2 or 3 Savonius

SAN D76-0131
Unlimited Release
G
UC-60
Wind Tunnel Performance Data for
TWO- and Three-Bucket Savonius Rotors
Ben F. Blackwell, Robert E. Sheldahl, Louis V. Feltz
Prepared by Sand,a Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87115
arxi Livermore, California 94550 for the UnKed States Energy Research
and Development Administration under Contract AT(291)-789
Printed July 1977
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SF2900Q(8-81 )
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Issued by Sandia Laboratories, operated for the United States
Energy Research & Development Administration by Sandia
Corporation.
NOTICE
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by
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tractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any
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Printed in the (_lnited States of America
Available from
National Technical Information Service
U. S. Department of Commerce
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Price: Printed Copy $5.50 ; Microfiche $3.00
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SAND76-0131
Unl i mi ted Rel ease
Pri nted Jul y 1977
Di stri buti on
Category UC-60
WI ND TUNNEL PERFORMANCE DATA FOR TWO- AND
THREE -BUCKET SAVONI US ROTORS
Ben F. Bl ackwel l
Robert E. Shel dahl
Aerothermodynami cs Di vi si on, 1333
Loui s V. Fel tz
Mechani cal Desi gn Di vi si on, 1324
Sandi a Laboratori es
Al buquerque, NM 87115
ABSTRACT
Fi fteen confi gurati ons of a Savoni us rotor wi nd turbi ne were tested i n the Vought
Corporati on Systems Di vi si on 4.9- x 6. l -m Low Speed Wi nd Tunnel to determi ne
aerodynami c performance. The range of val ues of the vari ed parameters was
Number of Buckets 2 and 3
Nomi nal Freestream Vel oci ty 7 and 14 m/s
Reynol ds Number per Metre 4.32 x 105 and 8.67 x 105
Rotor Hei ght l and l .5m
Rotor Di ameter (nomi nal ) l m
Bucket Overl ap O. O- O.l m
The measured test vari abl es were torque, rotati onal speed, and tunnel condi ti ons.
The data presented are i n the form of power and torque coeffi ci ents as a functi on of
speed rati o (or angul ar posi ti on for stati c starti ng torques). I t i s concl uded that
i ncreasi ng Reynol ds number and/or aspect rati o i mproves performance.
The recom-
mended confi gurati on consi sts of two sets of two-bucket rotors, rotated 90 apart,
wi th each rotor havi ng a di mensi onl ess gap wi dth of O. l -O. 15.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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D. F. McNei l l (Di vi si on 1324) handl ed the hardware desi gn and procurement.
G
Davi d Powers (Di vi si on 1334) and Donal d MacKenzi e ( 1334) were i nstrumental i n
recordi ng and reduci ng data. Mel vi n R. Baer ( 1333) assi sted wi th several aspects
of the data anal ysi s. Bob Whi te and the Low Speed Wi nd Tunnel staff of the Vought
Corporati on provi ded excepti onal cooperati on i n conducti ng these tests.
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CONTENTS
NOMENCLATURE
1. I NTRODUCTI ON
H. TEST MODELS AND I NSTRUMENTATI ON
I I I . TEST FACI LI TY
nr.
TEST PROCEDURE
v.
DATA REDUCTI ON
VI . TEST RESULTS
VI I . SUMMARY AND CONCLUSI ONS
APPENDI X - UNCERTAI NTY ANALYSI S
REFERENCES
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Page
10
13
15
22
23
26
29
33
91
100
5
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FI GURES
Page .<
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16
Fi gure
1 Savoni us rotor wi nd turbi ne model (1-metre) i n the Vought
Corporati on Low Speed Wi nd Tunnel (l ooki ng downstream).
Savoni us rotor wi nd turbi ne model (1 -1 /2-metre) i n the Vought
Corporati on Low Speed Wi nd Tunnel (l ooki ng upstream).
2
17
18
Schemati c of the Savoni us rotor/i nstrumentati on l oad system. 3
4 Savoni us rotor stand showi ng the torque and rotati onal speed
transducer, i ndexer, and ai r motor. 18
21
21
Schemati c of the two-bucket Savoni us rotor wi th 180 buckets. 5
6
7
Schemati c of the three-bucket Savoni us rotor wi th 150 buckets.
The stati c torque coeffi ci ent as a functi on of angul ar posi ti on
for a two-bucket Savoni us rotor (Confi gurati on 7) wi th a gap
wi dth rati o of O. 0 for Re/m of 4.32 x 105 and 8.64 x 105.
35
8
36
9
10
37
wi dth rati o of O. 20 for Re/m of 4.32 x 105 and 8.64 x 105. 38
11
12
wi dth rati o of O. 0 for Re/m of 4.33 x 105. 39
wi dth rati o of O. 10 for Re/m of 4.33 x 105. 40
13 The stati c torque coeffi ci ent as a functi on of angul ar posi ti on
wi dth rati o of O. 15 for Re/m of 4. 33 x 105.
41
6
.
FI GURES (cent)
Fi gure
14 Power and torque coeffi ci ents as a functi on of speed rati o

wi dth rati o of O. 0 for Re/m of 4.32 x 105.
15 Power and torque coeffi ci ents as a functi on of speed rati o for
a two-bucket Savoni us rotor (Confi gurati on 11) wi th a gap wi dth
rati o of O. 10 for Re/m of 4.32x 105 and 8.64 x 105.
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Power and torque coeffi ci ents as a functi on of speed rati o for
a two-bucket Savoni us rotor (Confi urati on 9) wi th a gap wi dth
%
rati o of O. 15 for Re/m of 4.32 x 10 and 8.64 x 105.
rati o of O. 0 for Re/m of 4.33 x 105.
Power and torque coeffi ci ents as a functi on of speed rati o for a
two-bucket Savoni us rotor (Confi gurati on 17) wi th a gap wi dth
for a three-bucket Savoni u~ rotor (Confi urati on 12) wi th a gap
fi
for a three-bucket Savoni us rotor (Confi gurati on 8) wi th a gap
for a three-bucket Savoni us rotor (Confi urati on 20) wi th a gap
~
wi dth rati o of O. 0 for Re/m of 4.33 x 10 x 8.67 x 105.
Page
42,43
44,45
46,47
48,49
50,51
52, 53
54,55
56
57
58
59
60
7
..
1
FI GURES (cent)
Fi gure
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
wi dth rati o of O. 2 for Re/m of 4.33 x 105 and 8.67 x 105 (180
buckets).
a three-bucket Savoni us rotor (Confi gurati on 12) wi th a gap
wi dth rati o of O. 0 for R.e/m of 4.33 x 105 and 8.67 x 105.
a three bucket Savoni us rotor (Confi gurati on 16) wi th a gap
Power and torque coeffi ci ent as a functi on of speed rati o for
a three-bucket Savoni us rotor ( Confi gurati on 21 ) wi th a gap
wi dth rati o of O. 20 for Re/m of 4.33 x 105 and 8.67 x 105
(180 buckets).
A compari son of the power and torque coeffi ci ents for two-
and three-bucket Savoni us rotors wi th a gap wi dth rati o of
0.15 for Re/m of 8.64 x 105.
Page
61
62
63
64,65
66,67
68,69
70, 71
72, 73
74, 75
76, 77
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78, 79
80,81
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FI GURES (cent)
Fi j?ure
:38 Compari son of power and torque coeffi ci ents for a two-
bucket confi gurati on wi th gap wi dth rati o of O. 15 for
Re/m of 8.6 x 105 for two rotor hei ghts.
Page
82,83
:39 Power and torque coeffi ci ents for the l -metre, two-bucket
Savoni us rotors wi th vari ous gap wi dth rati os for Re/m
of 4.32 x 105.
84,85
40
41
42
A-1
A-2
Power and torque coeffi ci ents for the 1-metre, two-bucket
Savoni us rotors wi th vari ous gap wi dth rati os for Re /m of
8.64 X 105.
86,87
Normal i zed turbi ne power for 1-metre, two-bucket Savoni us
rotors as a functi on of normal i zed rotati onal speed showi ng
the effect of gap wi dth rati o for a gi ven bucket si ze for Re/ m
of 4.32 X 105.
88,89
Power coeffi ci ents for a two-bucket Savoni us rotor at a
Reynol ds number of 3.9 x 105 compared to Shankarl s data
for a two-bucket Savoni us rotor for a Reynol ds number of
1.96 x 105 (Reynol ds numbers are based on rotor di ameter).
90
Uncertai nty anal ysi s for a two-bucket Savoni us rotor for two
Reynol ds numbers.
96,97
Uncertai nty anal ysi s for a three-bucket Savoni us rotor. 98, 99
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NOMENCLATURE
turbi ne swept area
,
Cp
C k
P
CQ
.!,
,,.
CQ
d
H
N
Pm
P
bar
P
g
Q
Qf
%
R
r
s
s/d
power coeffi ci ent,
Q&2
qwvmA s
.
