Pre-Course Reading I

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Level 3 Certificate in Close Protection

INTRUDUCTION TO THE PRIVATE SECURITY INDUSTRY

The Security Industry has changed greatly over the years. Previously the Industry was
self regulating, meaning that no specific body governed the industry. This lack of
governance meant that organisations were free to decide how their procedures were
implemented including vetting, employment procedures and level of training given.

Many private security firms had aspired to give high quality security training to their
Security Guards, Door Supervisors or CCTV Operators, but this aspiration had never
been achieved as they continued to deploy staff with no industry training qualification
to work for their clients. This did not help to raise public confidence in those working
within the sector.

They continued to do this for a number of reasons, but not because there was no
security training courses available, but because the clients and the public viewed
Security Officers as a unskilled workers. Based on this belief, the clients were not
prepared to pay any reasonable wages in respect of the services provided by the
security companies. This in turn affected the pay rate received by individual security
officers, which had been too low. As a result, their performances were affected giving
rise to an entirely boring work environment. Most security officers therefore got fed-
up and often left the security industry, in many cases, without notice to their
employer. This then prompted the employer to recruit a replacement with no person
specification, job description, training and no method of assessment for suitability.
Under this condition the priority of the private security firm was to fill that vacancy as
soon as possible because the clients wanted somebody there. Those days are now
over.

The Security Industry Act 2001 (security licensing law) has now made it compulsory
for all those who work in the security industry to undergo SIA Security Licence
Training and possess a valid SIA licence.

PURPOSE OF THE SECURITY INDUSTRY

Purpose of the security industry is to provide systems and personnel to protect people,
property and premises. The industry is commonly divided into three main sectors:

! Physical Security
! Manned Services
! Systems
Physical Security
Includes additional security measures, such as barriers, locks, grills. It depend of
physical characteristics of the building and how they can be used to improve the
security of the premises. Todays role of the Close Protection Officer demand a
knowledge and use of technology to ensure the physical security measures are
adequate.

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Manned Services
Includes plain (Close Protection Officers) and uniformed security officers. The
manned services also covers store detection, dog handling, door supervision, Cash
and Valuables in Transit- CVIT, private investigations

Systems
This sector includes CCTV, alarm, access control and fire systems.

KEY PLAYERS IN THE SECURITY INDUSTRY

SECURITY INDUSTRY AUTHORITY (SIA)

The Security Industry Authority is the organisation
responsible for regulating the private security industry. They
are an independent body reporting to the Home Secretary,
under the terms of the Private Security Industry Act 2001.
Their mission is to regulate the private security industry effectively; to reduce
criminality, raise standards and recognise quality service. SIA remit covers the UK.
The two main duties of SIA are:

1. The compulsory licensing of individuals undertaking designated activities within
the private security industry

2. To manage the voluntary Approved Contractor Scheme, which measures private
security suppliers against independently assessed criteria.

SIA licensing covers manned guarding (including security guarding, door supervision,
close protection, cash and valuables in transit, and public space surveillance using
CCTV), key holding and vehicle immobilising. Licensing ensures that private security
operatives are fit and proper persons who are properly trained and qualified to do
their job.

SKILLS FOR SECURITY

Skills for Security, a not-for-profit skills body, was
created by employers to work with and on behalf of the
security industry to improve standards of professionalism and access to security
training and security qualifications for everyone working in the private security
sector.

Skills for Security provides National Occupational Standards (NOS), apprenticeships,
security training courses, training resources, examinations processing, research,
advice and information, and communication channels to government and regulatory
bodies.

