Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

10 Variations
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Activity =35 min : 1 hr :1 hr 15 min
=35 min : (1 ×60 ) min : (1 ×60 +15) min
Activity 10.1 (p. 263) =35 min : 60 min : 75 min
1. (a) $25x =35 : 60 : 75
(b) $30y =7 : 12 : 15

2. (a) T = 25 x +30 y
4. (a) ∵ x:4 =5:2
(b) (i) No, T does not vary directly as x. It varies x 5
=
partly as x only. ∴ 4 2
(ii) No, T does not vary directly as y. It varies 2 x = 20
partly as y only.
x =10

(b) ∵ 8 : 6 = 16 : x
Follow-up Exercise 8 16
=
∴ 6 x
p. 238
8 x = 96
21 x = 12
=$ / cup
1. (a) Cost rate 6
=$3.5 / cup (c) ∵ ( x +1) : ( x −1) = 3 : 2
x +1 3
=
20 km ∴ x −1 2
= 2 x + 2 = 3 x −3
(b) Travel rate 20
h
60 x =5
= 60 km/h
p. 242
$24 1. (a) ∵ y∝x
=
(c) Cost rate 30 ∴ y = kx , k ≠ 0
dozen
12 By substituting x = 8 and y = 24 into the
= $9.6 /dozen equation, we have
24 = k ×8
30 cm k =3
= ∴
50 cm y = 3x
2. (a) 30 cm : 50 cm 3 (b) When x = 6,
=
5 y =3 ×6
=3 : 5 =18

=1250 mL : 500 mL 2. ∵ z∝x

∴ z = kx , k ≠ 0
1250 mL
= By substituting x = 4 and
500 mL z = 12 into the
(b) 1.25 L : 500 mL equation, we have
5
= 12 = k ×4
2
=5 : 2 k =3
∴
z = 3x
x = 32 ,
3. The required ratio When z = 3 ×32
= 96

3. ∵ ( y − 4) ∝ x
∴ y −4 = kx , k ≠ 0
By substituting x = 8 and y = 8 into the

1
 10 Variations

equation, we have = 2 1.69 x 0

8− 4 = k ×8 New value of y
= 1.3( 2 x 0 )
4
k= = 1.3 y 0
8
1
=
∴ 2
1
y−4= x
2
1
y = x+4
2
When y =10 ,
1
10 = x +4
2
1
6= x
2
x = 12

p. 243

1. ∵ y ∝ x2
∴ y = kx 2 , k ≠ 0
Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y
respectively.
∴
x = (1 + 10 %) x0
New value of
= 1.1x0
y = k (1.1x 0 ) 2
New value of 2
= 1.21kx 0
= 1.21 y 0
∴ Percentage change in

1.21 y0 − y0
y= × 100 %
y0
(1.21 − 1) y0
= × 100 %
y0
= 21%
∴ y is increased by 21%.

2. (a) ∵ y∝ x
∴ y =k x , k ≠0
By substituting x = 16 and y = 8 into the
equation, we have
8 = k ( 16 )
8 = 4k
∴ k =2
y =2 x
(b) Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y
respectively.
∴
= (1 + 69 %) x0
New value of x
= 1.69 x0

2
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

∴ Percentage change in y k
∴ z= , k ≠0
1.3 y0 − y0 x
= ×100 %
y0 1
By substituting x =1 and z = into the
(1.3 − 1) y0 3
= ×100 % equation, we have
y0
= 30 % 1 k
=
∴ y is increased by 30%. 3 1
1
3. (a) ∵ C ∝ r2 k=
∴ 3
∴ C = kr 2 , k ≠ 0
1
By substituting r = 6 and C = 20 into the z=
equation, we have 3x
20 = k (6) 2 When z = 2,
1
20 2=
k = 3x
36 6x = 1
5
∴ = x=
1
9 6
5
C = r2
9 3. ∵ y2 varies inversely as x.
(b) (i) When C = 45 , ∴ y2 =
k
, k ≠0
5 x
45 = r 2
9 By substituting x = 4 and y = 3 into the
equation, we have
∴ r = 81
2

k
r =9 32 =
∴ The radius of the hemisphere is 9 cm. 4
k = 36
(ii) When r = 0.18 ×100 =18 , ∴
5 36
C = (18 ) 2 y2 =
9 x
= 180 When y = 5,
∴ The cost of painting a hemisphere is 36
$180. 52 =
x
p. 251 25 x = 36
36
1. (a) ∵ y varies inversely as x. x=
25
k
∴ y= , k ≠0
x p. 253
By substituting x =1 and y = 3 into the
equation, we have 1
1. (a) ∵ y∝
k x2
3=
1 k
k =3 ∴ y= 2,k ≠0
∴ x
3 By substituting x = 2 and y = 4 into the
y=
x equation, we have
(b) When x = 3, k
4=
y =
3 22
3 k = 16
=1 ∴
16
y= 2
2. ∵ z varies inversely as x.
x

(b) Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y

3
 10 Variations

respectively. ∴ Percentage change in y

= (1 + 25 %) x0 0.64 y0 − y0
∴ New value of x = ×100 %
= 1.25 x0 y0
16 (0.64 − 1) y0
= = ×100 %
(1.25 x0 ) 2 y0
New value of y  16  = −36 %
= 0.64 
x 2

 ∴ y is decreased by 36%.
 0 
= 0.64 y0 y∝
1
2. ∵
x
k
∴ y= , k ≠0
x
Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y
respectively.
x = (1 − 36 %) x0
∴ New value of
= 0.64 x0
k
y=
0.64 x0
New value of  k 
= 1.25 
 x 
 0 
= 1.25 y0
∴ Percentage change in y
1.25 y0 − y0
= ×100 %
y0
(1.25 − 1) y0
= ×100 %
y0
= 25 %
∴ y is increased by 25%.

3. Let T be the number of days that the food can last and
n be the number of people trapped on an isolated
island.
1
∵ T ∝
n
k
∴ T = , k ≠0
n
By substituting n = 10 and T = 30 into the
equation, we have
k
30 =
10
k = 300
∴
300
T =
n
When n =12 ,
300
T =
12
= 25
∴ The food can last for 25 days if 2 more people
go ashore on the island.

4
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

p. 261 k ( 0.75 x 0 )
z =
1. (a) z = kx y 2 3 1.5 y 0
kd New value of
kx
(b) s=
t = 0.5  0 
 y0 
kb 3
(c) a2 = = 0.5z 0
c

2. (a) ∵ z varies jointly as x2 and y .

∴ z = kx 2
y , k ≠0
By substituting x = 2 , y = 9 and
z = 24 into the equation, we have
24 = k ( 2) 2 9
k =2
∴
z = 2 x2 y

(b) When x = 3 and y =16 ,

z =2(3) 2 16
=72

3. (a) ∵ x varies directly as y and inversely as z2.

ky
∴ x= ,k ≠0
z2
By substituting x = 4 , y = 2 and z =1
into the equation, we have
k ( 2)
4=
12
k =2
∴
2y
x=
z2
(b) When y = 3 and z =2,
2(3)
x= 2
2
3
=
2

x
4. ∵ z∝
y
kx
∴ z= , k ≠0
y
Let x0, y0 and z0 be the original values of x, y and z
respectively.
= (1 − 25 %) x0
∴ New value of x
= 0.75 x0
y = (1 + 50 %) y0
New value of
= 1.5 y0

5
 10 Variations

∴ Percentage change in z equation, we have

0.5z 0 − z 0 k2
= × 100% 7 = k 1 (2) +
z0 2
…… (2)
= − 50% 4k 1 + k 2 = 1 4
∴ z is decreased by 50%. ( 2) −(1), 3k1 =12
p. 269 k1 = 4
By substituting k1 = 4 into (1), we have
1. (a) y = k1 x + k 2 x 2
4 + k2 = 2
k k2 = − 2
(b) a = k1 + 22
c ∴ 2
k2 P = 4x −
(c) A = k1B + 2 x
B
(b) When x = 4 ,
2. (a) ∵ z partly varies directly as x and partly 2
varies directly as y. P = 4( 4) −
∴ 4
z = k 1 x + k 2 y , where k 1 , k 2 ≠ 0 31
=
2
By substituting x = 2 , y =1 and z = 4
into the equation, we have
4 = k1 (2) + k2 (1) 4. (a) ∵ C is partly constant and partly varies
directly as n.
2k1 + k2 = 4 …… (1) ∴
By substituting x = 4 , y = 3 and z = 11 C = k 1 + k 2 n, where k 1 , k 2 ≠ 0
into the equation, we have By substituting n = 10 and C = 1750
11 = k1 (4) + k2 (3) into the equation, we have
4k1 + 3k2 = 11 …… (2) 1750 = k1 + k 2 (10)

( 2) − (1) ×2, k 2 = 3
k1 + 10k 2 = 1750 …… (1)
By substituting n = 25 and C = 3625
By substituting k 2 = 3 into (1), we have
into the equation, we have
2k1 + 3 = 4 3625 = k1 + k2 ( 25)
1 k1 + 25k 2 = 3625 …… (2)
k1 =
2 ( 2) − (1), 15k 2 = 1875
∴
1
z = x + 3y k 2 = 125
2
By substituting 2 = 125 into (1), we have
k

(b) When x = 3 and y = 2 , k1 + 10(125) = 1750

z =
1
(3) +3(2) k1 = 500
∴
2 C = 500 + 125n
15
=
2 (b) When n = 20 ,
C = 500 +125 ( 20 )
3. (a) ∵ P partly varies directly as x and partly
= 3000
varies inversely as x.
∴ 3000
=$
The cost per head 20
k2
P = k1 x + , where k 1 , k 2 ≠ 0 = $150
x
By substituting x =1 and P = 2 into the
equation, we have
k2 Exercise
2 = k1 (1) +
1 Exercise 10A (p. 245)
…… (1)
k1 + k2 = 2 Level 1
By substituting x = 2 and P = 7 into the 1. (a) ∵ y varies directly as x.

