
2
mc =0 c =0.

equations of asymptote are

0
b
y
a
x
= +
and
0
b
y
a
x
=
.
combined equation to the asymptotes
0
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
=
.
SPECIAL CASE :
When b =a the asymptotes of the rectangular hyperbola.
x
2
y
2
=a
2
are, y = x which are at right angles.
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>35<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
Remember :
Equilateral hyperbola rectangular hyperbola.
If a hyperbola is equilateral then the conjugate hyperbola is also equilateral.
A hyperbola and its conjugate have the same asymptote.
The equation of the pair of asymptotes differ the hyperbola & the conjugate hyperbola by the same
constant only.
The asymptotes pass through the centre of the hyperbola & the bisectors of the angles between the
asymptotes are the axes of the hyperbola.
The asymptotes of a hyperbola are the diagonals of the rectangle formed by the lines drawn through the
extremities of each axis parallel to the other axis.
Asymptotes are the tangent to the hyperbola fromthe centre.
A simple method to find the coordinates of the centre of the hyperbola expressed as a general equation of
degree 2 should be remembered as:
Let f

(x

,

y) =0 represents a hyperbola.
Find
x
f
c
c
&
y
f
c
c
. Then the point of intersection of
x
f
c
c
=0 &
y
f
c
c
=0 gives the centre of the hyperbola.
HIGHLIGHTS ON ASYMPTOTES
HL1 If fromany point on the asymptote a straight line be drawn perpendicular to the transverse axis, the
product of the segments of this line, intercepted between the point & the curve is always equal to the
square of the semi conjugate axis.
HL2 Perpendicular fromthe foci on either asymptote meet it in the same points as the corresponding directrix
& the common points of intersection lie on the auxiliary circle.
y =
a
b
x ....(1)
y 0 =
b
a
(x ae)
by +ax =a
2
e ....(2)
x a
a
b
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=a
2
e
(b
2
+a
2
)x =a a
2
e
(a
2
e
2
)x =a
2
ae x =
e
a
; hence y =
c
a

a
b
=
c
b
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>36<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
HL3 The tangent at any point P on a hyperbola
1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
=
with centre C, meets the asymptotes in Q and
R and cuts off a A CQR of constant area equal to ab fromthe asymptotes & the portion of the tangent
intercepted between the asymptote is bisected at the point of contact. This implies that locus of the centre
of the circle circumscribing the A CQR in case of a rectangular hyperbola is the hyperbola itself & for a
standard hyperbola the locus would be the curve, 4(a
2
x
2

b
2
y
2
) =(a
2
+b
2
)
2
.
Area of AQCR =
1 ) T S ( b ) T S ( a
1 0 0
1 ) T S ( b ) T S ( a
2
1

+ +
=
2
ab
[(1) 1] =ab =constant
Area of AQCR is constant =ab
1
b
tan y
a
sec x
=
u

u
;
solving it with y =
a
b
x,
1
a
x ) (tan
a
sec x
=
u

u

x =
T S
a

=a(S +T) x =a(S T)

TPT 4(a
2
x
2

b
2
y
2
) =(a
2
+b
2
)
2
h
2
+k
2
=(h a(S +T))
2
=2(S +T)(ah +kb) =0....(1)
(S T)
2
(a
2
+b
2
) =2(S T) (ah kb) =0 ....(2)
(1) (2) (a
2
+b
2
)
2
=4(a
2
x
2
b
2
y
2
)
HL4 If the angle between the asymptote of a hyperbola
1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
=
is 2u then e =secu.
RECTANGULAR HYPERBOLA
Rectangular hyperbola referred to its asymptotes as axis of coordinates.
(a) Equation is xy =c
2
with parametric representation x =ct, y =c/t, t e R {0}.
(b) Equation of a chord joining the points P

(t
1
) & Q(t
2
) is x +t
1
t
2

y =c

(t
1

+t
2
) with slope m=
2 1
t t
1
.
(c) Equation of the tangent at P

(x
1

,

y
1
) is 2
y
y
x
x
1 1
= + & at P

(t) is
t
x
+ty =2c.
(d) Equation of normal : y
t
c
=t
2
(x ct)
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>>37<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
(e) Chord with a given middle point as (h, k) is kx +hy =2hk.
Explanation : (e) Chord with a given middle point
2h =c (t
1
+t
2
)
2k =c
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
2 1
t
1
t
1
=c
|
|
.
|

\
| +
2 1
2 1
t t
t t
=
2 1
t t
h 2
; t
1
t
2
=
k
h
now equation of PQ is, y k =
2 1
t t
1
(x h) =
h
k
(x h)
hy hk = kx +hk kx +hy =2hk

k
y
h
x
+
=2
(f) Equation of the normal at P

(t) is xt
3
yt =c

(t
4

1).
Note this :
For the rectangular hyperbola xy = c
2
. (Important Points)
eccentricity =
2
(angle between the two asymptotes =90)
. asymptotes x =0 ; y =0
. T.A. : y =x ; C.A. : y = x
. centre (0, 0)
. vertex (c,

c) & (

c, c)
. Foci
( ) 2 c , 2 c
and
) 2 c , 2 c (
. Length of Latus rectum=Length of T.A. (in case of rectangular hyperbola) =
c 2 2
. Equation of auxilliary circle : x
2
+y
2
=2c
2
. Equation of director circle : x
2
+y
2
=0
. Equation of the directrices : x +y =
c 2
. Co-ordinates of the extremities of latus rectumin the 1
st
quadrant A
( ) c ) 1 2 ( , c ) 1 2 ( +
]
P1 A rectangular hyperbola xy =c
2
circumscribing a triangle also passes through the orthocentre of this
triangle. If
|
|
.
|