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NATIONAL SECURITY INSPECTORATE (NSI)

National Security Inspectorate (NSI) has been the UK's leading
inspectorate for the security industry for over thirty years. As an
independent, not-for-profit organisation, NSI is the champion of high
standards across the security and fire industries. Companies achieving
approval through NSI must comply with relevant British and European
Standards as well as meeting the requirements of the police, fire
authorities and the insurance industry. This is an organisation that has the role of
inspecting companies to industry standards such us:

BS 7858:2006 Code of Practice for Security Screening of Personnel employed
in a Security Environment
BS 7499:2007 Code of Practice for Static site Guarding and Mobile Patrol
Services
BS 7984:2008 Code of Practice for Keyholding and Response Services
BS 7958:2005 Code of Practice for Closed-circuit Television (CCTV) -
Management and operation BS 7960:2005 Code of Practice for Door
Supervisors
BS 8406:2003 Code of Practice for Event Stewarding and Crowd Safety
Services
BS 7872:2002 Code of Practice for Operation of Cash-in-Transit Services
(collection & delivery)

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION

BSI British Standards is the UK's National Standards Body (NSB)
and was the world's first. It represents UK economic and
social interests across all of the European and international
standards organizations and through the development of business information
solutions for British organizations of all sizes and sectors. BSI British Standards
works with manufacturing and service industries, businesses, governments and
consumers to facilitate the production of British, European and international
standards. Part of BSI Group, BSI British Standards has a close working relationship
with the UK government, primarily through the UK Department for Business,
Innovation and Skills (BIS).

The British Standard Institution has produced a Code of Practice BS 7499 which
gives recommendations for the organisation, staffing, operation and management of
companies providing manned security services. More recently BS 8507-1 has been
released as the code of practice for Close Protection Services within the UK.

BRITISH SECURITY INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION BSIA

The British Security Industry Association (BSIA) is the
professional trade association for the security industry in the
UK. Its aim is to help its member companies succeed in an
ever-changing and highly competitive business environment.
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A vitally important element of this is ensuring its members provide the highest
possible standard of products and service to their customers.

THE LOCAL POLICE SERVICE

There are a lot of reasons why Close Protection Officer may become involved with
the police:

" Builuing a woiking piofessional ielationship
" Shaiing infoimation
" Pievention of bieaches of peace
Police liaison can be important within any close protection detail especially when
carrying out planning and preparation prior to working in new places or areas. We
will accept police advice and act upon shared information. This may include general
security advice, police response time, local crime issues

SECURITY INDUSTRY AUTHORITY LICENSING

Since the development of the Private Security Industry Act
2001 and the introduction of the Security Industry Authority
it has been an offence to work as a Close Protection Officer
in England, Scotland, Wales and with effect from 1
st

December 2009 Northern Ireland without holding a valid
Frontline SIA Licence for Close Protection (Contracted
Only).

Who Needs a Close Protection Licence?
A Close Protection licence is required when guarding one or more individuals against
assault or against injuries that might be suffered in consequence of the unlawful
conduct of others. This applies if your services are supplied for the purposes of or
in connection with any contract to a consumer.

Two Types of Licence
There are two types of SIA licence:
A front line licence is required if undertaking licensable activity, other than
key holding activities (this also covers undertaking non-front line activity). A
front line licence is in the form of a credit card-sized plastic card that must be
worn, subject to the licence conditions.
A non-front line licence is required for those who manage, supervise and/or
employ individuals who engage in licensable activity, as long as front line
activity is not carried out - this includes directors* or partners. A non-front
line licence is issued in the form of a letter that also covers key holding
activities.
*For the purposes of the Private Security Industry Act 2001, "director" means
executive and non-executive directors, shadow directors, parent company directors
and corporate entities holding a directorship.
If you have a non-front line licence you do not need to get another one if you are
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involved in another area of non-front line licensable activity (for example: if you are a
director of a firm supplying close protection operatives but you also supply security
guards, you will not need to get two licences).

Close Protection Licence
An SIA licence is required if you undertake the licensable activities of a close
protection operative and your services are supplied for the purposes of or in
connection with any contract to a consumer.
Unless your employer or company has been given an exemption under Section 4(4) of
the Private Security Industry Act 2001, it is a criminal offence to undertake the
licensable activities of a close protection operative without an SIA licence. An
exemption is applicable only where the company in question has been granted
approved contractor status by the SIA and the other conditions of Section 4(4) have
also been met.