6
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

∴ y = kx , k ≠ 0 2
y= x.
By substituting x = 32 and y = 8 into the 3
equation, we have
8 = k × 32 (b) (i) ∵ y varies directly as x.
1 −20
k = ∴ Variation constant = 10
∴ 4
=−2
1
y= x (ii) The equation connecting x and y is
4
y = −2 x .
When y = 3,
1
3= x
4
x =12
When y = 6,
1
6= x
4
x = 24
When x = 40 ,
1
y = ( 40 )
4
=10
When x = 60 ,
1
y = (60 )
4
=15

(b) ∵ y varies directly as x.

∴ y = kx , k ≠ 0
By substituting x = 3 and y = 6.6 into
the equation, we have
6.6 = k ×3
k = 2.2
∴
y = 2.2 x
When y = 2.2,
2.2 =2.2 x
x =1
When x = 6,
y =2.2(6)
=13 .2
When y = 17 .6,
17 .6 = 2.2 x
x =8

When y =19 .8,

19 .8 =2.2 x
x =9

2. (a) (i) ∵ y varies directly as x.

20
=
∴ Variation constant 30
2
=
3
(ii) The equation connecting x and y is

7
 10 Variations

3. (a) (b) When V = 32 ,

1 3
d 32 =
2
∴ d = 64
3

d =4

6. (a) ∵ y∝ x
∴ y =k x , k ≠0
2
By substituting x = 16 and y = 2 into
3
the equation, we have
2
2 = k 16
3
8
= k ( 4)
3
∴ 2
k =
3
2
y= x
3

(b) When x = 9 ,
2
(b) From the graph, when x = 8 , y =12 y= 9
3
∵
2
4. (a) A varies directly as l 2. = (3)
∴ A = kl 2 , k ≠ 0 3
=2
By substituting l = 4 and A = 48 into the
equation, we have 7. ∵ ( y −1) ∝ 3 x
48 = k ( 4) 2

y −1 = k 3 x , k ≠ 0
48 =16 k ∴
∴ y −1
k =3 =k
3
x
A = 3l 2
For any two pairs of x and y, say (x1, y1) and
(x2, y2), we have
(b) When l = 3 ,
y1 − 1 y2 − 1
A =3( 3 ) 2 =
=3(3)
3
x1 3
x2
=9 By substituting x1 = 27 , y1 = 7 and x2 = 64
into the equation, we have
5. (a) ∵ V varies directly as d 3 .
∴ V = kd 3 , k ≠ 0 7−1 y −1
3
= 32
1 27 64
By substituting d = 5 and V = 62 into
2 6 y −1
the equation, we have = 2
3 4
1
62 = k (5)3 8 = y2 − 1
2
125 y2 = 9
= k (125 )
2 i.e. When x = 64 , y = 9
∴ 1
k = 8. ∵ y ∝ x2
2
1 3 ∴ y = kx 2 , k ≠ 0
V = d Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y
2 respectively.

8
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

x = (1 − 75%) x 0
∴ New value of
= 0.25x 0
y = k ( 0.25 x 0 ) 2
New value of 2
= 0.0625 kx 0
= 0.0625 y 0
∴ Percentage change in y
0.0625y 0 − y 0
= × 100%
y0
(0.0625 − 1) y 0
= × 100%
y0
= −93.75%
∴ y is decreased by 93.75%.

9
 10 Variations

9. ∵ S ∝ t Level 2
∴ S = kt , k ≠ 0
13. (a) ∵ ( y + 2) ∝ x
3
By substituting t = × 60 = 45 and S = 45 ∴ y + 2 = kx , k ≠ 0
4 By substituting x = 3 and y = 13 into the
into the equation, we have
equation, we have
13 + 2 = k ( 3)
45 = k ( 45 )
k = 5
k =1 ∴
∴ y + 2 = 5x
S = t
i.e. y = 5x − 2
When t = 25 ,
(b) When x = 2 ,
S = 25
y = 5( 2) − 2
∴ The train travels 25 km in 25 minutes.
=8
10. ∵ C ∝ x2 (c) When y = 3x ,
∴ C = kx , k ≠ 0
2
3x = 5 x − 2
By substituting x = 4 and C = 96 into the 2x = 2
equation, we have x =1

96 = k ( 4) 2 14. (a) ∵ y 2 ∝ ( x − b)
∴ k = 6 ∴ y 2 = k ( x − b), k ≠ 0
C = 6x 2
By substituting x = 3 and y = 2 into the
When x = 3 , equation, we have
C = 6( 3) 2 2 2 = k (3 − b)
...... (1)
= 54 4 = k (3 − b)
∴ The cost of painting a cube of side 3 cm is $54. By substituting x = 9 and y = 4 into the
equation, we have
11. ∵ ( y − 1) ∝ x 3 4 2 = k ( 9 − b)
∴ y − 1 = kx 3 , k ≠ 0 ...... (2)
16 = k (9 − b)
By substituting k = 1 and x = 1 into the
equation, we have 16 k (9 − b)
y − 1 = (1)(1) 3
=
4 k ( 3 − b)
y = 2 9− b
4 =
By substituting k = 1 and x = 2 into the (2) ÷ (1), 3− b
equation, we have 12 − 4b = 9 − b
y − 1 = (1)( 2) 3 3b = 3
y = 9 b = 1
∴ The two possible pairs of x and y are x = 1 ,
y = 2 or x = 2 , y = 9 . (or any other
4 = k (3 − 1)
reasonable answers) (b) From (1),
2k = 4
12. ∵ y varies directly as x. k = 2
∴ y = kx , k ≠ 0
∴ y 2
= 2( x − 1)
y + 2 kx + 2
=
x+ 2 x+ 2 (c) When y = 6 ,
k ( x + 2) − 2k + 2 6 2 = 2( x − 1)
= 18 = x − 1
x+ 2
x = 19
2 − 2k
= k+
x+ 2
15. (a) ∵ y ∝ x2
2 − 2k
Obviously, k + is not a constant. ∴ y = kx 2 , k ≠ 0
x + 2
∴ ( y + 2) does not vary directly as ( x + 2) . By substituting x = t and y = 2 into the
equation, we have
...... (1)
2 = kt 2

10
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

By substituting x = t + 1 and y = 8 into 1 = 3d

the equation, we have 1
...... (2) d =
8 = k (t + 1) 2 3
∴ The distance apart from the lightning is
8 k (t + 1) 2 1
= km when the time between the
2 k t2 3
(t + 1) 2 thunder and lightning is only 1 second.
4= 2
t 18. (a) Let $V be the value of the diamond and W carats
(2) ÷ (1), 4t 2 = t 2 + 2 t + 1 be the weight of the diamond.
∵ V ∝W3
3t 2 − 2t − 1 = 0
∴ V = kW 3 , k ≠ 0
(3t + 1) (t − 1) = 0
By substituting W = 2 and V = 6400
1 into the equation, we have
t= − or t = 1
3 6400 = k ( 2) 3
∴ k = 800
(b) When t = 1 ,
V = 800W 3
from (1), 2 = k (1)
2
When W = 3.5 ,
k = 2 V = 800 ( 3.5) 3
∴ y = 2x 2
= 34 300
∴ The value of a diamond weighing
16. ∵ v ∝ t 3.5 carats is $34 300.
∴ v = kt , k ≠ 0
By substituting t = 2.5 and v = 25 into the (b) Original value = $6400
equation, we have New value = $[ 2 × 800 (1)]
25 = k ( 2.5) = $1600
k = 10 Percentage loss
∴
v = 10 t $( 6400 − 1600 )
When t = 5 .5 , = × 100 %
$6400
v = 10 (5.5) = 75 %
= 55
∴ The speed of the body is 55 m/s after it has 19. (a) The number of kilocalories and the weight of
fallen for 5.5 s. the potato chips are in direct variation.
17. (a) ∵ t ∝ d (b) ∵ E ∝W
∴ t = kd , k ≠ 0 E = kW , k ≠ 0
∴
By substituting d = 5 and t = 15 into the By substituting W = 200 and E = 1000
equation, we have into the equation, we have
15 = k (5) 1000 = k ( 200 )
k = 3 k = 5
∴ ∴
t = 3d E = 5W
(b) (i) When d = 3 , (c) When W = 70 ,
t = 3( 3) E = 5(70 )
= 9 = 350
∴ It takes 9 seconds for you to hear the ∴ If Sally has eaten 70 g of potato chips, she
thunder from lightning that is 3 km has taken 350 kcal.
away.
(ii) When d = 8 , 20. (a) ∵ V ∝ m
t = 3(8) V = k 1 m, k 1 ≠ 0
∴
= 24 ∵ m ∝ t
∴It takes 24 seconds for you to hear
the thunder from lightning that is ∴ m = k 2 t, k 2 ≠ 0
8 km away.
(c) When t = 1 ,