Qo
~V~4rH)
Q
orque coeffi ci ent ~RAs
Q
= ~(4rH)(2r)
bucket di ameter, 2 r
rotor hei ght
number of buckets
freestream stati c pressure
barometri c pressure
gage pressure i n tunnel
turbi ne torque
fri cti on (tare) torque
freestream dynami c pressure, 1 J2 paV:
rotor radi us of rotati on (see Fi gures 5 and 6)
pmvm
Reynol ds number per uni t l ength,
Pm
bucket radi us (see Fi gures 5 and 6)
bucket gap wi dth (see Fi gures 5 and 6)
gap wi dth rati o
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NOMENCLATURE (cent)
-.
T freestream temperature
m
\ Tm
freestream vel oci ty, V@ ( 1 + 6)
u
Xm
R~
turbi ne speed rati o, v
m
6 uncertai nty
6 wi nd tunnel bl ockage factor
0 bucket angul ar posi ti on (see Fi gures 5 and 6)
P.
freestream vi scosi ty
P
freestream densi ty
m
Si turbi ne rotati onal speed
Subscri pts
u uncorrected for bl ockage
11-12
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L I NTRODUCTI ON
The Savoni us rotor i s a novel fl ui d mechani cal devi ce that has been studi ed by
numerous i nvesti gators si nce the 1920s. Appl i cati ons for the Savoni us rotor have
i ncl uded pumpi ng water, dri vi ng an el ectri cal generator, provi di ng venti l ati on (atti c
and vehi cul ar appl i cati ons), and provi di ng water agi tati on to keep stock ponds i ce-
free duri ng the wi nter. I t i s al so commonl y used as an ocean current meter.
Savoni us rotors general l y cannot compete wi th ei ther a propel l er-type or a
Da rri eus wi nd turbi ne on an aerodynami c performance basi s. However, because
the technol ogy requi red to fabri cate a Savoni us rotor i s consi derabl y l ess than that
rec~ui red for more sophi sti cated types of wi nd turbi nes, Savoni us rotors may fi nd
more appl i cati ons i n devel opi ng countri es as wel l as i n do-i t-yoursel f projects.
Another appl i cati on for the Savoni us rotor i s as a passi ve starter system for
the Darri eus rotor. The Darri eus rotor i s not sel f- starti ng; however, the Savoni us
rotor has very good starti ng torque characteri sti cs. I t i s thi s appl i cati on that moti -
vated the present experi mental i nvesti gati on of the Savoni us rotor
acteri sti cs.
performance char-
Numerous experi mental studi es of the Savoni us rotor have been reported i n the
l i terature. -5 A number of the references ci ted i ncl uded wi nd tunnel tests of the
Savoni us rotor. However, most of them had severe tunnel bl ockage probl ems: the
model occupi ed a si gni fi cant fracti on of the tunnel cross secti on. The scarci ty and
questi onabl e rel i abi l i ty of the avai l abl e test data gave ri se to an i ndependent Savoni us
16, 17
rotor wi nd tunnel test program. The test program was conducted duri ng May
1975 at the Vought Systems Di vi si on Low Speed Wi nd Tunnel .
18
The varyi ng geometri -
cal parameters consi sted of:
Number of Buckets
.
Gap Spaci ng (s/d):
Rotor Hei ght (H):
(N): 2,3
0.0, 0.1, 0.15, 0.20
1, 1.5m
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The di ameter of each bucket was O. 5 m. The torque characteri sti cs as a functi on of
rotati onal speed (i ncl udi ng zero rotati onal speed) were determi ned for each geometri -
cal confi gurati on. Each confi gurati on was tested at nomi nal freestream vel oci ti es of
7 m/s and/or 14 m/s, correspondi ng to nomi nal Re/m of 4.32 x 105 and 8.67 x 105,
..
respecti vel y.
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I I . TEST MODELS AND I NSTRUMENTATI ON
Representati ve three- and two-bucket test model s are shown i n Fi gures 1 and 2,
respecti vel y. The rotor consi sts of the rotati ng components (buckets and endpl ates)
hel d by beari ngs i n the upper col l ar and i n the l ower support structure. Four out-
ri gger trusses are attached to the upper col l ar. Guy cabl es extend from the outri gger
trusses to the wi nd tunnel fl oor. The l ower support structure i s mounted to the I -beams
.!.
shown on the fl oor of the tunnel .
A schemati c of the model , i nstrumentati on, l oad, and control system i s shown i n
Fi gure 3. The preci si on torque meter, rotati onal speed transducer, i ndexi ng mecha -
ni sm, and sl i di ng vane ai r motor are shown i n greater detai l i n Fi gure 4.
The rotor buckets and endpl ates were fabri cated from al umi num al l oy, Type 6061
T6. Each pai r of endpl ates accommodated several bucket confi gurati ons. The rotor
bucket segments were attached to the endpl ates wi th machi ne screws. The testi ng se-
quence was such that a rotor confi gurati on (buckets and endpl ates) coul d be assembl ed
whi l e the previ ous confi gurati on was bei ng tested i n the tunnel . Model changes i n the
tunnel requi red about a hal f-hour.
The i ndex pl ate, shown i n Fi gure 4, i s affi xed to the l ower shaft extensi on of the
torque transducer. Thi s pl ate i ncl uded detents for sequenti al rotati onal posi ti oni ng of
the rotor for obtai ni ng the stati c, or nonrotati ng, torque as a functi on of bucket posi ti on
rel ati ve to the fl ow. A pneumati cal l y actuated pi ston pl unger engaged the i ndex pl ate
at the desi red rotati onal posi ti on. The i ndexer coul d be operated both from the turbi ne
l ocati on and remotel y from the control room. Onl y 180 of i ndexi ng was requi red, as
thi s range covered a compl ete cycl e of the two-bucket confi gurati ons.
.!,
.,.
These heavy I -beams are requi red for l ocati ng the rotor i n the center of the
l est secti on whi l e avoi di ng damage to the movi ng ground pl ane apparatus l ocated on
the tunnel fl oor at thi s l ocati on.
15
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Fi gure 1. Savoni us rotor wi nd turbi ne model (1-metre) i n the Vought
Corporati on Low Speed Wi nd Tunnel (l ooki ng downstream).
Fi gure 2. Savoni us rotor wi nd turbi ne model (1-1 /2-metre) i n the
Vought Corporati on Low Speed Wi nd runnel (l ooki ng
upstream).
I

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\ I
I and I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Indexer Control
I
I
Motor/Load
Control
b
I
,
~- - -
/
PowerFl ow
f
RemoteConsol e
Fi gure 3. Schemati c of the Savoni us rotor/i nstrumentati on l oad system.
.
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Fi gure 4. Savoni us rotor stand showi ng the torque and rotati onal speed
transducer, i ndexer, and ai r motor.
18
The beari ngs for the turbi ne i ncl uded one doubl e-row sel f- al i gni ng bal l beari ng
at the l ower l ocati on and a set of two si ngl e-row radi al -contact bal l beari ngs i n the
upper col l ar, Because of the i mportance of preci se determi nati on of torques, beari ng
sel ecti on and l oadi ng are cri ti cal . Turbi ne torque and rotati onal speed were measured
.!.
through a LeBow Torque Sensor Model 1404-200 and i ts associ ated si gnal condi ti oni ng
.,.
ec[ui pment. Thi s devi ce i ncorporates a two-channel (from strai n gage bri dge l egs)
rctary transformer to extract the bri dge si gnal from the rotati ng shaft wi thout mechani -
cal contact. The bri dge si gnal i s i ndi cati ve of the torque, whi ch i s proporti onal to
the shaft wi ndup. The devi ce i s cl osel y compensated for temperature vari ati on and i s
adverti sed as havi ng a total nonl i neari ty of onl y *O. 1 percent of ful l scal e.
The ful l scal e recommended torque of the devi ce sel ected was 200 i n-l bf but,
because overl oadi ng i s al l owed, the transducer was cal i brated to 300 i n-l bf. The
al ternate approach of sel ecti ng a transducer rated at an i ni ti al l y hi gher ful l scal e
(the next i ncrement was 500 i n-l bf) woul d have seri ousl y degraded the torque resol u-
ti on i n the l ower ranges, parti cul arl y i n the determi nati on of the tare torques of the
turbi ne. The transducer was shaft mounted between the turbi ne and the l oad, and i ts
housi ng was restrai ned from rotati ng by a strap attached to the l ower structure. The
transducer performed excepti onal l y wel l , even i n the ffoverrated n appl i cati on, and
except for a shortcomi ng i n mechani cal l y protecti ng a transformer component, the
enti re system desi gn i s consi dered to be superi or for thi s appl i cati on.
The turbi ne l oad was a Gast Model 8 AM Ai r Motor.
-i
Thi s devi ce, whi ch i s
a radi al l y sl i di ng vane motor, i ncl udes ei ght vanes (i n contrast to the usual four for
thi s model ). Thi s was requi red to achi eve the degree of l oad control desi red. The
devi ce was operated both as a motor and as a compressor by adjusti ng i nput and /or
output fl ow or pressure. These adjustments were made remotel y i n the wi nd tunnel
control room. Note from Fi gure 2 that the ai r motor was mounted wi th the rotati on
axi s verti cal . Thi s ori entati on requi red speci al l ubri cati on consi derati ons. Ai r l i ne
l ubri cators were suppl i ed to both ports of the vane motor. One of these i s vi si bl e to
the i mmedi ate l ower l eft of the motor i n Fi gure 4. For extended operati on, i t i s re-
qui red that a very l arge quanti ty of moderate pressure ai r ( 100 psi ) i s avai l abl e for
thi s devi ce when i t i s operated at rated capaci ty.