Section 4(4)
A person will not be guilty of an offence under section 3 of the Private Security
Industry Act if the conditions of section 4(4) are met.
Please note, every condition must be met for in order for section 4 to apply.
A. Security activities are carried out by a security operative in their capacity as a
director, partner or employee;
B. An application for an SIA licence is pending;
C. The licence applied for would authorise the security operative to carry out the
security activities at (a) above, and is not one that has previously been refused;
D. The company or employer is currently registered as an approved provider of
security industry services under section 14 of the Private Security Industry Act
2001; and
E. the SIA has authorised that company or employer to use directors, partners or
employees whose applications are pending to carry out the security activities
at (a) above.

Penalties for operating without a licence
For those working in a licensable security role or supplying unlicensed security staff,
without an SIA licence the penalties are:
" summaiy conviction at a Nagistiate's Couit, Sheiiff Couit oi Bistiict
Couit: a maximum penalty of six months impiisonment anuoi a fine of
up to Suuu
oi
" tiial on inuictment at Ciown Couit, Bigh Couit of }usticiaiy oi Sheiiff anu
juiy tiial (foi supplying unlicenseu staff only), an unlimiteu fine anuoi
up to five yeais impiisonment.
Interested parties should seek their own independent legal advice on this matter if
they are concerned about their individual liabilities.

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The Cost of a licence application
The licence application fee is 245 for a three year licence. The fee is to cover the
cost of processing your application and is not refundable.
If you pay your own licence fee you may be able to claim tax relief against your
taxable income- for example, if you pay the basic rate of tax the relief is worth 49.

Qualifying for a licence
" Hold a recognized qualification in Close Protection at level three
" Hold an in date First Aid at work or First Person on Scene qualification with a
minimum of six months remaining
" Fit & proper person (criminal record check)
" Provide evidence of identification
" Must be aged 18 or over

Licence validity
Once your application is approved, your Close Protection licence will be valid for
three years. SIA will contact you before the expiry date (enclosing a renewal
application form), using the address at which your licence is registered, to remind you
that your licence is due for renewal.
Covert licence condition
You do not have to wear your licence where it can be seen, if you can demonstrate
that the nature of that conduct on that occasion requires that you should not be
immediately identifiable as someone engaging in such conduct. On such occasions
you must carry your licence on you and be able to produce it on request. This
condition allows store detectives or close protection operatives to perform licensable
activities without the need to be identifiable.
Licence integration
The front line close protection licence (CP) may be used to cover more than one
activity.
This activities are:
# CP - Close Protection
# DS - Door Supervision
# SG - Security Guarding
# CCTV2 - Public Space Surveillance (Only to identify a trespasser - protect property).
# KH - Key Holding
# Non-front line (all sectors)

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CPO AND THE LAW

Close protection officers are not to exceed the law!
No additional authority is afforded to the close
protection industry in addition to that of the powers
afforded to the average citizen.

Close protections officers during their normal duties
are required to deal with any number of situations
ranging from using basic communication skills to
avoid a confrontation or defuse it. At the other end a close protection officer may find
him/herself in the position where the use of extreme/deadly force is the only option
offered to them in order to protect their principal!

Therefore it is essential that every close protection officer is aware of the implication
of their actions and the limitations of their powers !

A good knowledge of the legislation and law is preferable in order to allow an
operative to fulfil his duty.

Common. Civil and Criminal Law
The Laws in the UK as in any other country, can be complex. In some countries may
be less complex and in some even more so. In England and Wales you must be aware
of different types of laws.

Civil law
Civil Law is the part of the law that deals with matters of the state such as Common
Law, Municipal Law and Private Law. Civil law is non criminal law, in civil cases
individuals who have a complaint either against an individual or a company can take
their complaints to a non criminal court, this is known as a civil case An example of
a civil case would be a Trespass. CPO cannot arrest someone for committing a civil
offence.

