Chapter 20 Outline:

The Revolution in Politics

I. A Revolution in Politics:
People changing views of themselves. French/American colonies revolting.
II. The Beginning of the Revolutionary Era: The Aerican Revolution
War for independence.
A. Causes of the revolution:
!. The ie"iate cause:
a# $tap Act:
English spent a lot of money on the French and Indian War. British decide to get
back some revene from the colonies. !he American colonies already foght alongside
the English. American colonies try some diplomatic bsiness first.
" new laws and reglations imposed on the colonists after the French and Indian War sch
as the #tamp Act of $%&'. (egal docment) newspaper) etc. all had to have an English
stamp on it before it cold be circlated. *olonists are mad+ colonists say they can,t be
forced to pay since they don,t have any representatives in Parliament.
%# The Boston Tea Party:
$%%-. British awarded a monopoly of *hinese tea to the BEI* .British East India
*ompany / hge corporation and makes a lot of money0. *hinese tea imported on British
ships. American colonies were left ot of the trade. !hey had to pay a hge e1port fee.
American stop drinking tea already) dress as like Indians) and dmp the tea over.
*olonists are mad+ act of rebellion. English aren,t happy abot rebellion.
2. The long ter cause:
2ifferences in politics and voting practices
*olonists bilt their own local government and saw themselves as
independent.
.Property re3ired to vote. 456 of men in England cold vote. '56 of men in the
colonies cold vote. *olonists saw themselves are more legislative bodies. 7oting on
local ta1es) problems) etc. England doesn,t allow them to e1press themselves sorta.
England wanted to dictate their lives. England also has more mch resorces for fighting
a war. England got a lot of territory) inclding India. 8reatest 9avy. *olonies also had to
give home and food to English soldiers0.
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B. The &irst Continental Congress:
(eading men of the colonies get together in Philadelphia in $%%; called !he First
*ontinental *ongress. (ocal leaders < prominent men complain abot
what England is doing. #ent ambassadors to England+ demand
representatives in parliament) etc. =ing doesn,t do anything.
C. The 'ar for In"epen"ence:
!he first skirmishes of the war were at (e1ington and *oncord in April of $%%&.
!. (eclaration of In"epen"ence:
!homas >efferson is considered the athor of the 2eclaration of
Independence) althogh he did work within a committee. Phrases a lot in
the terms of Enlightenment. ?evisions are made. #econd *ontinental
*ongress read it) agreed their needs have not been met) and agree they are
being nfairly treated and want to break free of England.
2. )eorge 'ashington * the Continental Ary:
*olonies start preparing for war. @tfit some merchant vessels with
cannons+ the best they can do. #ets p army at same time they sign the
declaration. Washington was pt in charge of the *ontinental Army)
amater soldiers that never had more than 45k troops for any single battle.
!hey don,t know army discipline. Enlistment of & months. !each to train)
march) strategies. ?epeat the pattern. People volnteered when they want
to. French are happy to help them+ ships) military leaders) money) etc.
French gives them a bnch of resorces even thogh they don,t really have
the money for it. French wants revenge.
France: officers) soldiers) and ships
#pain: 8ov. 8alveA led an attack on British territory near (A
9etherlands: loaned money to fight the war
+. ,ictory at -or.to/n in !01!:
War ended at Borktown when 8eneral Washington defeated 8eneral
*ornwallis.
4. The Treaty of Paris:
#igned in $%C-. All land east of the Dississippi to the E#. #pain keeps
Florida.
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(. A 2e/ 2ation:
People start recogniAing colonies as a separate nation. England is scared of
fighting all of them at once. #o) they back off a bit. England eventally
gives p and says not worth the effort.
!. The Articles of Confe"eration:
#igned in $%C$ by the $- colonies. !hey have to consolidate to fight off
enemy. !hey,re scared of a strong army. Fow do they pay debts sch as
>ohn AdamsG Articles loosely bond the states together. Each colony
started printing their own money+ they hate other money. Foreign policy
was a pain since they have to do it with each colony.