.,,
.,.
LeBow Associ ates, 1728 Mapl e Lawn Road, Troy, Mi chi gan 48084.
t
Avai l abl e from Gast Manufacturi ng Corp. , P. O. Box 9, Benton Harbor,
Mi chi gan 49022.
19
The l ower support structure consi sted of several modul ar components so that
a sel ected combi nati on woul d posi ti on ei ther the 1.0- or 1. 5-m-hi gh rotors at the
wi nd tunnel cent erl i ne. The ti edown cabl es i ncl uded strai n gage l oad cel l s so that
the beari ng l oads produced by the cabl e tensi ons woul d be consi stent from one run
to the next.
. .
A schemati c of the bucket ori entati on for the two-bucket confi gurati on i s shown
i n Fi gure 5. The buckets, whi ch were semi ci rcul ar, contai ned a ful l 180 arc wi th
a radi us, r, of O. 25 m. The gap wi dth, s, separati ng the i nsi de edges of the buckets
was one of the vari abl es for the tests. The di mensi onl ess gap wi dth, s/d, where d i s
the bucket di ameter, was vari ed from O. 0 to O. 20. The radi us of rotati on, R,, was
measured from the axi s of rotati on to the outer edge of the buckets. The bucket
hei ght, a second vari abl e, was ei ther 1 or 1.5 m.
The buckets for al l the three-bucket rotors (Fi gure 6), wi th the excepti on of
Confi gurati on 21, were constructed wi th a 150 arc and a radi us, r, of O. 25 m. The
buckets for Confi gurati on 21 were the same as those used for the two-bucket confi gura-
ti ons. For practi cal desi gn consi derati ons, the arc of the buckets was shortened by
.!,
20 on the outer edge and 10 on the i nner edge. The gap di stance i s defi ned as for
a two-bucket confi gurati on; i . e. , the gap di stance, s/2, i s the di stance from the axi s
of rotati on to the end of the bucket arc, assumi ng the arc i s carri ed to the ful l semi -
ci rcl e (Fi gure 6).
~I f a three-bucket Savoni us confi gurati on i s to be used to start a three-bl ade
Darri eus confi gurati on, there wi l l be a mechani cal i nterference between the Darri eus
and Savoni us bl ades unl ess the arc i s shortened.
.
20
-.
v
\
m~
/
1
Ill
\
/
l -s-+
/
I
\
\
\
\
/
/
\
-
1
Fi gure 5. Schemati c of the two-bucket Savoni us rotor wi th 180 buckets.
Fi gure 6.
\
\
\
\
\
/
\ I
\
/
d
R
\
7
/
/
_/
I
Schemati c of the three-bucket Savoni us rotor wi th 150 buckets.
21
I I I . TEST FACI LI TY
.-
The Vought Systems Di vi si on Low Speed Wi nd Tunnel
18
i s a hori zontal si ngl e- .
return, tandem-test- secti on, cl osed-ci rcui t faci l i ty.
The faci l i ty contai ns a rectan-
gul ar 2.1- x 3. O-m (7- x 10-foot) test secti on wi th a rectangul ar 4.6- x 6. l -m (15-
x 20-foot) test secti on 11.9 m l ong l ocated upstream of the 2. 1- x 3. O-m secti on.
Thi s secti on has a wi ndspeed range of 3 to 23 m/s. I t was chosen as the test faci l i ty
because of i ts si ze and speed range. Fi gure 1 shows the wi nd turbi ne i n the (4. 6- x
6. l -m) secti on, The photograph was taken l ooki ng downstream i nto the contracti on
secti on of the 2. 1- x 3. O-m test secti on. The wi nd tunnel control room i s l ocated
behi nd the wi ndows shown on the ri ght si de of the photograph. The wi nd turbi ne
i nstrumentati on and the control s for the operati on of the wi nd turbi ne, as wel l as the
faci l i ty control s, were operated from that stati on, The wi ndows permi tted vi sual
observati on of the turbi ne and al so al l owed ti ne and tel evi si on camera coverage.
Al l i nstrumentati on pertai ni ng to the operati on of the faci l i ty and wi nd tunnel
fl ow condi ti ons were provi ded by Vought. Sandi a provi ded the i nstrumentati on
associ ated wi th obtai ni ng turbi ne torque, Q, and turbi ne rotati onal speed, Q. The
torque and turbi ne speed data were recorded by Vought al ong wi th thei r data for
dynami c pressure, qm . The data were recorded on punched cards for l ater com-
U
puter data reducti on.
22
I V. TEST PROCEDURE
The Savoni us rotor wi nd turbi ne, compl ete wi th support cabl es, was i nstal l ed
i n the wi nd tunnel as shown i n Fi gure 1. The tensi on of the support cabl es from the
fl oor to the top of the turbi ne was moni tored by l oad cel l s. I t was checked before
each run i n order to provi de a consi stent l oad on the tower beari ngs.
Before each confi gurati on was tested, the rotor was rotated by the ai r motor
at a very l ow, but constant, rotati onal speed to obtai n the tare torque of the system
c:i used by the fri cti on i n the beari ngs. These val ues, of the order of 6 i n-l bf, were
recorded for each confi gurati on and used i n the data reducti on.
The test matri x for the wi nd turbi ne tests i s shown i n Tabl e I . Two types of
tests were performed wi th the model s for al l fi fteen confi gurati ons. The fi rst type
consi sted of stati c tests, where the turbi ne rotor was l ocked at a parti cul ar angl e
rel ati ve to the fl ow. The stati c torque produced by the turbi ne was recorded. The
rotor posi ti on was then changed by 10 ~, and a new val ue of stati c torque was obtai ned.
Thi s was done wi th the ai d of the 19-posi ti on i ndexer, previ ousl y i denti fi ed i n Fi g-
ure 3. These tests were conducted at nomi nal tunnel speeds of 7 and 14 m/s. I n
three cases wi th 1. 5-m-hi gh buckets and a nomi nal 14-m/s speed, the stati c torque
exceeded the capaci ty of the torque transducer and data were not obtai ned.
I n the second type of test, the dynami c tests, the model was rotated and a l oad
was provi ded by the Gast Ai r Motor, as expl ai ned i n secti on I I . The turbi ne rotati onal
.!,
speed was vari ed from runaway
the capabi l i ty of the ai r motor.
brought to a steady-state val ue,
determi ned l oad provi ded by the
down to a rotati onal speed where the torque exceeded
Typi cal l y for a test run, the wi nd tunnel speed was
nomi nal l y 7 or 14 m/s, and the turbi ne, wi th a pre -
ai r motor, was al l owed to rotate. When steady-state
.!,
T
Runaway i s the hi gh-speed condi ti on where the output torque i s equal to the
fri cti on torque of the system and no power i s produced.
23
.
_- . .
-.. -..
-
rotati on was achi eved, a data poi nt was taken. A sl i ght change i n the l oad then
caused the turbi ne to come to a new rotati onal speed. When the rotati onal speed
was stabi l i zed, another data poi nt was taken.
I n some cases, the ai r motor was used to dri ve the turbi ne at a speed i n
excess of the runaway speed to obtai n i nformati on on the torque requi red to operate
the devi ce i n a powered mode of operati on.
-.
24
TABLE I. Savonius Rotor Tests
Configa Run
No. No.
Fig.
J&
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
12
13
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
19
19
20
20
21
21
22
22
23
23
24
24
25
25
26
26
27
27
28
28
29
29
30
30
31
31
32
32
33
33
34
34
35
35
36
36
No. of
m
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Gap Height. v- Test
As
R Test Reynolds No.
~ H (m) (m/s) Condition
(mz)
(m)
(Re_/m)
4.32 x 105
6.64 X 105
4.32 x 105
8.64 x 105
4.32 x 105
8.84 x 105
4.32 x 105
8.64 x 105
4.33 x 105
4.23 x 105
4.33 x 105
4.32 x 105
4.32 x 105
8.64 x 105
4.32 X 105
6.64 x 105
4.32 x 105
8.64 X 105
4.33 x 105
4.33 x 105
8.67 x 105
4.33 x 105
8.67 X 105
4.32 X 105
8.64 x 105
4.32 x 105
8.64 x 105
4.32 X 105
6.84 x 105
4.32 X 105
6.64 X 105
4.33 x 105
8.67 X 105
.4.33 x 105
8.67 x 105
4.33 x 105
6.67 x 105
4.33 x 10=
6.67 x 105
4.32 x 105
6.64 x 105
4.32 x 105
6.64 .x 105
4.32 X 105
6.64 X 105
4.32 x 105
6.64 x 105
4.33 x 105
8.67 x. 105
4.33 x 105
8.67 x 105
4.33 x 105
8.67 x 105
4.33 x 105
6.87 x 105
7
7
11
11
9
9
13
13
15
19
17
7
11
11
9
9
13
13
15
19
19
17
17
12
12
6
8
14
14
10
10
20
20
16
16
18
18
Zlb
Zlb
12
12
6
6
14
14
10
10
20
20
16
16
16
18
2lb
2lb
12
13
27
28
19
20
35
36
43
56
49
14
29
30
21
22
37
36
44
57
58
50
51
31
32
15
16
39
40
23
24
59
60
45
46
52
53
63
64
33
34
1?