11
 10 Variations

V = k1 m k
14 =
= k 1 (k 2 t ) 4
= k1 k 2 t k = 56
∴
56
= k 3 t (where k 3 = k 1 k 2 ≠ 0) y =
x
∴ V varies directly as t.
When x = 2,
V + m = k1 k 2 t + k 2 t y =
56
(b) 2
= ( k 1 k 2 + k 2 )t
= 28
= k 4 t (wherek 4 = k 1 k 2 + k 2 ≠ 0)
When x = 7,
∴ (V + m ) varies directly as t.
56
y =
7
21. (a) ∵ V ∝ (m + t ) = 8
When x = 8,
∴ V = k 1 (m + t ), where k 1 ≠ 0 56
y =
∵ m ∝ (t + V ) 8
∴ m = k 2 (t + V ), where k 2 ≠ 0 = 7
V = k 1 (m + t ) When x = 28 ,
= k 1 {[(k 2 (t + V )] + t} 56
y =
28
= k 1 k 2 t + k 1 k 2V + k 1 t = 2
(1 − k 1 k 2 )V = (k 1 k 2 + k 1 )t When x = 56 ,
k k + k1 
V =  1 2
56
t y =
56
 1 − k1k 2 
=1
k1k 2 + k1
V = k 3 t (w h e rek 3 = ≠ 0)
1 − k1k 2 (b) ∵ y varies inversely as x.
∴ V varies directly as t. k
∴ y = ,k ≠ 0
x
m = k 2 (t + V ) By substituting x = 12 and y = 5 into the
(b) m = k 2 [t + k 1 ( m + t )] equation, we have
m = k 2 t + k1k 2 m + k1k 2 t k
5 =
12
(1 − k 1 k 2 )m = (k 2 + k 1 k 2 )t k = 60
∴
k + k1k 2 
m =  2
60
t y =
 1 − k1k 2  x
When x = 2,
k + k1k 2
m = k 4 t (w h e rek 4 = 2 ≠ 0) y =
60
1 − k1k 2 2
∴ m varies directly as t. = 30

Exercise 10B (p. 254) When y = 15 ,

Level 1 60
1. (a) ∵ y varies inversely as x.
15 =
x
k x = 4
∴ y = , k ≠ 0
x When x = 6,
By substituting x = 4 and y = 14 into the
60
equation, we have y =
6
= 10
When y = 6,

12
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

60 5. (a) ∵ y varies inversely as 3 x .

6 =
x
k
x = 10 ∴ y = 3
,k ≠ 0
x
When y = 4,
1
60 By substituting x = 27 and y = into the
4 = 6
x
equation, we have
x = 15
1 k
=
2. (a) (i) ∵ y varies inversely as x. 6 3
27
= 30 × 12 1
∴ Variation constant
= 360 ∴ k =
2
(ii) The equation connecting x and y is 1
360 y =
y = . 2 x 3
x

∵ 1
(b) (i) y varies inversely as x. (b) When x = ,
∴ Variation constant
= 5 ×5 8
= 25 1
y =
(ii) The equation connecting x and y is 1
25 23
y = . 8
x 1
=
1
3. (a) 2  
2
= 1

(b) From the graph, when x = 24 , y = 7.5

4. (a) ∵ F varies inversely as d 2 .

k
∴ F = , k ≠ 0
d2
1
By substituting d = 4 and F = into the
4
equation, we have
1 k
= 2
4 4
k = 4
∴
4
F = 2
d

(b) When d = 2 ,
4
F =
22
=1

13
 10 Variations

6. (a) ∵ ( y + 2) varies inversely as x2. 1.5625y 0 − y 0

k = × 100%
∴ y+ 2 = 2 ,k ≠ 0 y0
x (1.5625 − 1) y 0
1 = × 100%
By substituting x = and y = 25 into the y0
3
equation, we have = 56.25%
k ∴ y is increased by 56.25%.
25 + 2 = 2
 1 
 3
27 = 9k
k = 3
3
∴ y+ 2 = 2
x
3
i.e. y = 2 − 2
x

(b) When y = x 2 ,
3
x2 = − 2
x2
x 4 = 3 − 2x 2
x 4 + 2x 2 − 3 = 0
( x 2 − 1)(x 2 + 3) = 0
x 2 = 1 o r x 2 = − 3 (re je cted )
x = ±1
By substituting x = 1 into y = x 2 , we
have
y = 12 = 1
By substituting x = −1 into y = x 2 , we
have
y = ( −1) 2 = 1
∴ The value of y is 1 when y = x 2 .

1
7. ∵ y ∝
x2
k
∴ y = 2 , k ≠ 0
x
Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y
respectively.
x = (1 − 20%) x 0
∴ New value of
= 0.8 x 0
k
y =
(0.8 x 0 ) 2
New value of
 k 
= 1.5625 2 
 x0 
= 1.5625y 0
∴ Percentage change in y

14
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

8. Let h cm be the height of the cylinder and A cm2 be k

the base area of the cylinder. (b) From (1), 5 = 4 + ( −9)
1
∵ h ∝ k = −25
A
25
k ∴ y = −
∴ h = , k ≠ 0 x − 9
A

By substituting A = 2 and h = 30 into the

equation, we have
k
30 =
2
k = 60
∴
60
h =
A

When h = 15 ,
60
15 =
A
A = 4
∴ The base area of the cylinder is 4 cm2 when the
height is 15 cm.

Level 2

1
9. (a) ∵ y ∝
x+ a
k
∴ y = , k ≠ 0
x+ a
By substituting x = 4 and y = 25 into the
equation, we have
k
25 =
4+ a
k ...... (1)
5 =
4+ a
By substituting x = 8 and y = 625 into
the equation, we have
k
625 =
8+ a
k ..... (2)
25 =
8+ a

k
25
= 8+ a
5 k
4+ a
(2) ÷ (1), 4+ a
5 =
8+ a
40 + 5a = 4 + a
4a = − 36
a = −9

15
 10 Variations

(c) When y = 4 , k
25
=
4 = − 0.9V 0
x− 9
2 x − 18 = − 25 New pressure 10  k 
=  
2x = −7 9  V0 
7 10
x = − = P
2 9 0

10. (a) Let $V be the value of the flat and A years old
be the age of the flat.
1
∵ V ∝
A
k
∴ V = , k ≠ 0
A

By substituting A = 4 and
V = 1 500 000 into the equation, we have

k
1 5 0 00 0 0 =
4
k = 6 0 0 00 0 0
∴
6 0 0 00 0 0
V =
A

The age of the flat in 2004 is ( 4 + 4) years

old, i.e. 8 years old.
When A = 8 ,
6 000 000
V =
8
= 750 000

∴ The value of the flat in 2004 is $750 000.

(b) When V = 2 000 000 ,

6 000 000
2 000 000 =
A
A = 3

∴ The flat was worth $2 000 000 in 1999.

1
11. ∵ V ∝
P
k
∴ V = , k ≠ 0
P
k
i.e. P = , k ≠ 0
V
Let V0 and P0 be the original volume and pressure of
the gas respectively.
= (1 − 10%)V 0
∴ New volume
= 0.9V 0

16
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

∴ Percentage change in pressure 477

10 V =
P0 − P0 2.5
= 9 × 100% = 190.8
P0 ∴ The average speed of the helicopter is
190.8 km/h when its travelling time is
 10 − 1 P 2.5 hours.
 9  0
= × 100%
P0
1
= 11 %
9
1
∴ The pressure is increased by 11 %.
9

1
12. (a) ∵ p ∝
n
k
∴ p = , k ≠ 0
n
By substituting n = 1600 and p = 2.5
into the equation, we have
k
2.5 =
1600
k = 100
∴
100
p =
n

(b) When p = 4 ,
100
4 =
n
n = 25
n = 625
∴ 625 bottles are available on the island
when the retail price is $4.

(c) When n = 2500 ,

100
p =
2500
= 2
∴ The retail price is $2 when the number of
bottles available on the island is 2500.

1
13. (a) ∵ V ∝
T
k
∴ V = , k ≠ 0
T
By substituting T = 1.8 and V = 265
into the equation, we have
k
265 =
1. 8
k = 477
∴
477
V =
T
When T = 2.5 ,

17
 10 Variations

(b) When V = 210 , revolutions in travelling 1 km.

477
210 =
T
T = 2.27 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The travelling time of the helicopter is
2.27 h when its average speed is 210 km/h.

14. Let n be the number of workers and T be the number

of months needed to complete the job.
1
∵ n ∝
T
k
∴ n = , k ≠ 0
T
By substituting T = 21 and n = 56 into the
equation, we have
k
56 =
21
k = 1176
∴
1176
n =
T
When T = 7 ,
1176
n =
7
= 168
168 − 56 = 112
∴ An additional 112 workers has to be employed
to complete the same job in 7 months.

1
15. (a) ∵ n ∝
d
k
∴ n = , k ≠ 0
d
By substituting d = 40 and n = 800 into
the equation, we have
k
800 =
40
k = 32 000
∴
32 000
n =
d

(b) When d = 80 ,
32 000
n =
80
= 400
∴ The front wheel of a bicycle with a
diameter of 80 cm would make 400
revolutions in travelling 1 km.

(c) When n = 200 ,

32 000
200 =
d
d = 160
∴ The diameter of the front wheel of a
bicycle is 160 cm if it makes only 200

18
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

16. (a) The length of the rectangle and the width of the ∴ xy ∝ ( x 2 + y 2 )
rectangle are in inverse variation.
1
(b) ∵ l ∝
w
k
∴ l = , k ≠ 0
w
By substituting w = 20 and l = 45 into the
equation, we have
k
45 =
20
k = 900
∴
900
l =
w

(c) When w = 18 ,
900
l =
18
= 50
∴ The length of the rectangle is 50 cm when
its width is 18 cm.