2. The 3.$. Constitution:
signed in Independence Fall in Philadelphia on #eptember $%) $%C%) after
nearly months of debate. Provides a strong former of government that
binds the states together
Powers of the national government:
(evy ta1es
?aise a national army
?eglate domestic and foreign trade
Establish a national crrency
!hree branches of government:
E1ective / president
(egislative / bicameral legislatre with a #enate and a Fose of
?epresentatives
>dicial / #preme cort
Each colony has to ratify the *onstittion.
+. The Bill of Rights:
#ome ideas they want are not written in the constittion. First $5
amendments. Enlightenment themes pt into writing. Edcated people of
the time pt this down. It can,t be taken for granted. .Freedom of speech)
bear arms) no forced soldier home) etc0.
Election held in $%CH) 8eorge Washington had the most votes and became
the first president. >ohn Adams) with the second most) became the vice"
president.
-
III. Bac.groun" to the &rench Revolution:
A. The three estates of &rance:
An individal,s IestateJ marked his stats and determined legal rights) ta1es) etc. Estate
came with birth. Born into nobility or common folk. #et p clothes to wear) ta1es) etc.
&irst Estate: .richer people) important people0
clergy .$60
$56 of land
no ta1es
$econ" Estate: .titles) privileges) etc.0
the nobility .4"-60
4'"-56 land
no ta1es
Thir" Estate:
everyone else / wealthy lawyers) bsinessmen) peasants
H%6 of total poplation
ta1es: taille) tithes) and fees
.taille / sally men) paid directly to the king. !ithes / give to the
*atholic chrch of France. Fees / e1. !o grind wheat0
=ing has complete athority over their lives. !hey are sbKects.
People begin to think. Enlightenment. Propaganda.
B. Econoic an" political pro%les:
!. Econoic recession:
$%C%"$%CC / bad harvests reslting in high bread prices. People start
growing hngry. Farmers can,t by consmer goods. >obs start
disappearing. '56 nemployment rate in France. =ing does nothing abot
it+ nwillingness or inability of the government to respond to the needs of
the people.
2. 2ear %an.ruptcy of &rance:
(ois LI7 got a lot of money from his financial adviser bt also spent a
ton of money. (ois L7 was in all kinds of war. (ois L7I loans money
to English colonies to break free. France coldn,t afford this. Marter of a
centry N chaos.
;
I,. 4oving To/ar" (isaster:
>ac3es 9ecker) the Finance Dinister) tried to warn =ing (ois L7I bt he did
grasp the severity of the problem. People like him. People riot after
9ecker is fired.
A. 4eeting of the Estates )eneral:
=ing (ois L7I called this meeting. Dembers from each Estate get together to
meet. =ing Philip the Fair first started this. 2oesn,t develop like
Parliament does. (ois, meeting happens for the first time in $%' years.
-55 members in each of the - chambers. Each met in separate rooms. Each
grop had one vote. *lergy and aristocracy sally agreed. People scream
for more representation. Allowed to elect &55 representatives. People
advocate for maKor changes.
B. A%%5 Eanuel67oseph $ieyes 8!0916!1+:#:
a radical member of the clergy) arged in his famos pamphlet of >anary $%CH
entitled IWhat is the !hird EstateGJ that the !hird Estate was the complete nation. Invites
9apoleon to take it as a military dictator.
C. Chronology:
4ay ;< !01=:
Deeting of the Estates 8eneral. Want to change the way the - chambers
vote. Daybe to an individal vote.
7une 20< !01=:
-
rd
Estate lock ot the $
st
and 4
nd
estates. Invite them to the tennis cort.
2ational Asse%ly
&55 common people saying the king has to do something.
Oath of the Tennis Court
All the members of the third estate meet here. !hey will not disband ntil
a constittion is made.
'
7uly !!:
=ing (ois L7I fired the Finance Dinister and called ot an army of $Ck troops to Paris.
8rowing tension in France. Wants to stop the progress of the 9ational assembly. Dobs
begin. !he people saved the revoltion with riots) a militia made p of the borgeoisie
and...
>sans6culottes?
Iwithot breeches.J Political committees made p of ordinary people.
9obility wore knee breeches. Identifies as people of France.
7uly !9:
*itiAens stormed the Bastille looking for ammnition and beginning the
violence of a revoltion. Fad % prisoners at the time. =ills all the king,s
gard in the Bastille and the mayor of it. Fe,s terroriAed as he,s drag along
the road. Fe says Kst kill me) they ct off his head) and pt his head on a
spike.