Trespass
During their duties, CPOs may be required to remove unwelcome people from a
venue or residence and its the rule of trespass that allows them to do this.
The trespassers should be asked to leave the
premises, politely but firmly. In such cases the
trespasser must be requested to leave before there
is any touching or use of force. If a trespasser is
,,handled,, it must be in such manner as is no
more than is necessary to remove them from the
property. If they refuse to leave after being asked,
they become legally a trespasser, and may be
physically removed from the premises by the CPO. The law allows CPOs to use
force in this circumstances, provided that they use only the force as is necessary to
remove to remove the trespasser from the premises. In case the trespasser use the
force it may be met with any reasonable force needed to overcome it and remove
them from the premises. Once they are removed (unless any other offences have been
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committed), than they should be released. If is necessary the CPOs can call the police
to help remove the trespasser from premises or residence of their principal and the
police have a duty to assist.

The Use of Force
By virtue of the demands of the job, Close Protection Officers may have to use a
certain amount of force when carrying out some of their duties, and the law allows
them to do this. The rules about the use of force are clear and Close Protection
Officers need to know them so that they can operate legally without being prosecuted
themselves.

If an individual is prosecuted after having acted, or having claimed to act, in self-
defence the courts will apply the following test:

Was the force used by the individual reasonable in the circumstances as he or she
believed them to be?

Reasonable Force
The amount of force that will be justified will depend on the circumstances in which it
is used. However, in principle almost any level of force may be justified if an
individual honestly believed it was necessary to prevent a crime taking place. In
deciding whether the amount of force used was reasonable a number of factors will be
taken into account, including:
The seriousness of the crime that an individual was acting to prevent For
example, it is unlikely that any force would be reasonable to prevent a thirteen
year old schoolboy stealing a chocolate bar;
Whether the crime could have been prevented in some other way perhaps by
alerting the police;
The strength of the individual using force relative to the person committing
the crime If a karate black-belt or a body-builder who works as a bouncer
uses force against a weaker person there is a high risk that it will be excessive.

The use of Force to Protect Property
When an individual takes action to prevent someone damaging or stealing his
property, or the property of another person, he is entitled to use force. The amount of
force that can be justified to protect property may well be lower than what can
reasonably be used to protect human life. If this defence is raised two questions will
have to be considered:
Whether the force was used to protect property from an attack - or the threat of
an attack - which would amount to a criminal or unlawful act;
Whether, given the circumstances as the individual saw them, it would be
objectively reasonable to use force in those circumstances.

Necessary Force
The general rule for application of force is that only necessary force may be used.
When force is applied by an individual (for example, to protect life, or property), the
amount of force permissible is, likewise, only that which is reasonable and necessary
under the circumstances.
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Criminal law
Criminal law is there to counter criminal activities against society. Upholding the law
is the responsibility of the police.

There are two sources of criminal law. In England and Wales these are ,,Common
Law,, and ,,Statue Law,, (Acts of Parliament).

The common law is the law of the United Kingdom, which has been created by
legislation passed by Parliament and given Royal Ascent. Murder, kidnapping,
manslaughter, incitement and conspiracy are common law offences.

Under ,,common law,, a person may use such force as is reasonable in the
circumstances for the purpose of:
a) Self defence
b) Defence of another person
c) Defence of their property

Self Defence
The law of self-defense in the United Kingdom is born out of the common law. That
means that defending oneself, defending property and defending others derives from
law made by judges rather than law made by the government in an Act of Parliament.
One can only use as much force in the defense of oneself, ones property, or others as
is reasonable in the circumstances.

The law on the prevention of crime, (a close cousin to self defense), is enacted by
virtue of Section 3(1) of the Criminal Law Act 1967. This section provides that A
person may use such force as is reasonable in the circumstances in the prevention of
crime, or in effecting or assisting in the lawful arrest of offenders or suspected
offenders or of persons unlawfully at large. What is central to both legal concepts is
the requirement of reasonable force. One can only use as much force as is reasonable
in the circumstances to:
prevent a crime;
effect or assist in the lawful arrest of offenders or suspected offenders;
effect or assist in the lawful arrest of persons unlawfully at large;
defend oneself;
defend ones property;
defend another.
A person who is attacked or believes that he is about to be attacked may use such
force as is reasonably necessary to defend himself or another or to defend his
property. If he uses reasonable force he will be acting in lawful self-defense, and
would not be guilty of an offence. A person does not need to be attacked before he
can avail himself of self defense. If he believes that he is about to be attacked he can
strike pre-emptively. There is no requirement to retreat when attacked even if the
opportunity to do so presents itself. Failing to avail oneself of such an opportunity is
simply a factor to be taken into account in deciding whether it was necessary to use
force at all.
Statue law is where most offences are defined. They have been created by acts of
Parliament. Sometimes this has meant the creation of an offence where none
previously existed.
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It is a responsibility of a close protection officer whilst acting as such to uphold the
law and to assist such agencies to uphold the law as necessary.