(d) When the rectangle becomes a square, l = w .

When l = w ,
900
w =
w
w2 = 900
w = 30 or w = −30 (rejected)
∴ The length of the rectangle is 30 cm when
it becomes a square.

1 1
17. (a) ∵ ( x + y ) ∝  + 
x y
k
x + y = ,k ≠ 0
∴ 1 1
+
x y
kxy
x+ y =
x+ y
∴ ( x + y ) 2 = kxy
( x + y ) 2 ∝ xy

( x + y ) 2 = k x y, k ≠ 0
x 2 + 2x y + y 2 = k x y
(b)
x 2 + y 2 = ( k − 2) x y
1
xy = (x2 + y 2 )
k− 2
∵ k ≠ 0
1
∴ ≠ 0
k − 2
1
By letting k ′ = , we have
k − 2
xy = k ′( x 2 + y 2 ), k ′ ≠ 0

19
 10 Variations

Exercise 10C (p. 261) 3u 2

Level 1 ∴ y=
1. (a) ∵ P varies jointly as m and n. t
∴ P = kmn, k ≠ 0
By substituting m = 3, n = 5 and P = 120 into (b) When u = 4 and y = 12,
the equation, we have 3( 4) 2
12 =
120 = k (3)( 5) t
k =8 t =4
∴ P = 8mn
t =16
(b) When m = 4 and n = 6,
P =8( 4)( 6)
u3
=192 5. (a) ∵ w∝
v2
2. (a) ∵ z varies jointly as x and y2. ku 3
∴ z = kxy2, k ≠ 0
∴ w = 2 ,k ≠ 0
v
By substituting x = 3, y = 2 and z = 3 into the
equation, we have By substituting u = 6, v = 3 and w = 2 into the
equation, we have
3 = k (3)( 2) 2
k (6)3
1 2=
k = 32
4
1
1 2 k =
∴ z = xy 12
4
u3
(b) When x = 5 and y = 4, ∴ w=
12v 2
1
z = (5)( 4) 2
4 (b) When w = 3u 3 ,
= 20
u3
3u 3 =
3. (a) ∵ a varies directly as b and inversely as c2. 12 v 2
kb 36 v 2 = 1
∴ a= ,k ≠ 0
c2 1
v2 =
By substituting a = 1, b = 3 and c = 3 into the 36
equation, we have 1
k (3) v =±
1= 6
32
k =3 6. ∵ C ∝ d 2t
3b ∴ C = kd 2 t , k ≠ 0
∴ a= 2
c Let d0, t0 and C0 be the original values of d, t and C
(b) When b = 2 and c = 2, respectively.
3( 2) New value of d = (1 + 40 %) d 0
a= ∴
22 = 1 .4 d 0
3
= New value of t = (1 − 20 %) t 0
2
= 0.8t 0
4. (a) ∵ y varies directly as u2 and inversely as
t . New value of C = k (1.4d 0 ) 2 (0.8t 0 )
ku 2 =1.568 kd 0 2 t 0
∴ y= ,k ≠0
t =1.568 C 0
By substituting u = 2, t = 9 and y = 4 into the ∴ Percentage change in
equation, we have
k ( 2) 2 1.568 C 0 − C0
4= C = ×100 %
9 C0
k =3 = 56 .8%
∴ C is increased by 56.8%.

20
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

k (4)( 3)
Level 2 15 =
pq 22
7. (a) ∵ W ∝ k =5
r2
5 pq
kpq ∴ W = 2
∴ W = 2 ,k ≠0 r
r
By substituting p = 4, q = 3, r = 2 and W = 15 (b) When W = 6, p = 3 and r = 5,
into the equation, we have
5(3) q
6=
52
q =10

8. ∵ T ∝ wn
∴ T = kwn, k ≠ 0
T
i.e. w= , k ≠0
kn
Let T0, n0 and w0 be the original values of T, n and w
respectively.
∴ New value of T = 2T0
New value of n = 3n0
2T0
New value of w =
k (3n0 )
2  T0 
=  
3  kn 0 

2
= w0
3
∴ Percentage change in

2
w0 − w0
w= 3 × 100%
w0
1
= −33 %
3
1
∴ w is decreased by 33 % .
3

9. (a) ∵ V ∝ r 2h
∴ V = kr 2 h, k ≠ 0
By substituting r = 3, h = 4 and V = 108 into the
equation, we have
108 = k (3) 2 ( 4)
k =3
∴ V = 3r 2 h

(b) Let r0, h0 and V0 be the original values of r, h

and V respectively.
∴ New value of r = 0.5r0
New value of h = 2h0
V = 3(0.5r0 ) 2 ( 2h0 )
New value of 2
= 0.5(3r0 h0 )
= 0.5V0
∴

21
 10 Variations

new value of V 400 (1200 )

The required ratio = n=
original value of V 80
0.5V0 = 6000
=
V0
1 V
= 12. ∵ x∝
2 P
=1 : 2 kV
∴ x= ,k ≠0
P
M 1M 2 Let x1 min, V1 cm3 and P1 W be the time required to
10. ∵ F∝ boil the first kettle of water, the volume of water in
d2 the first kettle and the power of the stove to boil the
kM 1M 2 first kettle of water, and x2 min, V2 cm3 and P2 W be
∴ F= ,k ≠ 0 the time required to boil the second kettle of water,
d2 the volume of water in the second kettle and the
Let (M1)0, (M2)0, d0 and F0 be the original values of power of the stove to boil the second kettle of water
M1, M2, d and F respectively. respectively.
New value of M 1 = 0.5( M 1 )0 kV1
∴ x1 =  (1)
New value of M 2 = 0.5( M 2 )0 ∴ P1
New value of d = 2d 0 kV2
x2 =  ( 2)
P2
k [0.5( M 1 ) 0 ][ 0.5( M 2 ) 0 ]
New value of F = x1 kV P
(2d 0 ) 2 = 1× 2
x2 P1 kV2
 k ( M 1 ) 0 ( M 2 ) 0 x1 V P
= 0.0625  2 ÷ (2), 
(1)
= 1 × 2
 d0 x2 V2 P1
= 0.0625 F0 9 9 13
= ×
∴ x2 13 12
x2 = 12
new value of F
The required ratio = ∴ The time required to boil the second kettle of
original value of F water is 12 min.
0.0625 F0
= y
F0 13. ∵ z∝
x
1
= ky
16 ∴ z = 1 , where k1 is a non-zero constant …
=1 : 16 x
(1)
1
A ∵ y∝
11. (a) ∵ n∝ x
d
k2
kA ∴ y= , where k2 is a non-zero constant.
∴ n= ,k ≠0 x
d
By substituting A = 1500, d = 50 and n = 12 000 k
into the equation, we have i.e. x = 2 , where k2 is a non-zero constant …
y
k (1500 ) (2)
12 000 =
50 By substituting (2) into (1), we have
k = 400 k1 y
z=
400 A k2
∴ n=
d y
(b) When A = 1200 and d = 80, k
= 1 ( y2 )
k2
∵ k1 and k2 are non-zero constants.

22
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

k1 4 = k1 + k2 ( 2) 2
∴ is also a non-zero constant.
k2 k1 + 4k 2 = 4  (1)
k1 13
By letting k3 = , we have By substituting x = 3 and z = into the
k2 2
equation, we have
z = k3 y 2 , where k3 is a non-zero constant. 13
= k1 + k 2 (3) 2
i.e. z ∝y 2
2
13
k1 + 9k 2 =  (2)
3 2
x
14. ∵ z ∝ 5
y2 5k 2 =
(2) – (1), 2
k1 3 x 1
∴ z= , where k1 is a non-zero constant … k2 =
y2 2
(1) 1
By substituting k 2 = into (1), we have
1 2
∵ x∝
y
1 
k2 k1 + 4  = 4
∴ x= , where k2 is a non-zero constant. 2
y k1 = 2
k2 1
i.e. y= , where k2 is a non-zero constant … (2) ∴ z = 2 + x2
x 2
By substituting (2) into (1), we have
(b) When x = 4,
k1 3 x
z= 2
1
z = 2 + ( 4) 2
 k2  2
  =10
 x
1
x2 2. (a) ∵ w partly varies directly as s and partly
= k1 x × 2 3
varies directly as s3.
k2 ∴ w = k1s + k2s3, where k1, k2 ≠ 0
7 By substituting s = 6 and w = 56 into the
k1 equation, we have
= (x 3 )
k2
2 56 = k1 (6) + k 2 (6) 3
∵ k1 and k2 are non-zero constants. 6k1 + 216k 2 = 56
k1 3k1 + 108k 2 = 28  (1)
∴ 2 is also a non-zero constant. By substituting s = 12 and w = 436 into the
k2 equation, we have
k1 436 = k1 (12) + k2 (12)3
By letting k3 = 2 , we have
k2 12k1 + 1728k2 = 436
7 3k1 + 432k2 = 109  (2)
, where k3 is a non-zero constant.
z = k3 x 3
324 k 2 = 81
(2) – (1),
z 3 = k3 x 7 , where k3 is a non-zero constant. 1
k2 =
i.e. z 3 ∝ x 7 4
1
Exercise 10D (p. 270) By substituting k 2 = into (1), we have
4
Level 1
1. (a) ∵ z is partly constant and partly varies 1
3k1 +108   = 28
directly as x2. 4
∴ z = k1 + k 2 x 2 , where k1, k2 ≠ 0 1
By substituting x = 2 and z = 4 into the equation, k1 =
3
we have
1 1 3
∴ w= s+ s
3 4