,. $tages of the Revolution:
A. !01= to !0=2:
9ational Assembly took more and more power from the king. !ennis @ath) etc.
$%H$ / French *onstittion. (ittle bloodshed.
B. !0=2 to !0=9
I!he !error.J Dore violence. $C month period / ?eign of terror. !he gillotine.
9eighbors trning in neighbors. 8ilty ntil proven innocent. 8illotine kills abot $&k
people officially. '5= or so people were killed.
C. !0=9 to !0==:
!he 2irectory. (ess violent phrase. $5 years later) France is still Kst as bad.
9apoleon takes over after this.
,I. The (estruction of the Ol" Regie:
A. Chronology:
August 9:
Abolishing all forms of privilege. 9o more noble titles. 2e away from tithes
.$56 income to chrch0 to the *hrch. 9o more hnting privileges. 9o ta1 e1emptions
&
Aug 20< !01=:
2eclaration of the ?ights of Dan and *itiAen: a charter of liberties that
was issed by the 9ational Assembly garanteeing freedom of speech)
religion) and the press as well as e3ality before the law. .preamble to the
french constittion0.
Oct ;:
Women of Paris leaving for 7ersailles. A crowd of women) accompanied by
(afayette and the 9ational 8ard) marched to 7ersailles to confront the =ing abot
shortages and rising prices in Paris. Fish women lead it. !hosands Koin it. Woman go to
by bread) they have none and are starving. $4 mile walk. =ing needs to provide bread
now. Women get angrier as they walk. (ike a mob. People of Paris hate Darie Antoinette.
#poiled princess from Astria) never starved) elaborate clothing. #he,s a foreigner and
they want to kill her. Few women breakthrogh and get into her bed chamber. ?n to
(ois) gards protect her. !he mob kills all the palace gards and pts their heads on
spikes. Force the =ing and Meen to go to Paris. (ois live in !ooleres for while with the
?oyal family. 9ever go back to 7ersailles again. (ois try to escape) get captred) and
condemned to die.
2ov< !01=:
#old off chrch property to pay for the ?evoltion. #old to individals a
lot. 9otre 2ome N place of reasoning. People try to get people to stop
being *hristian and more like French people.
7uly< !0=0:
*hrch was pt into the pblic,s hands / it became an enemy to the
?evoltion. 2rastic N clergy being killed. *onter revoltion by some
people.
B. Three factors change" the "irection of the revolution:
!. Change in popular politics:
when common people got involved in comics. Incites violence a lot.
2. A crisis in lea"ership:
when (ois L7I and his family attempted to flee France. Daria,s brother was in
Astria. !hen they cold gather an army and retake France. !hey fail to escape. !hey,re
thrown into reglar prisons. French revoltionaries seen them as traitors for trying to
bring an army here. !hey take away his title.
%
+. International polari@ation:
war with the rest of Erope. @ther monarchs are scared. !hey thoght the
violence is getting ot of hand. !hey thoght it might spread.
a# the (eclaration of Pillnit@:
the statement issed by Astria and Prssia in $%H$ stating that the
restoration of order and the rights of the French monarch was a
matter of common interest to all sovereigns of Erope.
$%H4 / Astrian and Prssian armies have crossed into France and
are threatening to captre France. !hey thoght it was treason by
the king and his follows .the military chaos of France0.
,II. The Ra"ical Revolution:
Deeting of a ?evoltionary committee of srveillance dring the !error.
A. The 2ational Convention:
Dany are >acobins N a radical political clb. !akes a trn for the worse. (ed by
?obrse Piere.
B. Chronology:
$ept. 2!< !0=2:
France is declared a repblic. First French repblic.
$ept: $epte%er 4assacres
Between $k and $.&k presmed traitors were massacres becase opposing
armies were close to the city. (ot of the French militia that spport the
revoltion are on the otside fighting the men. Before the massacre)
anyone who disagreed with the revoltion was locked p. As the armies
get closer) the political leaders get worried that they will free the political
leaders. #o the political leaders are mrdered.
(ec.< !0=2:
=ing (ois L7I pt on trial for treason as I*itiAen (ois *apet.J
C
7an< !0=+:
A revoltionary displays the king,s head moments after it is severed by the
gillotine. Fe is broght in a closed carriage. When his wife goes) she is
broght in an open carriage. People harass her and stff. 9arrow streets.