18
41
42
25
26
61
62
47
48
54
55
65
66
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.15
0.15
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.15
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.15
0.15
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.15
0.15
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.15
0.15
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.15
0.15
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1,5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
7
14
7
14
7
14
7
14
7
7
7
7
7
14
7
14
7
14
7
7
14
7
,14
7
14
7
14
7
14
7
14
7
14
7
14
7
14
7
14
7
14
7
14
7
14
7
14
7
14
14
14
14
14
7
14
static
Static
Static
Static
Static
1.0023 0.5012
1.0023 0.5012
0.9523 0.4762
0.9523 0.4762
0.9273 0.4637
0.9273 0.4637
0.9033 0.4512
0.9023 0.4512
1.5035 0.5012
1.4285 0.4762
Static
Static
Static
static
Static
Static
Dynamic
DF.mic
Dynamic
1.3910 0.4637
1.0023 0.5012
0.9523 0.4762
0.9523 0.4762
0.9273 0.4637
Dynamic
Dynamic
Dynamic
Oynamic
Dynamic
0.9273 0.4637
0.9023 0.4512
0.9023 0.4512
L 5035 0.5012
1.4265 0.4762
Dynamic
Dynamic
Dynamic
static
Static
1.4265 0.4762
1.3910 0.4637
1.3910 0.4637
0.9871 0.4936
0.9871 0.4936
static
Static
Static
static
Static
0.9360 0.4690
0.9380 0.4690
0.9134 0.4567
0.9134 0.4567
0.8666 0.4444
static
Static
Static
Static
static
0.6888 0.4444
1.4807 0.4936
1.4607 0.4936
1.4070 0.4690
1.4070 0.4690
Static
Static
Static
Static
Dynamic
1.3333 0.4444
1.3333 0.4444
1.3535 0.4512
1.3535 0.4512
0.9871 0.4936
Dynamic
Dynamic
Dynamic
Dynamic
Dynamic
0.9871 0.4936
0.9380 0.4690
0.9380 0.4690
0.9134 0.4567
0.9134 0.4567
Dynamic
Dynamic
Dynamic
Dynamic
Dynamic
O. 9134 0.4567
0.8888 0.4444
1,4307 0.4936
1.4607 0.4936
1.4070 0.4690
Dynamic
Dynamic
Dynamic
Dynamic
Dynamic
1.4070 0.4690
1.3333 0.4444
1.3333 0.4444
1.3535 0.4512
1.3535 0.4512
aNote that the ccmfieur.ti. mmbem do not run chrcmologic.lly frmn 1 to 15. Other tests. outside the
interest of this r.~ort. were conducted simultaneously .-
b
Configuration 21 had 180 buckets.
V. DATA REDUCTI ON
The wi nd tunnel turbul ence factor for the 15- x 20-foot secti on
18
i s qui te hi gh:
1.4 at a vel oci ty of 20 m/s. Si nce thi s turbul ence factor i s determi ned by a stati onary
turbul ence sphere and the wi nd turbi ne buckets are movi ng at a speed other than the
wi ndspeed, the use of a turbul ence factor to correct to an effecti ve ReynoI ds number
was not attempted. Repeati ng: no Reynol ds numbers stated i n thi s report are cor-
rected for the wi nd tunnel turbul ence factor.
When an object i s pl aced i n a wi nd tunnel , the object produces some tunnel
bl ockage, whi ch causes an i ncrease i n the l ocal wi nd vel oci ty i n the test secti on.
Thi s i ncrease has to be accounted for by the determi nati on of a tunnel bl ockage factor.
c, someti mes cal l ed the vel oci ty i ncrement. The total factor i s the sum of the vel oci ty
i ncrement caused by wake bl ockage and sol i d bl ockage. The determi nati on of these two
bl ockage correcti ons i s very di ffi cul t when an unusual shape, such as the Savoni us rotor
19
test model s, i s tested i n a wi nd tunnel . Pope and Harper ~sugge st that the total tunnel
bl ockage correcti on be determi ned by the fol l owi ng equati on:
-: Model Frontal Area
6 - 4 Test Secti on Area
The model frontal area was taken to be
area of the stand and rel ated hardware.
!
(1)
the turbi ne-swepti -area, As, pl us the frontal
Thi s gave a val ue for c of O. 0125 for the l -m-
hi gh Savoni us rotor and of O. 0162 for the 1- l /2-m-hi gh rotor.
Recent anal yti cal studi es.
20
al ong wi th unpubl i shed data of the authors, i ndi cate
that the Savordus rotor experi ences si de forces that are of the same order of magni -
tude as the downwi nd (drag) force. For thi s case, one shoul d questi on the val i di ty of
the bl ockage gi ven by Eq. ( 1). At present, however, there are no proved bl ockage
correcti on factors for Savoni us rotors; hence, i t i s fel t that Eq. ( 1) shoul d be appl i ed.
-.
26
For the uncertai nty anal ysi s presented i n the Appendi x, i t was assumed that the un-
certai nty i n c was 50 percent. Despi te thi s l arge uncertai nty, the uncertai nty i n c
was not the major contri butor to the overal l uncertai nty i n power coeffi ci ent, torque
coeffi ci ent, and speed rati o.
The above val ues for the
vel oci ty and dynami c pressure
val ues:
Vm=vm (1+<)
u
~=%(l +c)2.
u
The data taken by Vought
bl ockage factor were used to correct the freestream
as shown, where the subscri pt u refers to uncorrected
(2 )
(3)
consi sted of ~ Cl , Pm, T~, whi ch were automati cal l y
punched on computer cards. The freestream densi ty, pm, was cal cul ated by usi ng
the i deal gas equati on of state wi th the measured val ues of Pm and T~. Knowi ng pm,
one can determi ne the freestream vel oci ty by
d
~
V. =
z
whe:re ~ has been corrected by
l ength for each test condi ti on i s
pwvm
Rem= .
Pm
(4)
the bl ockage factor. The Reynol ds number per uni t
computed by
(5)
The computati on of the performance data proceeds as fol l ows:
x =?
m
co
(6)
27
.
-
Q+Qf
CQ
9
l /2pmv:RA~
(Q + Qf) Q
Cp = .
l /2pWV;A~
The data for torque and power coeffi ci ents are pl otted as a functi on of the
turbi ne speed rati o. Stati c torque coeffi ci ents are pl otted as a functi on of rotor
angul ar posi ti on. Al l data are corrected for tunnel bl ockage and tare torque.
(7)
(8) .
a
28
The test condi ti ons, run
VI . TEST RESULTS
numbers, and geometri cal i nformati on for each confi g -
urati on are l i sted i n Tabl e I . For a gi ven number of buckets and a gi ven bucket hei ght
the runs are ordered wi th i ncreasi ng gap wi dth. The run number i s the sequence i n
whi ch each confi gurati on was tested. The basi c data for al l confi gurati ons tested are
presented i n Fi gures 7 through 36b, where the orderi ng of the basi c data pl ots corres-
ponds to the orderi ng i n Tabl e I . For each confi gurati on there are pl ots of stati c torque
coeffi ci ents as a functi on of angul ar posi ti on and torque and power coeffi ci ents as a
functi on of speed rati o. I n most cases, there are data for two Reynol ds numbers.
Where data are presented for onl y one Reynol ds number, the data for the other Reynol ds
number were not obtai nabl e for any of three reasons: the torque was outsi de the trans -
ducer cal i brati on, the torque was outsi de the capabi l i ty of the Gast ai r motor, or a
probl em wi th rotor vi brati on was encountered. The tabul ated Reynol ds numbers are
for a l ength scal e of 1 m; however, the turbi nes are nomi nal l y 1 m i n di ameter and the
Reynol ds numbers are therefore the approxi mate Reynol ds number based on turbi ne
di ameter. The reason the Reynol ds number i s presented as a per-metre val ue i s that
there i s no uni versal l y accepted l ength scal e wi th whi ch to cal cul ate a Reynol ds number
for a Savoni us rotor. Suffi ci ent i nformati on i s gi ven i n Tabl e I that the reader may
cal cul ate a Reynol ds number based on a di mensi on of hi s own choosi ng, be i t the tur-
bi ne di ameter, turbi ne radi us, bucket di ameter, bucket radi us, or whatever.
Fi gures 7 through 13 present the stati c torque coeffi ci ent data as a functi on of
angul ar posi ti on for the two-bucket confi gurati ons. Fi gure 5 gi ves the ori gi n of the
angul ar posi ti on coordi nate system. Wi th the excepti on of the zero gap confi gurati on
(s/d = 0, Fi gure 7), the torque coeffi ci ent i s posi ti ve for al l angul ar posi ti ons. There
i s,, however, a wi de vari ati on i n the stati c torque coeffi ci ent wi th angul ar posi ti on.