23
 10 Variations

(2) – (1),
7 k1 = 7
(b) When s = 2,
1 1 k1 = 1
w= ( 2) + ( 2)3 By substituting k1 = 1 into (1), we have
3 4
8 1 + k2 = 3
=
3 k2 = 2
2
3. (a) ∵ z is partly constant and partly varies ∴ a= b+
inversely as the square root of y.
c2
k2
∴ z = k1 + , where k1, k2 ≠ 0 (b) When b = 16 and c = 3,
y 2
a = 16 +
By substituting y = 1 and z = 8 into the 32
equation, we have 38
k2 =
8 = k1 + 9
1
k1 + k 2 = 8  (1) 5. (a) ∵ E is partly constant and partly varies
By substituting y = 4 and z = 7 into the equation, directly as x.
we have ∴ E = k1 + k2x, where k1, k2 ≠ 0
By substituting x = 300 and E = 680 into the
k2 equation, we have
7 = k1 +
4 680 = k1 + k 2 (300 )
2k1 + k 2 = 14  (2) k1 + 300 k2 = 680  (1)
(2) – (1), k1 = 6 By substituting x = 450 and E = 845 into the
By substituting k1 = 6 into (1), we have equation, we have
6 + k2 = 8 845 = k1 + k 2 (450 )
k2 = 2 k1 + 450 k 2 = 845  (2)

z =6 +
2
(2) – (1),
150 k 2 = 165
∴
y k 2 = 1.1
By substituting k2 = 1.1 into (1), we have
(b) When y = 25,
k1 + 300 (1.1) = 680
2
z =6+ k1 = 350
25
32 ∴ E = 350 + 1.1x
=
5 (b) When x = 380,
E = 350 +1.1(380 )
4. (a) ∵ a partly varies directly as the square root = 768
of b and partly varies inversely as the
∴ The daily expenditure of hiring a taxi is
square of c.
$768 for travelling a distance of 380 km.
k2
∴ a = k1 b + , where k1, k2 ≠ 0 6. Let $C be the cost of holding a class picnic and n be
c2 the number of students in the class.
By substituting b = 1, c = 1 and a = 3 into the ∵ C is partly constant and partly varies directly as
equation, we have n.
k2 ∴ C = k1 + k2n, where k1, k2 ≠ 0
3 = k1 1 + By substituting n = 40 and C = 2000 into the
12 equation, we have
k1 + k 2 = 3  (1 ) 2000 = k1 + k2 (40)
5 k1 + 40 k 2 = 2000  (1)
By substituting b = 4, c = 2 and a = into
2 By substituting n = 38 and C = 1940 into the
the equation, we have equation, we have
5 k 1940 = k1 + k 2 (38)
= k1 4 + 22 k1 + 38 k2 = 1940  (2)
2 2
8k1 + k2 = 1 0  (2) 2k 2 = 60
(1) – (2),
k 2 = 30

24
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

By substituting k2 = 30 into (2), we have 5 = 5 + k 2 (2) + k3 (2) 2

k1 + 38 (30 ) = 1940
2 k 2 + 4 k3 = 0
k1 = 800
k 2 + 2 k3 = 0  (2)
∴ C = 800 + 30n
When n = 43, 3k3 = −3
(2) – (1),
C = 800 + 30 ( 43 ) k3 = −1
= 2090 By substituting k3 = –1 into (1), we have
∴ The cost for a class of 43 students is $2090.
k 2 − (−1) = 3
7. (a) ∵ C is partly constant and partly varies k2 = 2
inversely as n.
∴ y = 5 +2 x − x2
k
∴ C = k1 + 2 , where k1, k2 ≠ 0
n (b) When y = –3,
By substituting n = 2000 and C = 225 into the − 3 = 5 + 2x − x2
equation, we have
x2 − 2x − 8 = 0
k
225 = k1 + 2 ( x + 2)(x − 4) = 0
2000 x = − 2 or x = 4
2000 k1 + k 2 = 450 000 …… (1)
By substituting n = 5000 and C = 210 into the y =5 +2x − x 2
equation, we have
= −( x 2 − 2 x −5)
k2 (c) = −( x 2 − 2 x +12 −12 −5)
210 = k1 +
5000 = −( x 2 − 2 x +1) + 6
5000 k1 + k2 = 1 050 000  (2) = 6 −( x −1) 2

(2) – (1),
3000 k1 = 600 000 ∴ The maximum value of y is 6.
k1 = 200
9. (a) ∵ C partly varies directly as l and partly
By substituting k1 = 200 into (1), we have varies directly as w2.
2000 (200 ) + k 2 = 450 000 ∴ C = k1l + k2w2, where k1, k2 ≠ 0
By substituting l = 1, w = 20 and C = 200 000
k 2 = 50 000 into the equation, we have
50 000 200 000 = k1 (1) + k 2 ( 20 ) 2
∴ C = 200 +
n k1 + 400 k 2 = 200 000 ……
(b) When n = 8000, (1)
50 000 By substituting l = 1.5, w = 10 and C = 150 000
C = 200 + into the equation, we have
8000
= 206 .25 150 000 = k1 (1.5) + k 2 (10 ) 2
∴ The cost of producing a copy of the video 150 000 = 1.5k1 +100 k 2
game is $206.25.
200 ……
k1 + k 2 = 100 000
Level 2 3
8. (a) ∵ y is partly constant, partly varies directly
as x and partly varies directly as x2. (2)
∴ y = k1 + k2x + k3x2, where k1, k2 , k3 ≠ 0
By substituting x = 0 and y = 5 into the 1000
(1) – (2), k 2 = 100 000
equation, we have 3
5 = k1 + k 2 (0) + k3 (0) 2 k 2 = 300
k1 = 5 By substituting k2 = 300 into (2), we have
By substituting x = –1 and y = 2 into the 200
k1 + (300 ) = 100 000
equation, we have 3
2 = 5 + k2 (−1) + k3 (−1) 2 k1 = 80 000
k 2 − k3 = 3  (1) ∴ C = 80 000l + 300w2
By substituting x = 2 and y = 5 into the
(b) When l = 2 and w = 15,
equation, we have
C =80 000 ( 2) +300 (15 ) 2
= 227 500

25
 10 Variations

∴ The cost of building a road is $227 500
when the length is 2 km and the width is
15 m.
10. (a) ∵ S is partly constant and partly varies
directly as A.
∴ S = k1 + k2A, where k1, k2 ≠ 0
By substituting A = 300 000 and S = 7000 into
the equation, we have

7000 = k1 + k 2 (300 000 )

k1 + 300 000 k 2 = 7000  (1)
By substituting A = 400 000 and S = 9000 into
the equation, we have

9000 = k1 + k 2 ( 400 000 )

k1 + 400 000 k 2 = 9000  (2)
100 000 k2 = 2000
(2) – (1),
1
k2 =
50
1
By substituting k 2 = into (1), we have
50
 1 
k1 + 300 000   = 7000
 50 
k1 = 1000
1
∴ S = 1000 + A
50

(b) When A = 350 000,

1
S = 1000 + (350 000 )
50
= 8000
∴ Her income for that month is $8000.

(c) When S = 20 000,

1
20 000 = 1000 + A
50
1
19 000 = A
50
A = 950 000
∴ The amount of her sales should be
$950 000.

11. (a) ∵ C is partly constant and partly varies

inversely as n.
k2
∴ C = k1 + , where k1, k2 ≠ 0
n
By substituting n = 1000 and C = 53 000 into
the equation, we have
k2
53 000 = k1 +
1000
1000 k1 + k 2 = 53 000 000 …… (1)
By substituting n = 2000 and C = 58 000 into
the equation, we have
k2
58 000 = k1 +
2000
2000 k1 + k 2 = 116 000 000 ……

26
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

(2)
32 000 = k1 (80) + k2 (80) 2
1000 k1 = 63 000 000 k1 + 80k2 = 400  (2)
(2) – (1),
k1 = 63 000 (1) – (2),
80 k 2 = −400
By substituting k1 = 63 000 into (1), we have k 2 = −5
1000(63 000) + k 2 = 53 000 000 By substituting k2 = –5 into (1), we have
k 2 = −10 000 000 k1 + 160 ( −5) = 0
10 000 000 k1 = 800
∴ C = 63 000 −
n ∴ P = 800x – 5x2

(b) When n = 4000,

10 000 000
C = 63 000 −
4000
= 60 500
∴ The cost of printing 4000 copies of the
school magazine is $60 500.

12. (a) Let L0 cm and Le cm be the original length and

the extended length of the spring respectively.
∵ Le ∝ W
∴ Le = kW, k ≠ 0
10 .1 − L0 = k (2)  (1)
11.3 − L0 = k (3.5)  (2)
11.3− L0
(2) ÷ (1), = 1.75
10.1 − L0
11.3 − L0 = 17.675 − 1.75L0
0.75L0 = 6.375
L0 = 8.5
∴ The original length of the spring is 8.5 cm.

(b) By substituting L0 = 8.5 into (1), we have

10 .1 −8.5 = 2k
k = 0.8
∴ Le = 0.8W
∵ L = L0 + Le
∴ L = 8.5 + 0.8W

(c) When L = 2(8.5) = 17,

17 =8.5 +0.8W
W =10 .625
∴ The weight of the load is 10.625 kg when
the length of the spring is double that of
the original length.

