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21 Nuclear Energy
Practice 21.1 (p. 288) (c) Fission products are usually radioactive
1 B and a lot of radiation is given off during
2 C fission. They could be harmful to the
11
10 environment when they are not handled
Mass of U-235 required = = 1.39
10
7.2 ×10 with great care. On the other hand, fusion
g products are safe to the environment. For
3 B example, in 21 H + 31 H → 42 He + 01 n ,
4 B He-4 and neutrons are not radioactive.
5 Since both α particles and uranium nuclei are 8 (a) By E = mc2,
positively charged, the electrostatic repulsion E = 1.99 × 1030 × (3 × 108)2
between α particles and uranium nuclei is = 1.791 × 1047 J
very large. Hence, it is very difficult for α Energy of 1.791 × 1047 J will be released.
particles to get close to uranium nuclei and E
(b) By t = ,
break them. P
6 From the total number of protons, 1.791 ×10 47
t= = 4.59 × 1020 s
92 + 0 = a + 37 + 3 × 0 3.90 ×10 26
a = 55 = 1.46 × 1013 years
From the total mass number, The remaining life of the Sun is
235 + 1 = 143 + b + 3 × 1 1.46 × 1013 years.
b = 90 (c) The estimate in (b) is longer than the
7 (a) For nuclear fission, the fuel (fissile actual remaining life of the Sun. It is
materials) has a large mass number, e.g. because only a fraction of the mass of the
U-235 and Pu-239. For nuclear fusion, the Sun will be converted into energy when
fuel has a small mass number, e.g. H-1, H- the Sun undergoes fusion.
2 and H-3.
(b) Both nuclear fission and nuclear fusion Practice 21.2 (p. 297)
can give out a large amount of energy. 1 B
However, with the same mass of fuel, the 2 D
energy produced by fusion is more than
that by fission.
3 (a) Burning fossil fuels to generate electricity Mass of uranium fuel used
produces greenhouse gases, like CO2 and 4.32 ×10 14
=
SO2, and ashes. 8.64 ×10 13
Using nuclear power does not produce = 5 kg
greenhouse gases, but the nuclear waste is
radioactive and it is difficult to handle Revision exercise 21
nuclear waste. Multiple-choice (p. 301)
(b) Nuclear power plants generally have high Section A
safety standards because the high radiation 1 D
level near the station is harmful to living 2 D
things when there is any serious accident. 3 C
However, burning fossil fuels has much 4 D
fewer safety issues.
(c) The reserve of nuclear fuel is huge, while Section B
the reserve of fossil fuels will soon be 5 D
exhausted. 6 C
4 For a nuclear reactor, the chain reaction is 7 D
controlled by a moderator and control rods
inside the reactor, and the chain reaction can Conventional (p. 301)
either speed up and cool down by the control Section A
of the above two components. 1 (a) Radioactive decay occurs randomly (1A)
For an atomic bomb, nothing inside the bomb while nuclear fission should be triggered.
controls the chain reaction. Once the (1A)
radioactive source reaches the critical mass, In each radioactive decay, the mother
uncontrolled chain reaction starts, releasing a nucleus forms a single new nucleus; (1A)
huge amount of heat and nuclear radiation. however, in each nuclear fission, the
5 (a) For each reactor, by E = Pt, heavy nucleus splits to form more than one
E = 5 × 10 × 8 × 60 × 60
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smaller nuclei. (1A)
= 1.44 × 10 J14
(Accept other reasonable answers.)
The energy supplied by the power stations (b) When a neutron collides with a uranium
= 1.44 × 10 × 3 = 4.32 × 10 J
14 14
nucleus, the uranium nucleus splits in a
(b) Energy supplied by 1 kg of uranium in the nuclear fission and neutrons are emitted.
reactor (1A)
= 2.88 × 10 × 30% = 8.64 × 10 J
14 13
The emitted neutrons carry on splitting
other uranium nuclei and a chain reaction
is resulted. (1A)