I n order to ensure that a Savoni us rotor wi l l start from any i ni ti al angul ar posi ti on,
the stati c aerodynami c torque must exceed the combi ned l oad and fri cti on torques.
Thi s constrai nt i mpl i es that the mi ni mum val ue of the stati c torque coeffi ci ent may
control the requi red si ze of a Savoni us starter, The data i n Fi gures 7 through 13
suggest that a two-bucket Savoni us rotor mi ght be a poor choi ce for a starter system
29
.. - - -.-
because the mi ni mum C
Q
i s qui te smal l i n many cases. Thi s probl em can be ci rcum-
vented, however, by uti l i zi ng two sets of Savoni us rotors, wi th one set bei ng rotated
90 from the other. The resul ti ng torque coeffi ci ent curve for a typi cal hypotheti cal
rotati on of 90 i s shown i n Fi gure 8. The mi ni mum torque coeffi ci ent i s i ncreased
by a factor of approxi matel y 5.
.-
a
The Reynol ds number has an effect on the stati c torque coeffi ci ents, as i s
evi denced by the data i n Fi gures 7 through 10. A shi ft i n the CQ curve i s apparentl y
caused by del ayed separati on around the buckets wi th i ncreased Reynol ds number.
The power and torque coeffi ci ent data for the two-bucket confi gurati ons are
presented as a functi on of turbi ne speed rati o i n Fi gures 14a through 20b. The val ues
of torque coeffi ci ent pl otted at the speed rati o of zero were obtai ned by averagi ng the
stati c torque coeffi ci ents over one cycl e (O to 180 ) of the rotor. The power coeffi -
ci ents for al l confi gurati ons peak near the speed rati o of 0.9 wi th the excepti on of
the confi gurati ons wi th no gap (7 and 15), where the power coeffi ci ent peaks near a
speed rati o of O. 8. The peak val ue of power coeffi ci ent for the two-bucket confi gura-
ti ons ranges from O. 22 to O. 26. The maxi mum torque coeffi ci ent occurs at a l ower
speed rati o, general l y i n the vi ci ni ty of O. 4 for al l the confi gurati ons wi th two buckets.
Al though there i s a noti ceabl e i ncrease i n power and torque coeffi ci ent wi th i ncreased
Reynol ds number, thi s i ncrease i s general l y wi thi n the data uncertai nty (see Appendi x).
The pl ots of stati c torque coeffi ci ent as a functi on of angul ar posi ti on for the
three-bucket confi gurati ons are shown i n Fi gures 21 through 28. The angul ar ori ent a-
ti on for the three-bucket rotor i s shown i n Fi gure 6. Note that the bucket ti ps do not
l i e on the 0, 120, ~and 240 rays; they are off because of the 20 shorteni ng of the
bucket arc. Al though most of the data pl ots are for 180 rotati on, because that opti on
was avai l abl e on the i ndexer, a ful l cycl e for a three-bucket confi gurati on i s 120.
Wi th the three-bucket confi gurati ons, there i s no angul ar posi ti on where the stati c
torque coeffi ci ent i s negati ve. The three-bucket confi gurati ons exhi bi t a smal l er vari -
ati on i n stati c torque coeffi ci ent than do the two-bucket confi gurati ons. the average
torque coeffi ci ent for one cycl e i s normal l y i n the range of O. 3 to O. 4 for the three-
bucket confi gurati ons and i s si mi l ar to that for the two-bucket confi gurati ons. Al so,
as wi th the two-bucket confi gurati ons, the angul ar posi ti on at whi ch stal l occurs i s a
functi on of Reynol ds number.
30
The power and torque coeffi ci ents as a functi on of turbi ne speed rati o are gi ven
i n I Fi gures 29a through 36b for the three-bucket confi gurati ons for two Reynol ds num-
bers. General l y there i s a sl i ght i mprovement i n performance wi th i ncreased Reynol ds
number. Thi s i s not true for al l the data; the exact reason for these anomal i es i n the
.
data i n whi ch the l ower Reynol ds number data has better performance i s not known.
These resul ts can be seen i n Fi gure 32 (Confi gurati on 10) and Fi gure 34 (Confi gurati on
16). Agai n, the di fference due to Reynol ds
Fi gure 37 compares the performance
ti ons. From a performance vi ewpoi nt, the
respects. The maxi mum power coeffi ci ent
number l i es wi thi n the data uncertai nty.
of typi cal two- and three-bucket confi gura -
two-bucket confi gurati on i s superi or i n most
of the two-bucket confi gurati on i s approxi -
.
matel y 1.5 ti mes that for the three-bucket confi gurati on. The speed rati o where C
P
i s ;~maxi mum i ncreases when the number of buckets goes from three to two. I t appears
that the onl y performance advantage a three-bucket confi gurati on has over a two-bucket
confi gurati on i s that the mi ni mum stati c torque i s greater. However, thi s advantage can
be removed by staggeri ng two sets of two-bucket rotors. The remai ni ng di scussi on wi l l
center on the characteri sti cs of the two-bucket rotors.
The effect of rotor hei ght i s exami ned i n Fi gure 38 for a two-bl ade confi gurati on
wi th s/d = 0.15. The fact that the power and torque coeffi ci ents i ncrease sl i ghtl y wi th
i ncreasi ng bucket hei ght i ndi cates that the endpl ates di d provi de a reducti on i n end l osses.
I n general , the data trends for the 1.5 -m-hi gh buckets were si mi l ar to the 1-m-hi gh
buckets.
The effect of gap wi dth on rotor performance i s presented i n Fi gures 39 and 40.
The low Reynol ds number test data i n Fi gure 39 i ndi cate superi or performance for a
gap wi dth of s/d = 0.1-0.15. Both l arger and smal l er gaps show a decrease i n perfor-
mance. The performance di fference i s the most noti ceabl e at the hi gher speed rati os.
A si mi l ar trend i s shown i n Fi gure 40 for the hi gh Reynol ds number test data. Al though
the uncertai nty anal ysi s i n the Appendi x i ndi cates that the uncertai nty bands for the
vari ous gap wi dths wi l l overl ap, the data seem to i ndi cate that the gap wi dth s/d shoul d
be i n the range of O. 1 to O. 15.
31
A very si mpl e means of fabri cati ng a Savoni us rotor i s to cut an oi l drum i n
hal f, i nvert one hal f, and wel d the two pi eces together. For thi s type of confi gurati on
where the bucket si ze i s fi xed, i t woul d be desi rabl e to know what gap wi dth wi l l pro-
duce maxi mum power, P = QSI , and torque, Q. Fi gure 41a presents power, QS2, nor-
3
real i zed by a factor that i s constant for al l confi gurati ons ( 1 /2 pV~ 4 r H) as a functi on
of turbi ne rotati onal vel oci ty, ~, mul ti pl i ed by the val ue 2r/V~. Al l three smal l er gap --
wi dths, whi ch appear to reach approxi matel y the same maxi mum power, are better
than the s/d = O. 2 curve. At the l ow rotati onal speeds, the s/d = O curve appears best
but shows poorer performance at hi gh rotati onal speeds. Fi gure 4 l b presents the di -
mensi onl ess torque as a functi on of di mensi onl ess rotati onal speed. Agai n, the zero
gap wi dth exhi bi ts the maxi mum torque but has poorer performance at the hi gher
rotati onal speeds. The l argest gap wi dth confi gurati on exhi bi ts the worst performance
at l ow-to-i ntermedi ate rotati onal speeds. The general concl usi on to be drawn from
the data i n Fi gure 41 i s that some gap i s desi rabl e, but i t shoul d not be so great that
i t wi l l cause consi derabl e reducti on i n the rotor-swept area and radi us of rotati on.
Fi gure 42 compares one data set of thi s report wi th data from Shankar.
15
The
agreement between the two data sets i s qui te good at the hi gh speed rati os but i s rel a-
ti vel y poor at l ow speed rati os. No sati sfactory expl anati on has been found for thi s
di screpancy. Data for a three-bucket confi gurati on were not compared because of
model geometri cal di fferences between thi s study and Shankar.
32
. .
VI I . SUMMARY AND CONCLUSI ONS
Tests of 15 confi gurati ons of a Savoni us rotor i ncl uded such parameters as
number of buckets, freestream vel oci ty, rotor hei ght, and bucket overl ap or gap
wi dth. The fol l owi ng general concl usi ons were drawn from the test data:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The stati c torque coeffi ci ent i s much more vari abl e wi th angul ar
posi ti on for a two-bucket confi gurati on than for a three-bucket
confi gurati on.
The two-bucket confi gurati ons have better aerodynami c perfor-
mance than the three-bucket confi gurati ons, wi th the excepti on
of starti ng torque.
I ncreasi ng the test Reynol ds number general l y i mproves aero-
dynami c performance.
Performance i ncreases sl i ghtl y wi th i ncreasi ng hei ght-to-di ameter
rati o.