13. (a) ∵ y varies directly as x and z varies directly

as x2.
∴ y = k1x and z = k2x2, where k1, k2 ≠ 0
∵ P=y+z
∴ P = k1x + k2x2, where k1, k2 ≠ 0
By substituting x = 160 and P = 0 into the
equation, we have
0 = k1 (160) + k2 (160) 2
k1 + 160k2 = 0  (1)
By substituting x = 80 and P = 32 000 into the
equation, we have

27
 10 Variations

(b) When x = 20, k

P =800 ( 20 ) −5( 20 ) 2 3=
4
=14 000
k = 12
∴
12
P = 800 x −5 x 2 y =
x
= −5( x 2 −160 x )
(c)
= −5( x 2 −160 x +80 2 −80 2 ) (b) When y = 5 ,
= 32 000 − 5( x −80 ) 2
12
5=
When x = 80, P attains its maximum value. x
∴ The price of the magazine is $80 in order 12
x =
to obtain the maximum profit. 5
Revision Exercise 10 (p. 274) 4. (a) ∵ x varies inversely as ( 2 y + 3) .
Level 1 k
1. (a) ∵ y varies directly as x2. ∴ x= , k ≠0
2 y +3
∴ y = kx , k ≠ 0
2

By substituting x = 6 and y =10 into the

By substituting x = 3 and y = 36 into the equation, we have
equation, we have
k
36 = k (3) 2 6=
2(10 ) + 3
k =4
∴ k =138
y = 4x2 ∴
138
x =
2 y +3
4
(b) When y = ,
25 (b) When x = 8 ,
4 138
= 4x2 8=
25 2y +3
1 16 y + 24 = 138
x2 =
25 16 y = 114
1
x =± y=
57
5 8

2. (a) ∵ ( y +2) ∝ x 5. (a) ∵ z varies jointly as x2 and y.

∴ y +2 =k x , k ≠0 ∴ z = kx 2 y , k ≠ 0
By substituting x = 9 and y = 7 into the By substituting x = 5 , y = 2 and
equation, we have z = 100 into the equation, we have
7 +2 = k 9 100 = k (5) 2 ( 2)
9 = 3k k =2
∴ k =3 ∴
z = 2x2 y
y +2 = 3 x
i.e. y =3 x −2 (b) When x = 2 and y = 3 ,
z = 2( 2) 2 (3)
(b) When y =10 , = 24
10 = 3 x − 2
3 x = 12 6. (a) ∵ a varies directly as b and inversely as c2.
x =4 kb
∴ a= ,k ≠0
x = 16 c2
By substituting a = 1 , b = 6 and c = 3
3. (a) ∵ y varies inversely as x. into the equation, we have
k
∴ y= ,k ≠0
x
By substituting x = 4 and y = 3 into the
equation, we have

28
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

k ( 6) (1) − ( 2), 9k1 = 2250

1=
32 k1 = 250
3 By substituting k1 = 250 into (2), we have
∴
k =
2 250 + k 2 = 260
3b k 2 = 10
a=
2c 2 10
∴ y = 250 +
(b) When a = 3 and c = 4 , x
3b
3=
2( 4) 2
3b = 96
b = 32

7. (a) ∵ w partly varies directly as x and partly

varies directly as y .
∴
w = k1 x + k 2 y , where k 1 , k 2 ≠ 0
By substituting x = 4 , y = 9 and
w = 13 into the equation, we have
13 = k1 4 + k 2 9
2k1 + 3k2 = 13 ...... (1)
By substituting x = 9 , y =16 and
w = 18 into the equation, we have
18 = k1 9 + k 2 16
3k1 + 4k2 = 18 ...... (2)
(1) × 3 − ( 2) × 2, k 2 = 3
By substituting k 2 = 3 into (1), we have
2k1 + 3(3) = 13
k1 = 2
∴ w =2 x +3 y

(b) When x = 16 and y = 25 ,

w =2 16 +3 25
=23

8. (a) ∵ y is partly constant and partly varies

inversely as x.
k2
∴ y = k1 + , where k1 , k 2 ≠ 0
x
By substituting x = 10 and y = 251 into
the equation, we have
k2
251 = k1 +
10
10k1 + k 2 = 2510 ...... (1)
By substituting x = 1 and y = 260 into
the equation, we have
k2
260 = k1 +
1
...... (2)
k1 + k 2 = 260

29
 10 Variations

(b) When x = 5 , x = (1 + 20 %) x0
∴ New value of
10 = 1.2 x0
y = 250 +
5
y = (1 −10 %) y0
= 252 New value of
= 0.9 y0
9. ∵ y ∝ x k (1.2 x0 ) 2
∴ y = k x , k ≠0
z=
(0.9 y0 )
Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y
New value of
respectively.  kx 0 2 
x = (1 + 69 %) x0 = 1.6 
∴ New value of  y 
= 1.69 x0  0 
= 1.6 z0
y = k 1.69 x0
New value of
=1.3k x0 ∴ Percentage change in
=1.3 y0
1 .6 z 0 − z 0
∴ Percentage change in z= ×100 %
z0
1 .3 y 0 − y 0 = 60%
y= × 100 %
y0 ∴ z is increased by 60%.
= 30 % x2
∴ y is increased by 30%. 12. ∵ z∝
y
1 kx 2
10. ∵ y∝ ∴ z= ,k ≠0
x2 y
k Let x0, y0 and z0 be the original values of x, y and z
∴ y = 2 ,k ≠ 0 respectively.
x ∴ New value of x = 2x0
Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y
respectively. New value of y = 0.5 y0
x = (1 + 50 %) x0
∴ New value of k (2 x 0 ) 2
= 1.5 x0 z =
0 .5 y 0
k New value of
y=  kx
2

(1.5 x0 ) 2 = 8 0 
 y0 
New value of 4
 k


= = 8z 0
9
 x0
2 

8 z0 − z 0
4 z= × 100%
= y0 ∴ Percentage change in z0
9
4 = 700%
y0 − y 0 ∴ z is increased by 700%.
y= 9 × 100%
∴ Percentage change in y0 13. Let $C be the value of the circular gold plate and d be
the diameter of the circular gold plate.
5
= −55 % ∵ C ∝d2
9 ∴ C = kd 2 , k ≠ 0
5
∴ y is decreased by 55 % .
9 Let $C1 and d1 be the value and the diameter of the
smaller circular gold plate, and $C2 and d2 be the
value and the diameter of the larger circular gold
x2
11. ∵ z∝ plate.
y 2
∴ C1 = kd 1 ...... (1)
2
kx
∴ z= ,k ≠0 C2 = kd 2
2
...... (2)
y
Let x0, y0 and z0 be the original values of x, y and z
respectively.

30
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

2
C1 kd1
=
C2 kd2 2
2
C1  d1 
= 
C2  d 2 
(1) ÷(2),
2
2000  2 
= 
C2  3
2000 4
=
C2 9
C2 = 4500
∴ The value of the larger plate is $4500.

31
 10 Variations

14. Let T be the time taken to drink a bottle of cola directly as n.

and d be the diameter of the straw. ∴
1 C = k 1 + k 2 n, where k 1 , k 2 ≠ 0
∵ T ∝
d2 By substituting n = 150 and C = 3750
k into the equation, we have
∴ T = 2 ,k ≠ 0 3750 = k1 + k2 (150)
d
k1 + 150k2 = 3750 ...... (1)
Let T0 and d0 be the original values of T and d By substituting n = 750 and C = 7590
respectively.
into the equation, we have
∴ New value of d = 2d 0
7590 = k1 + k 2 (750)
k k1 + 750k 2 = 7590 ...... (2)
T =
( 2d 0 ) 2 600 k2 = 3840
New value of (2) −(1),
 k  32
= 0.25 2  k2 =
 d0  5
32
= 0.25T0 By substituting k 2 = into (1), we have
5
∴ Percentage change in
 32 
k1 +150   = 3750
0.25T0 − T0  5 
T = ×100 %
T0 k1 = 2790
= −75 % 32
∴ The time taken is decreased by 75%. ∴ C = 2790 + n
5
15. Let $C be the cost of the gold coin, T mm be the
thickness of the gold coin and d cm be the diameter (b) When n = 200 ,
of the gold coin. 32
∵ C ∝ Td 2 C = 2790 + (200 )
5
∴ C = kTd 2 , k ≠ 0 = 4070
∴ The cost of making 200 coats is $4070.
Let $C1, T1 mm and d1 cm be the cost, the thickness
and the diameter of the first gold coin, and $C2, 17. ∵ y varies inversely as x.
T2 mm and d2 cm be the cost, the thickness and the
k
diameter of the second gold coin respectively. ∴ y= ,k ≠0
2 x
∴ C1 = kT1d1 ...... (1)
By substituting x = 15 and y = 20 into the
2
C2 = kT2 d 2 ...... (2) equation, we have
k
C1 kT d
2 20 =
= 1 12 15
C2 kT2 d 2 k = 300
∴
2 300
C1 T  d1  y=
= 1 ×  x
C2 T2  
 d2  Take x =5 ,
2
16 3  4  300
= ×  y =
(1) ÷(2), 27 4 
 d2


5
= 60
16 64 Take x = 10 ,
2
=
d2 81 300
y =
2 81 ×16 10
d2 = = 30
64
∴ The ordered pairs (5, 60) and (10, 30) lie on the
= 20 .25 graph. (or any other reasonable answers)
d 2 = 4.5 or − 4.5 (rejected)
18. (a) ∵ The expenditure ($E) of the party includes
∴ The diameter of the second coin is 4.5 cm. buying gifts and food. $400 is spent for the
gifts and the expenditure of food is $F.
16. (a) ∵ C is partly constant and partly varies

32
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

∴ E = 400 + F and it is in partial

variation.
(b) ∵ 12 L of drink is provided for N classmates
and each classmate is supposed to
consume x mL of the drink.
12 000
∴ x = and it is in inverse
x
variation.
(c) ∵ Each classmate has to pay $40 for the food
and the expenditure of food is $F.
∴ F = 40 N and it is in direct variation.