ICiti@en Aouis Capet?
#tripped of his king title.
C. The Coittee of Pu%lic $afety:
e1ective committee of $4 members from the 9ational *onvention+ all
>acobins.
!. 4aBiilien Ro%espierre:
President of the 9ational *onvention
(eader member of the *ommittee of Pblic #afety
*onsidered Ithe !errorJ essential for the sccess of the revoltion
.was originally against death penalty) bt then went all for it+ increased the scope of
terror.0
2. )eorges 7acCues (anton:
!o save the ?epblic from its foreign enemies) the 9ational *onvention created a
new revoltionary army of nprecedented siAe.
+. 7ean Paul 4arat:
editor of (,Ami d Peple .!he Friend of the People0) an e1tremely radical
newspaper in Paris. Drdered by *harlotte *orday.
(. Chronology:
!hroghot Erope) the revoltionary army contined to win battles) bt at
home...
$&k officially killed by gillotine. '5= probably more accrate.
Aug.< !0=+:
?evoltionary government pts together an army that not only defends
France) bt begins an offensive.
H
$ept !0=+ through
7uly< !0=9: >Reign of Terror?
E. Other easures:
!. trie" to >"e6christiani@e? &rance:
An active policy of de"*hristianiAation. #top all *hristian holidays)
change calendar) street names. I?epblican *alendarJ to remove #abbath+
$5 day week and begins at the start of the revoltion. Propaganda against
the *atholic *hrch. !emple of ?easoning) etc.
2. The en" of the Coittee of Pu%lic $afety:
People grew tired of bloodshed.
,III. The (irectory:
2irectory / a board of ' men chosen by the national legislative assembly that
lasted ; years. 9ot doing anything to solve the problem at home.
ID. 2apoleon Bonaparte 8!0:=6!12!#:
A. Bac.groun":
#till cold not stabiliAe the contry) so by $%HH Abbe #ieyes will call 9apolean
Bonaparte to help solve the crisis.
9oble bt poor
Attended military academy in Paris
#on of a lawyer from *orsica. Anne1ed by France in $%&C
B. Coup "E etat:
the seiAre of political power by the military.
C. &ro >teporary consul? to Eperor:
in ' years. Ego. 8ood leader. ?led France for only $' years) bt few man have
had as agreat an impact o hi
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D. (oestic Policies of Eperor 2apoleon I:
A. Coproise /ith the Catholic Church:
*oncordate: an office agreement between the pope and a national government
convering the religios affairs of a contry.
B. The co"ification of la/s /ith a ne/ legal co"e in !109:
9apoleonic *ode: discarded legal traditions of the past and created one niform
law that applied to everyone.
C. Centrali@ation of authority:
DI. &oreign Policies of 2apoleon:
A. 'ars:
*onstantly in war.
B. 2apoleonEs )ran" Epire:
$. !he French Empire / inclded parts of western Italy and 8ermany
4. 2ependent states / #pain) Folland) etc. rled by 9apoleon,s
relatives.
-. Allied states / defeated by 9apoleon and forced to help him
against England.
C. The Continental $yste:
a policy pt into effect by 9apoleon in $C5& that banned English goods from the
continent.
'hy it faile":
British navy was too strong.
Internal tariffs between Eropean states.
$$
DII. The (o/nfall of 2apoleon:
A. Reasons:
!. )reat Britain:
9avy was too strong.
2. 2ationalis:
@ther contries band together against France.
B. The Russian Capaign:
$C$4 / 9apoleon was ready to pnish ?ssia for its violation of the *ontinental
system / invaded ?ssia with &55k soldiers. Winter kicks in) French
weren,t prepared. @nly abot ;5k troops retrn alive.
C. The Battle of the 2ations:
$C$-. 9apoleon forced to abdicate throne nconditionally in Darch of $C$;. #ent
to the island of Elba) off the Italian cost. 9apoleon loses.
(. The Battle of 'aterloo:
Foght in >ne of $C$'+ 9apoleon lost again and was sent to the island of #t.
Felena in the #oth Atlantic where he died in $C4$. French people like
9apoleon. England and Prssians take the lead. (asts - days.
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