A di mensi onl ess gap wi dth of s/d = O. 1-0.15 appears to yi el d
opti mum perform ante.
For a fi xed bucket si ze (as wi th oi l drums), the recommended gap
wi dth i s s/d = O. l -O. 15.
The recommended confi gurati on i s two sets of two-bucket rotors,
rotated 90 apart, wi th each rotor havi ng a gap wi dth of s/d =
0.1-0.15.
The data presented here, al ong wi th the data of Shankar,
15
shoul d provi de a si gni fi -
cant data base for the study and use of Savoni us rotors.
33-34
.
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Angl e, f3 (deg)
Fi gure 7. The stati c torque coeffi ci ent as a functi on of angul ar posi ti on for a two-bucket Savogi us rotor
(Confi gurati on 7) wi th a gap wi dth rati o of O. 0 for Re/m of 4.32 x 10 and 8.64 x 103.
Ld
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rotors 90 apart (theory)
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Angl e, O (deg)
Fi gure 8. The stati c torque coeffi ci ent as a functi on of zngul ar posi ti on for a two-bucket Savoni us rotor
(Confi gurati on i 1) wi th a gap wi dth rati o
of O. 10 for Re/m of 4.32 x 105 and 8.64 x 105.
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Fi gure 11. The stati c torque coeffi ci ent as a functi on of angul ar posi ti on for a two-bucket Savoni us rotor
(Confi gurati on 15) wi th a gap wi dth rati o of 0.0 for Re/m of 4.33 x 105.
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Angl e, 13(deg)
Fi gure 13. The stati c torque coeffi ci ent as a functi on of angul ar posi ti on for a two-bucket Savoni us rotor
(Confi gurati on 17) wi th a gap wi dth rati o of O. 15 for Re/m of 4.33 x 105.
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I i gure 14. Power and torque coeffi ci ents as a functi on of speed rati o for a two-~ ucket Savoni us rotor
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0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
X.
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o 57 4.33X105 1.5 0.l 2
l 58 8.67x105 1.5 0.1 2
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o
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0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
19. Power and torque coeffi ci ents as a
(Confi gurati on 19) wi th a gap wi dth
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
x=
(b)
functi on of speed rati o for a two-bucket Savoni us rotor
O. 28
0.24
0.20
0.16
Cp 0.12
0.08
0.04
0.0
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50 4.33 x 105 1.5 0.15 2
1
51 8.67 X 105 1.5 0.15 2
.
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1 I I I I I 1 1 1 I I 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Fi gure 20. Power and torque coeffi ci ents as a
(Confi gurati on 17) wi th a gap wi dth
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
X.
(b)
functi on of speed rati o for a two-bucket Savoni us rotor
Z
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Hal f-Shaded Symbol s Are Repeat Poi nts
Run
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1
16
Re/m H, m s/d N
.
4.32x105 1.0 0.1 3
8.64x105 1.0 0.1 3
I 1 I I 1 I 1 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I 1 I I
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Angl e, (3 (deg)
Fi gure 22. The stati c torque coeffi ci ent as a functi on of angul ar posi ti on for a three-bucket Savoni us rotor
ul
03
0.7
0.6
0. 5
0.4
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Fi gure 23.
The stati c torque coeffi ci ent as a functi on of angul ar posi ti on for a three-bucket Savoni us rotor
(Confi gurati on 14) wi th a gap wi dth rati o of O.
15 for Re/m of 4.32 x 105 and 8.64 x 105.
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o 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Angl e, e (deg)
Fi gure 27. The stati c torque coeffi ci ent as a functi on of angul ar posi ti on for a three-bucket Savoni us rotor
(Confi gurati on 18) wi th a gap wi dth rati o of O.
20 for Re/m of 4.33 x 105 and 8.67 x 105.
,.
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c1 34 8.64x105 1.0 0.0 3
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(b)
Fi gure 30. Power and torque coeffi ci ents as a functi on of speed rati o for a three-bucket Savoni us rotor
O. 28
0.24
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CP 0.12
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-0.04
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Run Re/m H, m Sl d ~
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X.
(b)
34. Power and torque coeffi ci ents as a functi on of speed rati o for a three-bucket Savoni us rotor
O. 28
0.24
0.20
0.16
Cp
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Run Re/m H, m s/d N
.
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0 !54 4. 33X10= 1.5 0.2 3
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55 8.67x105 1.5 0.2 3
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x=
(b)
(Cm.fi gurati on 18) wi th a gap wi dth rati o of O. 20 for Re/m of 4.33 x 105 and 8.67 x 105.
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Run Re/m H, m s/d N
.
O 65 4.33X105 1.5 0.2 3
K 66 8.67x105 1.5 0.2 3
0
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1 I I I I 1 I 1 I I I I
10
1 1 1 1 I 1- 1 1 I
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
x=
(b)
36. Power and torque coeffi ci ent as a functi on of speed rati o for a three-bucket Savoni us rotor
(Confi gurati on 21) wi th a gap wi dth rati o of O. 20 for Re/m of 4.33 x 105 and 8.67 x 105
(180 buckets).
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,,
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(b)
Fi gure 39. Power and torque coeffi ci ents for the l -metre, two-bucket Savoni us rotors wi th vari ous gap
wi dth rati os at a Re/m of 4.32 x 105.
%
O. 28
0.24
0.20
0.16
Cp
0.12
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0.15 2
A 37 8.64 xl o5 l .o 0.2 2
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() 21 8.64 X 105 1.0 0.15
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2
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0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
-.
A
02
(b)
Fi gure 40. Power and torque coeffi ci ents for the 1-metre, two-bucket Savoni us rotors wi th vari ous gap
wi dth rati os at a Re/m of 8.64 x 105.
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I 1
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1- 111
i
Run
0 14
K 29
Q 21
A 37
Re/m
4.32 X 105
4.32 X 105
4.32 X 105
4.32 X 105
0
H, m
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
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_
0. 0 2
0.1 2
0.15 2
0.20 2
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-- +.
A
A
o
aQA
A
w
(b)
Normal i zed turbi ne power for 1-metre, two-bucket Savoni us rotors as a functi on of
normal i zed rotati onal speed showi ng the effect of gap wi dth rati o for a gi ven bucket
si ze for Re/m of 4.32 x 105.
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0
0
13
u )
Re H/R Sl d Source
o 3.9 x 105 2.22 0.20 Run 37
15
0
1.96 X 105
0.70 0.18 Shankar
00
a
K
5
Fi gure 42.
Power coeffi ci ents for a two-bucket Savoni us rotor at a Reynol ds number of 3.9 x 10 compared
to Shankarl s data for a two-bucket Savoni us rotor for a
Reynol ds number of 1.95 x 105 (Reynol ds
,,
,. .
numbers are based on rotor di ameter).
APPENDI X
UNCERTAI NTY ANALYSI S
91
Appendi x
UNCERTAI NTY ANALYSI S
The method of Kl i ne and McCl i ntock
A-1
was used to esti mate the experi mental
uncertai nty associ ated wi th the determi nati on of torque coeffi ci ent, C
Q
power coef-
fi ci ent, C , and speed rati o, X These quanti ti es are cal cul ated from the fol l owi ng
P
w.
rel ati onshi ps:
(Qi -t Qf)
CQ =
qmRAs
(Qi + Qf) ~
c=
P
q&As
(A. 1)
(A. 2 )
(A. 3)
Both the turbi ne torque and the rotati onal speed were measured di rectl y, whereas the
freestream vel oci ty and dynami c pressure were determi ned from the measured (un-
corrected) dynami c pressure and an assumed tunnel bl ockage factor. These rel ati on-
shi ps are
q
= q (1+ 6t)2
m
u
(A. 4)
c
2q
v-=.
m
P
9 2
(A. 5)
.
I n a previ ous study of the experi mental uncertai nty associ ated wi th the testi ng of
Darri eus turbi ne model s i n the same test faci l i ty as thi s study, Bl ackwel l , Shel dahL
and Fel tzA-2 concl uded that the most i mportant vari abl es affecti ng the computed un-
certai nty were Q, Q:, Q., q , and c+. Thi s concl usi on al l ows the uncertai nty to be
1 L L
m.-
wri tten as
yQ=
r-i I
6CP_
c-
P
-1
6X
Cn
.
x
co
1/2
(A. 6)
1/2
&q 2
2
()
1 *U
+
()]
+6s22
2 q6
z
u
Tabl e A- I tabul ates
sel f-expl anatory, but the
(A. 7)
(A. 8)
the assumed uncertai nti es for thi s anal ysi s. Most are
torque and dynami c pressure requi re a few words of ex-
pl anati on. The cal i brati on curve for the torque meter was l i near to wi thi n O. 4 i n-l bf;
the i ndi cator was accurate to wi thi n O. 3 i n-l bf and can be read to wi thi n O. 1 i n-l bf for
a total of O. 8 i n-l bf uncertai nty. Reference 8 i ndi cates that the tunnel dynami c pres -
sure was uni form to wi thi n *1. 5 percent and that a prescri bed val ue of the dynami c
pressure can be set to wi thi n O. 017 psf. The bl ockage uncertai nty was assumed
st ant for al l runs.