33
 10 Variations

Level 2 4 k
19. (a) ∵ y ∝ ( ax − 3)
∴ y = k ( ax −3), k ≠ 0
3 = 2a −1
4 k
By substituting x = 4 and y = 3 into the 7 4a −1
equation, we have (1) ÷(2), 7 4a −1
3 = k ( 4a −3) ...... (1) =
3 2a −1
By substituting x = 5 and y = 6 into the
14 a − 7 = 12 a − 3
equation, we have
6 = k (5a −3) ...... (2) 2a =4
6 k (5a − 3) a =2
=
3 k (4a − 3)
5a − 3 (b) By substituting a = 2 into (1), we have
2=
(2) ÷(1), 4a − 3 4 k
=
8a − 6 = 5a − 3 3 2( 2) −1
3a = 3 k =4
a =1 4
∴ y=
2 x −1
(b) By substituting a = 1 into (1), we have
3 = k [ 4(1) −3] (c) When y = 4 x ,
4
k =3 4x =
∴ y = 3( x −3) 2x − 1
2x2 − x − 1 = 0
(c) ∵ y = 3( x − 3) (2 x + 1)(x − 1) = 0
= 3x −9 1
x= − or x = 1
When 2 y = 3 x , 2
y = 2 y −9
y =9
x2 y
21. (a) ∵ w∝
1 z3
20. (a) ∵ y∝
ax − 1 kx 2 y
∴ w= ,k ≠0
k z3
∴ y= , k ≠0
ax −1
By substituting x =1 , y =1 , z = 1 and
4
By substituting x = 2 and y = into the w = 2 into the equation, we have
3
equation, we have k (1) 2 1
2 =
4
=
k 13
3 a ( 2) −1 k = 2
4 k ...... (1) 2x2 y
= w=
3 2a −1 ∴
z3
4
By substituting x = 4 and y = into the
7 (b) When y = 2 w = 2 x = 2 z , i.e. y = 2 x ,
equation, we have w = x and z = x ,
4 k
=
7 a ( 4) −1
4 k ...... (2)
=
7 4a −1

34
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

23. Let V cm3 be the volume of the metal cube and x cm

2x2 y
w= be the length of the side of the cube.
z3 ∵ V ∝ x3
2x2 2x ∴ V = kx 3 , k ≠ 0
x=
x3
Total volume of the three metal cubes
x4 = 2x2 2x
= [ k (3)3 + k ( 4)3 + k (5)3 ] cm 3
x2
= 2x = k ( 27 +64 +125 ) cm 3
2
= 216 k cm 3
x4
= 2x
4 Let VL cm3 and xL cm be the volume and the length of
x4 = 8x the side of the larger cube.
3
x4 − 8x = 0
∵ VL = kx L
3
x ( x 3 − 8) = 0 216 k = kx L
∴ 3
x = 0 (rejected) or x 3 = 8 xL = 216
x =2
xL = 6
22. (a) ∵ y is partly constant, partly varies directly
∴ The length of the side of the new cube is 6 cm.
as x and partly varies directly as x2.
∴ y = k 1 + k 2 x + k 3 x 2 , where 1
24. ∵ r2 ∝
k1 , k 2 , k 3 ≠ 0 h
By substituting x = 0 and y = 5 into the k
equation, we have r2 = , k ≠ 0
h
5 = k1 + k 2 (0) + k3 (0) 2
∴ k
k1 = 5 r= ,k ≠0
h
By substituting x = 2 and y =15 into the k′
equation, we have r= , k′ ≠ 0
h
15 = 5 + k 2 (2) + k3 (2) 2
k 2 + 2 k3 = 5 .... Let r0 and h0 be the original values of r and h
respectively.
.. (1) h = (1 − 19 %) h0
By substituting x = −2 and y =11 into ∴ New value of
the equation, we have
= 0.81h0
11 = 5 + k 2 (−2) + k3 ( −2) 2 k′
r=
k2 − 2k3 = −3 .... 0.81h0

.. (2) New value of 10  k′ 

=  
4k3 = 8 9 h 
(1) − (2),  0
k3 = 2 10
= r0
By substituting k3 = 2 into (1), we have 9
k 2 + 2( 2) = 5 ∴ Percentage change in

k2 = 1 10
r0 − r0
∴ y = 5 + x +2x2
r= 9 ×100 %
r0
(b) When y = 6 ,
1
6 = 5 + x + 2 x2 = 11 %
9
2x2 + x − 1 = 0
∴ The base radius of the cone is increased by
( x + 1)(2 x − 1) = 0 1
1 11 %.
x = − 1 or x = 9
2
25. ∵ E ∝ mv 2

35
 10 Variations

∴ E = kmv 2
, k ≠0

Let m0, v0 and E0 be the original values of m, v and E

respectively.
∴ New value of m = 2m0

New value of
v = (1 − 20 %) v0
= 0.8v0
E = k ( 2m0 )( 0.8v0 ) 2
New value of 2
= 1.28 km 0v0
= 1.28 E0
∴ Percentage change in

1.28 E0 − E0
E= ×100 %
E0
= 28%
∴ The kinetic energy of the moving body is
increased by 28%.

26. (a) ∵ V ∝ r 2h
∴ V = kr 2 h, k ≠ 0

By substituting r = 4 , h = 30 and
V = 160 into the equation, we have
160 = k ( 4) 2 (30 )
1
k =
∴ 3
1 2
V = r h
3
When V = 540 and h = 27 ,
1 2
540 = r ( 27 )
3
r2 = 60
r = 60
= 2 15

36
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

(b) Let r0, h0 and V0 be the original values of r, h ( 2) − (1), 200 k 2 = 40

and V respectively.
∴ New value of r = 2r0 1
k2 =
5
New value of h = 0.5h0
1
By substituting k 2 = into (1), we have
1 5
V = ( 2r0 ) 2 (0.5h0 )
3 1 
k1 + 400   = 110
New value of 5
1 2 
= 2 r0 h0 
3  k1 = 30
= 2V0 1
∴ T = 30 + n
∴ Percentage change in 5

2V0 − V0 (b) When n = 300 ,

V = ×100 %
V0 1
T = 30 + (300 )
= 100 % 5
∴ V is increased by 100%. = 90
∴ The monthly charge is $90 if the airtime
1 2 used is 300 minutes.
(c) ∵ V = r h
3 (c) Let $T0 be the mobile phone charge in last
3V month.
∴ r = 1
h ∵ T = 30 + n
Let V0, h0 and r0 be the original values of V, h 5
and r respectively. 1
∴ T0 = 30 + n0
∴ New value of
V = (1 + 36 %) V0 5
= 1.36V0
When T = 2T0 ,
New value of
h = h0
1
3(1.36V0 ) 2T0 = 30 + n
r= 5
h0  1  1
New value of
2 30 + n0  = 30 + n
 3V0   5  5
= 1.36  
 h0  2 1
  60 + n0 = 30 + n
5 5
= 1.36 r0 2 1
∴ Percentage change in 30 + n0 = n
5 5
n = 150 + 2n0
1.36 r0 − r0
r = ×100 % ∴ The airtime used in this month is
r0 (150 + 2n0 ) minutes.
= 16 .6% (cor. to 1 d.p.)
∴ r is increased by 16.6%. 28. (a) ∵ C is partly constant and partly varies
inversely as n.
27. (a) ∵ T is partly constant and partly varies k2
directly as n. ∴ C = k1 + , where k1 , k2 ≠ 0
∴ T = k 1 + k 2 n, where k 1 , k 2 ≠ 0 n
By substituting n = 400 and T =110 By substituting n = 200 and C = 250
into the equation, we have into the equation, we have
110 = k1 + k2 ( 400) k2
250 = k1 +
k1 + 400k2 = 110 ...... (1) 200
By substituting n = 600 and T = 150 200 k1 + k 2 = 50 000 ...... (1)
into the equation, we have By substituting n = 400 and C = 200
150 = k1 + k2 (600) into the equation, we have
k1 + 600k2 = 150 ...... (2)

37
 10 Variations

k2
200 = k 1 + P = 4000 x − 50 x 2
400
400k 1 + k 2 = 80 000 ...... (2) = −50 ( x 2 − 80 x )
(c)
= −50 ( x 2 − 80 x + 40 2 − 40 2 )