\
|
i
i
t
c
, ct i =1, 2, 3 be the angular points P, Q, R then orthocentre is
|
|
.
|

\
|

3 2 1
3 2 1
t t ct ,
t t t
c
.
P2 If a circle and the rectangular hyperbola xy =c
2
meet in the four points t
1
, t
2
, t
3
& t
4
, then
(a) t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
=1
(b) the centre of the mean position of the four points bisects the distance between the centres of the two curves.
(c) the centre of the circle through the points t
1
, t
2
& t
3
is :

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +
3 2 1
3 2 1 3 2 1
3 2 1
t t t
t
1
t
1
t
1
2
c
,
t t t
1
t t t
2
c
(d) If PQRS are the four points of intersection of the circle with rectangular hyperbola then (OP)
2
+(OQ)
2
+
(OR)
2
+(OS)
2
=4r
2
where r is the radius of circle.
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., A.P. CONIC SECTIONS TOTAL INFORMATION
>>38<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
TRACING OF CONICS
. Central Conic :
If the coordinates of the centre of the conic is finite then the conic is called a central conic
Ex : Ellipse , Hyperbola
. Trace of central conic S = ax
2
+ 2hxy + by
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Step - 1 :
Find centre and shift the origin (Translate the origin) to the centre. The the above equation
S = 0 can be transformed into ax
2
+ 2hxy + by
2
=
2
ab h
A

............(1)
Where
A =
abc + 2fgh af
2
bg
2
ch
2
Step - 2 :
Reduce the equation (1) into the form Ax
2
+ 2Hxy + By
2
= 1.
Step - 3 :
Consider
2
2 2
1 1
0 A B H
r r
| || |
=
| |
\ .\ .
...................(2)
This is a quadratic in r
2
let the roots be
2 2
1 2
, r r
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 2 2
1
&
A B
r r r r
AB H AB H
+
+ = =

Step - 4 :
If
2
0 AB H > conic is ellipse & for the ellipse both
2 2
1 2
& r r are positive
If
2
0 AB H <
conic is hyperbola & for hyperbola one of the values of r
2
is positive
& other is negative
If
2
1
r is positive (which is transvers axes for hyperbola / major axis for ellipse) then length
of the axes is
1
2r and its equation is 2
1
1
0 A x Hy
r
| |
+ =
|
\ .
If
2
2
r is negative (which is conjugate axes for hyperbola / minor axis for ellipse) then length
of the axes is
2
2r and its equation is 2
2
1
0 A x Hy
r
| |
+ =
|
\ .
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>>39<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
Step - 5 :
Eccentricity = e =
2 2
1 2
1
~ r r
r
(or)
=
2 2
1 2
2
~ r r
r
whichever is greater in r
1
& r
2
Step - 6 :
Focii =
( )
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 1 2 1
~ cos , ~ sin r r r r u u
(and)
=
( )
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 1 2 1
~ cos , ~ sin r r r r u u
where
1
u is inclination of ther transverse (major) axis
Trace the Parabola whose equation is S = ax
2
+ 2hxy + by
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Step - 1 :
Reduce the given equation into the form
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2 x g y f c
x y
o |
o |
o |
o |
| |
+ +
+ +
| =
|
+
+
\ .
............(1) where
2 2
& a b o | = =
where 2 2
g f o |

o |
+
=
+
and her e lines x y o | + + = 0 & ( ) ( )
2
2 2 x x g y f c | + + =0
are perpendicular to each other (dont forget this point)
Step - 2 :
Hence
Axis of the parabola is 2 2
0
g f
x y
o |
o |
o |
+
+ + =
+
and the tangent at the vertex is ( ) ( )
2
2 2 x x g y f c | + + =0
where 2 2
g f o |

o |
+
=
+
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>>40<< Prof M.Uma Shankar
Step - 3 :
Now the equation ......(1) is in the form
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
3
2 f g
Y X
o |
o |

=
+
Length of the latus rectum is
( )
( )
2
2 2
3
2 f g o |
o |

+
Remember :
i) Latus rectum of the parabola
( )( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2
a b x y bx ay ab + + = + is
2 2
2ab
a b +
ii) Lengths of the semi axis of the conic
2 2
2 ax hxy ay d + + = are
d d
and
a h a h +
respectively
and their equation is x
2
y
2
= 0
iii) The squares of the semi axis of the conic
2 2
2 2 2 0 ax hxy by gx fy c + + + + + = are
( ) ( )
( ) { }
2
2 2
2
4 ab h a b a b h
A
+ +
where
A =
abc + 2fgh af
2
bg
2
ch
2
iv) Eccentricity of the conic
2 2
2 2 2 0 ax hxy by gx fy c + + + + + = is
( )
( )
2
4
2 2
4
1
a b
e
e ab h
+
+ =