From the data presented i n Tabl e A-I and the basi c uncertai nty equati ons,
con-
one
can show that the rel ati ve uncertai nty i n C , i n CP,
Q
and i n X decreases wi th i ncreas-
i ng rpm, torque, and dynami c pressure. I ncreasi ng the mod~l si ze wi l l i ncrease the
tunnel bl ockage uncertai nty term whi l e decreasi ng the torque uncertai nty term.
93
. _. -.
TABLE A-I
Uncertai nty i n Pri mary Vari abl es
(from Ref. A-2)
.
Vari abl e
Uncertai nty
c? rotati on speed
6 S2 = 1 rpm
Q
torque
6Q = O. 8 i n-l bf
Qf
fri cti on torque 6Qf
= O. 8 i n-l bf
q
dynami c pressure
u
total bl ockage
t
For the data presented
of the pri mary vari abl es can
6q = 0.015 q + O. 017 (l bf/ft2)
u u
6Et =o.56t
i n thi s report, the fol l owi ng bounds on the uncertai nty
be establ i shed:
ooo2<tm<oo40
.
s)
-23.5< Qi + Qf <197.3 (i n-l bf)
6(Qi + Q/ ,x
0008<Qi+Qi m
6 Ct
0.006<
l +CL
<0.008
L
6q
u
O. 023 ~ < 0.048 .
qm
u
.,,
Thi s upper bound i s i nfi ni ty because Qi + Qf can theoreti cal l y be zero.
9 4
The uncertai nty i n torque and dynami c pressure are the major contri butors to the
overal l uncertai nty, whereas rotati onal speed and tunnel bl ockage are onl y mi nor
contri butors.
Fi gures A-1 and A-2 present representati ve uncertai nty cal cul ati ons for typi cal
two- and three-bucket confi gurati ons. The bars around each data poi nt represent un-
certai nty bounds. For those data poi nts that do not have uncertai nty bars, the un-
certai nty l i es wi thi n the pl otti ng symbol .
Fi gure A-1 presents the uncertai nty for a two-bucket confi gurati on. The un-
5
certai nty i n Cp i s qui te l arge for the 4. 32 x 10 Re run because the dynami c pressure
i s l ow; the hi gher Re run has a much smal l er uncertai nty. The uncertai nty i n C
Q
and
i n X@ i s smal l er than that for C .
P
Fi gure A-2 presents the uncertai nty for a three-bucket confi gurati on. The
general trends are the same as for the two-bucket confi gurati on.
The uncertai nty trends presented can be taken to be representati ve of the un-
certai nty for other confi gurati ons tested.
95
O. 28
0.24
0.20
0.16
c
p 0.12
0.08
0.04
0.0
-0.04
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
x
Q
K 38 8.64x105 1.0 0.2
N
2
2
T
1 I 1 I I 1 1 I I I 1
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
I 1 1 1 I 1 I
, +
d
Xm
(a )
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
CQ
0. 3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
cc
-2
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I
o
K
Run Re/m
37 4.32 X 105
38 8.64 X 105
H, m s/d N
.
1.0 0.2 2
1.0 0.2 2
1
~ wJyQ~PQ
o
0
.
F?
Q
9
c1
%
%
Note: Uncertai nty i nterval for X of Run 38
%
i s not shown, see Fi g. A- l a.
. %%
*
+
+
+
I I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I I i 1 I I I 1 I i I 1 I
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Xm
( b)
Fi gure A-1. Uncertai nty anal ysi s for a two-bucket Savoni us rotor for two Reynol ds numbers.
G
o
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
G
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
i
d
m
-
.
I
-
-
f
-
-
-
i
i
1
I
I
I
1
I
1
I
a
l
*
o
w
G
1
N
N
N
.
Q
$
+
1
.
U
-
J
o
I
. w
4
0
1
-
+
-
-
1
I
I
~
G
C
Q
o
0
0
0
o
6
0
o
0
0
-
0
0
.
.
-
b
9
8
2
1
m
1
4
o
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
#
a
1
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
n
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
C
Q
o
.
-
X
8
w
m
9
x
N
+
o
4
o
* o
m 0
o o
U
I
s
.
+ c o :
m
a
)
a
)
2
f
9
9
1. Al exander Kl emi n,
No. 11 (November
REFERENCES
The Savoni us Wi ng Rotor,
1925).
G
Mechani cal Engi neeri ng, Vol . 47,

*
2. S. J. Savoni us, The Wi ng Rotor i n Theory and Practi ce, Savoni us CO. , Fi nl and
(1928).
3. S. J. Savoni us, The S-Rotor and I ts Appl i cati ons, Mechani cal Engi neeri ng,
Vol . 53, No. 5 (May 1931).
4. G. vonBach, Untersuchungen uber Savoni us-Rotoren und verwandte Stronungs -
maschi enen, Forsch. auf dem Gebi ete des I ngeni eurwesens, 2, pp. 218-231 (1931).
(Transl ated to Engl i sh by G. T. Ward; avai l abl e from Brace Research I nsti tute,
Ste. Anne-de-Bel l evue 800, Quebec, Canada HOAI CO. )
5. New York Uni versi ty, Fi nal Report on the Wi nd Turbi ne, Offi ce of Producti on
Research and Devel opment, War Producti on Board, Washi ngton, DC (January
1946).
6. R. D. Gaul , J. M. Snodgrass, and D. J. Cretzl er, Some Dynami cal Properti es
of the Savoni us Rotor Current Meter, Mari ne Sci ences I nstrumentati on, Vol . 2,
1962, pp. 115-125.
7 . M. H. Si monds and A. Bodek, Performance Test of a Savoni us Rotor, Brace
Research I nsti tute, T. R. TI O, McGi l l Uni versi ty (1964).
8. John A. Merci er, Power Generati ng Characteri sti cs of Savoni us Rotors, Davi dson
Lab. , Stevens I nsti tute of Technol ogy, Report 1181 ( 1966).
9. S. K. Agrawal , Savoni us Rotor as a Power Generator, MS Thesi s, Department of
Mechani cal Engi neeri ng, Queens Uni versi ty, Ki ngston, Ontari o, Canada (1968).
10. Russel l B. McPherson, Desi gn, Devel opment and Testi ng of a Low-Head, Hi gh
Effi ci ency Ki neti c Energy Machi ne, Ci vi l Engi neeri ng Department, Uni versi ty of
Massachusetts (1972).
11. Ah Chai Lek, Experi mental I nvesti gati on of the Savoni us Rotor, Department of
Mechani cal Engi neeri ng, McGi l l Uni versi ty, Montreal , Quebec, Canada ( 1974).
12. J. A. C. Kentfi el d, A Modi fi ed Savoni us Wi nd Turbi ne wi th Low Vel oci ty-Rati o
Torque Characteri sti cs, Proceedi ngs of the Uni versi ty of Sherbrooke Conference
on Wi nd Energy, Uni versi ty of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (May
1974). *.
.
.
100
REFERENCES (cent)
13. B. G. Newman, Measurements on Savoni us Rotor wi th Vari abl e Gap, Proceed-
i ngs of the Uni versi ty of Sherbrooke Conference on Wi nd Energy, Uni versi ty of
Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (May 1974).
14. Charl es E. Carver and Russel l B. McPherson, Experi mental I nvesti gati ons of
the Use of a Savoni us Rotor as a Power Generati on Devi ce, Proceedi ngs of the
Uni versi ty of Sherbrooke Conference on Wi nd Energy, Uni versi ty of Sherbrooke,
Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (May 1974).
15. P. N. Shankar, The Effects of Geometry and Reynol ds Number on Savoni us Type
Rotors, Nati onal Aeronauti cal Laboratory, Bangal ore, I ndi a, AE-TM - 3-76
(February 1976).
16. B. F. Blackwell, L. V. Fel tz, and R. C. Maydew, A Proposal to NSF to Sponsor
a Verti cal -Axi s Wi nd Turbi ne Research Program, Sandi a Laboratori es, SAND74-
0095 (Jul y 1974).
17. B. F. Bl ackwel l , L. V. Fel tz, and E. C. Ri ghtl ey, Addendum to a Proposal to
NSF to Sponsor a Verti cal -Axi s Wi nd Turbi ne Research Program, Sandi a Labora-
tori es, SAND74-0386 (November 1974).
18. J. W. Hol brook, Low Speed Wi nd Tunnel Handbook, LTV Aerospace Corporati on,
AER-EOR-12995-B (February 1974).
19. Al an Pope and John J. Harper, Low Speed Wi nd Tunnel Testi ng, (John Wi l ey &
Sons, I nc. , New York, 1966).
20. Robert E. Wi l son, Peter B. S. Li ssaman, and Stel N. Wal ker, Aerodynami c
Performance of Wi nd Turbi nes, Oregon State Uni versi ty (June 1976).
A-1. S. J. Kl i ne and F. A. McCl i ntock, Descri bi ng Uncertai nti es i n Si ngl e-Sampl e
Experi ments, Mechani cal Engi neeri ng (January 1953), p. 3.