(2) −(1),
200 k1 = 30 000 = −50 ( x 2 − 80 x + 40 2 ) + 80 000
k1 = 150 = −50 ( x − 40 ) 2 + 80 000
By substituting k1 = 150 into (1), we have When x = 40 , P attains its maximum value.
∴ The maximum profit from selling the
200 (150 ) + k 2 = 50 000 VCDs is $80 000 and the corresponding
k 2 = 20 000 selling price of each VCD is $40.
20 000 30. (a) ∵ C partly varies directly as r and partly
∴ C = 150 +
n varies directly as the square of r.
(b) When n = 500 , ∴
20 000 C = k1r + k 2 r 2 , where k1 , k 2 ≠ 0
C = 150 + By substituting r =
500 4 and C = 8 into the
equation, we have
= 190
25 000 8 = k1 (4) + k2 ( 4) 2
Profit of a rice cooker = $ k1 + 4k2 = 2 ...... (1)
500
= $50 By substituting r = 5 and C = 5 into the
∴ The selling price of each rice cooker equation, we have
=$( 190 +50 ) 5 = k1 (5) + k 2 (5) 2
=$240
k1 + 5k 2 = 1 ...... (2)

29. (a) ∵ P is partly varies directly as x and partly

varies directly as x2. (2) −(1), k 2 = −1
∴ By substituting k 2 = −1 into (1), we have
P = k1 x + k 2 x 2 , where k1 , k 2 ≠ 0 k1 + 4( −1) = 2
By substituting x = 20 and P = 60 000 k1 = 6
into the equation, we have
60 000 = k1 (20 ) + k 2 ( 20 ) 2
∴ C = 6r − r 2

k1 + 20 k 2 = 3000 .... (b) When r=2,

C = 6( 2) −( 2) 2
.. (1)
By substituting x = 30 and P = 75 000 =8
into the equation, we have
75 000 = k1 (30 ) + k2 (30 ) 2 C = 6r − r 2
k1 + 30 k2 = 2500 .... = − ( r 2 − 6r )
(c)
= − ( r 2 − 6r + 3 2 − 3 2 )
.. (2)
= − ( r 2 − 6r + 3 2 ) + 9
10 k 2 = −500 = − ( r − 3) 2 + 9
(2) −(1),
k 2 = −50 When r = 3 , C attains its maximum value.
∴ The radius of the model is 3 cm such that
By substituting k 2 = −50 into (1), we have the cost is a maximum.
k1 + 20 ( −50 ) = 3000
31. (a) ∵ y is partly constant and partly varies
k1 = 4000 directly as x.
∴ P = 4000 x − 50 x 2 ∴ y = k + k ′x, where k , k ′ ≠ 0
From the graph, when x = 0 , y = 3000 .
(b) When x = 35 , By substituting x = 0 and y = 3000 into
P = 4000 (35 ) −50 (35 ) 2 the equation, we have
= 78 750 3000 = k +k ′(0)
∴ The total profit is $78 750 if the selling k = 3000
price of each VCD is $35.

38
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

(b) From the graph, when x = 120 , x − y = k ′′′( x + y ), k ′′′ ≠ 0

y = 6000 . i.e. ( x − y) ∝ ( x + y)
By substituting x = 120 and
y = 6000
into the equation, we have  3 1   3 1 
∵  x − 3  ∝  x + 3 
6000 = 3000 + k ′(120 ) 33. (a)
y   y 

k ′ = 25  3
1 1 
∴ y = 3000 + 25 x ∴ x3 − = k  x + y3 
, k ≠ 0
y3  
(c) When x = 700 , k + 1
(1 − k ) x 3 = 3
y = 3000 + 25 (700 ) y
= 20 500 k +1 1
∴ The monthly income of the salesperson is y3 = ×
1 − k x3
$20 500 if the number of items sold is 700.
k +1 1
y=3 ×
32. (a) ∵ (x2 − y 2 ) ∝ (x2 + y2 ) 1− k x
∴ x 2 − y 2 = k ( x 2 + y 2 ), k ≠ 0 k +1
By letting k ′ = 3 , we have
x 2 − y 2 = kx 2 + ky 2 1−k
( k +1) y 2 = ( k −1) x 2 k′
y= , k′ ≠ 0
k −1 2 x
y2 = x
k +1 1
∴ y∝
k −1 x
y= x
k +1
∵ k ≠0
k −1
∴ ≠0
k +1
k − 1 , we have
By letting k′ =
k +1
y = k ′x , k ′ ≠ 0
i.e. y∝x

(b) ∵ y∝x
∴ y = k ′′x, where k ′′ ≠ 0
x− y = x − k ′′x
= (1 − k ′′) x
x+ y = x + k ′′x
= (1 + k ′′) x
x− y (1 − k ′′) x
=
x+ y (1 + k ′′) x
1 − k ′′
=
1 + k ′′
1 − k ′′ 
x − y =   ( x + y)
 1 + k ′′ 
1 − k ′′
∵ ≠ 0 , provided that k ′′ ≠ −1
1 + k ′′
and k ′′ ≠ 1 .
1 − k ′′
By letting k ′′′ = , we have
1 + k ′′

39
 10 Variations

1  3 1  ∵ (3 x + 5 y ) ∝ ( 4 x − 6 y )
(b) x3 − = k
 x + 3 ,k ≠0
y 3
 y 
∴ 3 x + 5 y = k ( 4 x − 6 y ), k ≠ 0
(5 + 6k ) y = ( 4k − 3) x
 1  x 1   1  x 1  4k − 3 
 x −   x 2 + + 2  = k  x +   x 2 − + 2  y =  x
 5 + 6k 
 y  y y   y  y y 
4k − 3
′
By letting k = 5 + 6k , we have
 2 x 1 
x − + 2
1 y y  1 y =k ′x, k ′ ≠0
x − = k  x +  y∝x
y  x 1  y i.e.
 x + + 2 
2

 y y  3. Answer: B
∵ y varies inversely as ( x +1) 2 .
 x y − xy + 1  
2 2
1
= k  2 2  x + 
 k
 x y + xy + 1  
 y  ∴ y=
( x +1) 2
, k ≠0

 2  k′  2  k′   1
 x   − x  + 1 By substituting x = 2 and y = 3 into the
x x
= k   2    equation, we have
 ′ ′ 
 x 2  k  + x  k  + 1 
1 k
=
  x  3 (2 +1) 2
 x  
1 k
 1 =
 x +  ∴
3 9
 y k =3
3
 k′2 − k ′ + 1   1 y=
= k  2  x + 
 ( x +1) 2
 k′ + k′ + 1  y  When y =12 ,
3
 k′ 2 − k′ + 1  12=
( x + 1) 2
By letting k ′ = k   , we have
 k′ 2 + k′ + 1  4( x + 1) 2 = 1
  4x 2 + 8x + 3 = 0
 ( 2 x + 1)(2 x + 3) = 0
1 1
x− = k ′′
 x+ , k ′′ ≠ 0
y  y
 x=−
1
or x = −
3
2 2
 1  1
∴ 
x − y 
 ∝
x + y 

    4. Answer: D
∵ ( x + y ) varies inversely as ( x − y ) .
Multiple Choice Questions (p. 278)
k
∴ x +y = , k ≠0
1. Answer: C x −y
∵ x varies directly as y2.
k
∴ x = ky 2 , k ≠ 0 x −y = , k ≠0
x+y
By substituting y = 2 and x = 20 into the ( x − y ) varies inversely as ( x + y ) .
equation, we have ∴
20 = k (2) 2 5. Answer: B
k =5 ∵ x varies inversely as y and directly as z2.
∴ kz 2
x =5 y2 ∴ x= , where k is a non-zero constant
When x = 80 , y
80 = 5 y 2 xy
= k , where k is a non-zero constant
y 2
=16 z2
y = ±4
6. Answer: D
2. Answer: A ∵ z ∝ ( y + 2) and y ∝ ( x −1)

40
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

∴ z = k1 ( y + 2) and y = k 2 ( x −1) , xy = 1 × 315 = 3 × 105 = 5 × 63 = 7 × 45

where k1 , k 2 ≠ 0 = 9 × 35 = 315
z = k1 ( k2 x − k2 + 2) 315
∴ y=
x
= k1k 2 x − k1k 2 + 2k1
1
∴ y ∝
7. Answer: A x
∵ y partly varies directly as x and partly varies
directly as the cube of x.
10. Answer: D
∴ y = k1 x + k 2 x 3 , where k1 , k 2 ≠ 0 ∵ y is partly constant and partly varies directly as
By substituting x = 3 and y = −21 into the x.
equation, we have ∴ y = k1 + k 2 x, where k1 , k 2 ≠ 0
− 21 = k1 (3) + k 2 (3)3
k1 + 9k 2 = −7 …… (1) Let’s Discuss
By substituting x = 5 and y = −115 into the p. 244
equation, we have
− 115 = k1 (5) + k 2 (5)3 1. Only graph number ③ shows the relation y
varies directly as x. It is because the graph of
k1 + 25k 2 = −23 …… direct variation is a straight line passing through
the origin.
(2)
16 k 2 = −16 2. Yes
(2) – (1),
k 2 = −1
By substituting k 2 = −1 into (1), we have
k1 + 9( −1) = −7
k1 = 2
∴ y = 2 x − x3

8. Answer: A
∵ z varies directly as x2 and inversely as y.
kx 2
∴ z= , k ≠0
y
Let x0, y0 and z0 be the original values of x, y and z
respectively.
x = (1 + 30 %) x0
∴ New value of
= 1.3x0
y = (1 + 30 %) y0
New value of
= 1.3 y0
k (1.3x 0 ) 2
z =
1 .3 y 0
New value of 2
 kx 
= 1.3 0 
 y0 
= 1 .3 z 0
∴ Percentage increase in

1.3 z0 − z0
z= × 100 %
z0
= 30%
9. Answer: B
∵

41