A-2. B. F. Bl ackwel l , R. E. Shel dahl , and L. V. Fel tz, Wi nd Tunnel Performance
Data for the Darri eus Wi nd Turbi ne Wi th NACA 0012 Bl ades, Sandi a Laboratori es,
SAND76-0130 (May 1976), p. 51.
.. .-
101
.
DI STRI BUTI ON:
TI D-4500-R65, UC-60 (271)
R. J. Templ i n
Low Speed Aerodynami cs Secti on
NRC -Nati onal Aeronauti c al Establ i shment
Ottawa 7, Ontari o, Canada K1AOR6
A. Robb
Memori al Uni v. of Newfoundl and
Facul ty of Eng. & Appl i ed Sci ences
St. Johni s Newfoundl and
Canada AI C 5S7
H. Sevi er
Rocket and Space Di vi si on
Bri stol Aerospace Ltd.
P. O. BOX 874
Wi nni peg, Mani toba
R3C 2S4 Canada
V. A. L. Chasteau
Department of Mech. Engi neeri ng
The Uni versi ty of Auckl and
Pri vate Bag
Auckl and, New Zeal and
G. Herrera
Jet Propul si on Lab
4800 Oak Grove Dri ve
Pasadena, CA 91103
Lai l gl ey Research Center
NASA
Hampton, VA 23665
Attn: R. Muraca, MS 317
Lewi s Research Center (2)
NASA
2100 Brookpark Road
Cl evel and, OH 44135
Attn: J. Savi no, MS 509-201
R. L. Thomas
ERDA Headquarters (20)
Washi ngton, DC 20545
Attn: L, Di vone
Chi ef, Wi nd Energy
Conversi on Branch
Uni versi ty of New Mexi co (2)
Attn:
A. V.
K. T. Fel dman
Energy Research Center
V. Sl ogl und
ME Department
da Rosa
Stanford El ectroni c Laboratori es
Radi o Sci ence Laboratory
Stanford, CA 94305
A. N. L, Chi u
Wi nd Engi neeri ng Research Di gest
Spal di ng Hal l 357
Uni versi ty of Hawai i
Honol ul u, HI 96822
R. N. Meroney
Col orado State Uni versi ty
Dept. of Ci vi l Engi neeri ng
Fort Col l i ns, CO 80521
A. G. Vacroux
I l l i noi s I nsti tute of Technol ogy
Dept. of El ectri cal Engi neeri ng
Chi cago, I L 60616
Okl ahoma State Uni versi ty (2)
Sti l l water, OK 74074
Attn: W. L. Hughes
EE Department
D. K. McLaughl i n
ME Department
Oregon State Uni versi ty
Cornval l i s, OR 97330
Attn: R. Wi l son
ME Department
R. W. Thresher
ME Department
(2)
Texas Tech Uni versi ty (3)
Lubbock, TX 79409
Attn: K, C, Mehta, CE Dept.
J. Stri ckl and, ME Dept.
J. Lawrence, ME Dept.
*
.
.
102
I ) I STRI BUTI ON (cent):
R. G. Watts
Tul ane Uni versi ty
Dept. of Mechani cal Engi neeri ng
l ?Jew Orl eans, LA 70018
Aero Engi neeri ng Department (2)
Wi chi ta State Uni versi ty
Wi chi ta, KS 67208
Attn: M. Snyder
Bi l l Wentz
Nevada Operati ons Offi ce, ERDA (2)
P. O. Box 14100
Las Vegas, NV 89114
Attn: R. Ray, Operati ons
H. Muel l er, ARL
Los Al amos Sci enti fi c Laboratory (7)
F. O. BOX 1663
L,os Al amos, NM 87544
A.ttn: R. R,. Brownl ee, J-9
J. R. Bartl i t, Qu-26
J. D. Bal comb, Q-DO-T
R. G. Wagner, P-5
J. Nachamki n, T-DO-TEC
E. W. Depp, E-DO
H. Dei nken, ADWP-1
ER.DA/ALO (3)
K.i rtl and AFB East
Attn: D. K. Knowl i n
D. C. Graves
D. W. Ki ng
R. Camerero
Facul ty of Appl i ed Sci ence
Uni versi ty of Sherbrooke
Sherbrooke, Quebec
Canada J l K 2R,1
Ameri can Wi nd Energy Associ ati on
2:1243 Grand Ri ver
Detroi t, MI 48219
E. E. Anderson
Dept. of Mechani cal Engi neeri ng
South Dakota Sch. of Mi nes & Tech.
Rapi d Ci ty, SD 57701
E. S. Takl e
Cl i matol ogy and Meteorol ogy
312 Curti ss Hal l
I owa State Uni versi ty
Ames, I A 50011
P. B. S. Li ssaman
Aeroenvi ronment, I nc.
660 South Arroyo Parkway
Pasadena, CA 91105
R. A. Parmel ee
Department of Ci vi l Engi neeri ng
Northwestern Uni versi ty
Evanston, I L 60201
J. Park
Hel i on
P. O. Box 4301
Syl mar, CA 91342
W. F. Foshag
Aerophysi cs Company
3500 Connecti cut Avenue NW
W. L. Harri s
Aero/Astro Department
MI T
Cambri dge, MA 02139
K. Bergey
Aero Engi neeri ng Department
Uni versi ty of Okl ahoma
Norman, OK 73069
J. Fi scher
F. L. Smi dth & Company A/S
Vi gersl eval l e 77
2500 Val by, Denmark
H. M Busey
DMA, Safety and Faci l i ti es A-364
ER,DA Headquarters
P. Bai l ey
P. O. Box 3
Kodi ak, AK 99615
.
103
DI STRI BUTI ON (cent):
M. E. Beecher
Sol ar Energy Col l ecti on
Ari zona State Uni versi ty
Uni versi ty Li brary
Tempe, AZ 85281
U. A. Coty
Lockheed - Cal i forni a Co.
BOX 551-63A1
Burbank, CA 91520
Lawrence Li vermore Laboratory (2)
P. O. BOX 808 L-340
Li vermore, CA 94550
Attn: D. W. Dorn
D. Hardy
J. A. Garate
General El ectri c
Val l ey Forge Space Center
Ki ng of Prussi a, PA 19406
0. Krauss
Di vi si on of Engi neeri ng Research
Mi chi gan State Uni versi ty
East Lansi ng, MI 48823
P. Cal nan
El ectri cal Research Associ ates
Cl eeve Road
Leatherhead
Surrey, Engl and
V. Nel son
Department of Physi cs
West Texas State Uni versi ty
P. O. BOX 248
Canyon, TX 79016 -
E. Gi l more
Amari l l o Col l ege
Amari l l o, TX 79100
L. Li l jdahl
Bui l di ng 303
Agri cul ture Research Center
USDA
Bel tsvi l l e, MD 20705
T. Wenti nk, Jr.
Geophysi cal I nsti tute
Uni versi ty of Al aska
Fai rbanks, AK 99701
E. J. Warchol
Bonnevi l l e Power Admi ni strati on
P. O. BOX 3621
Portl and, OR 97225
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Mechani cal Engi neeri ng
Uni versi ty of Canterbury
Chri stchurch, New Zeal and
O. Ljungstrom
Swedi sh Board for Tech. Devel opment
FA CK
S-1OO 72 Stockhol m 43, Sweden
R. Brul l e
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P. O. BOX 516
Dept. 241, Bl dg. 32
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R. Wal ters
W. Va. Uni versi ty
Aero Engi neeri ng
1062 Kountz Ave
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A. Fri tzsche
Dorni er System GmbH
Postfach 1360
7990 Fri edri chshafen
West Germany
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Nati onal Aeronauti cal Laboratory
Bangal ore 560017
I ndi a
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Karstykket 42
Vvel se 3550
Sl angerup, Denmark
.
G
104
DI STRI BUTI ON (cent):
O. de Vri es
Nati onal Aerospace Laboratory
Anthony Fokkerweg 2
Amsterdam 1017
The Netherl ands
J. P. Johnston
Mechani cal Engi neeri ng
Stanford Uni versi ty
Stanford, CA 94305
Lt. T. Col burn
USCG R&D Center
Avery Poi nt
Groton, CT 06340
J. Mei ggs
Kaman Sci ences Corp.
P. O. BOX 7463
Col orado Spri ngs, CO 80933
G. P. Hawki ns
I rwi n I ndustri es
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Arvada, CO 80002
D. Grei der
Sol ar Central
7213 Ri dge Rd.
Mechani csburg, OH 43044
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Si bl ey School of Mechani cal and
Aerospace Engi neeri ng
Cornel l Uni versi ty
I thaca, NY 14853
B. M. Pedersen
Dept. of Fl ui d Mechani cs
Bl dg. 404, DTH
2800 Lyngby
Denmark
L. H. Soderhol m
RM 213 Ag Engr.
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P. O. Box 8661
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14 Power and torque coeffi ci ents as a functi on of speed rati o

0 43 4.33X105 1.5 0.0 2

0 29 4.32x105 1.0 0.1 2

0 21 4.32 X 105 1.0

4.32 X 105 1.0

0 29 8.64 X 105 1.0 0.10

Mechani cal Engi neeri ng, Vol . 47,

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