CPOs (as any member of public) may in certain circumstances arrest or use force
against someone who has committed a criminal offence. It is necessary for a close
protection officers to be aware of the criminal law classifications / types. These are as
follows:

Assault and Battery- An assault is defined as any act where person intentionally or
recklessly causes another person to apprehend immediate and unlawful violence.

Battery- Intentionally or recklessly apply unnecessary force to another person.

Common Assault (sec 39 of the criminal justice act 1988)- defined as assaulting a
person without inflicting damage. This the least serious classification of assault and
some of examples of this are: spitting, pushing, slaps or poking (typically not a police
case).

Actual Bodily Harm (ABH) (sec 47) It is an offence to assault any person causing
them actual bodily harm. Examples of ABH: broken or lost teeth, being knocked
unconscious, extensive or multiple bruising. Causing ABH on someone is an either-
way offence so CPOs have a power to arrest under Section 24A of the Police and
Criminal Evidence Act if the satisfying circumstances are available.

Grievous Bodily Harm (GBH) (sec 20) As ABH with the addition of wounds that
break the bodys epidermis, causes visual disfigurement, coma , broken or displaced
bones.

Grievous Bodily Harm With Intent- It is an offence unlawfully and maliciously, by
any means whatsoever, wound or cause any grievous bodily harm to any person, with
intent to do some grievous bodily harm, or with intent to resist or prevent the lawful
apprehension or detainment of any person.

Murder- Under Common Law it is an offence to cause the death of a human being,
either intending to kill that person or some other person, or o cause grievous bodily
harm. Murder is indictable offence.

Other common criminal activities that a CPO may encounter are:

Theft- The dishonest appropriation of someone elses property with the intention of
permanently depriving them of it.

Burglary- Any person that enters a building or part of a building without consent with
the intent of committing theft, criminal damage, rape or grievous bodily harm.

Robbery- A person is guilty of robbery when he steals and immediately before or at
the time doing so and, in order to steal, uses force on any person or puts any person or
seeks to put any person in fear of being subjected to force. This is an indictable
offence.
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Criminal Damage- occurs when a person without lawful excuse destroys or damages
property belonging to another, intending to damage or destroy such property, or is
reckless as to whether such property would be destroyed or damaged.

Criminal damage with intent to endanger life- Damage with intent to endanger
life....damage to his/her or another property that may cause a threat to life.

Offensive Weapons
It is an offence for any person who without lawful authority or reasonable excuse, the
proof whereof shall lie on him, has with him in any public place any offensive
weapon shall be guilty of an offence.

Bladed Sharply Pointed Articles
Section 139 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 makes it an offence for a person to have
with him in a public place of any article which has a blade or is sharply pointed,
(including a folding pocket knife if the cutting edge of its blade exceeds 7.62cm/3
inches)

Rape
Rape is a statutory offence in England and Wales. The offence is created by section 1
of the Sexual Offences Act 2003:

1-(1) A person (A) commits an offence if:
(a) he intentionally penetrates the vagina, anus or mouth of another person (B)
with his penis,
(b) B does not consent to the penetration, and
(c) A does not reasonably believe that B consents

Arrest a Last Resort

What is an arrest?
An arrestable offence is an offence where the sentence is fixed by law, for example
murder because this carries a fixed sentence of life imprisonment or any other offence
for which the maximum sentence that could be given to an adult is at least five years.

Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) defines arrestable offences as: Any
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offence in which the sentence is fixed by law. This includes life imprisonment.
Who carries powers of arrest?
Being a Close Protection Officer does not give you specific powers of arrest. The only
power that you have is the same as those of any other member of the general public.
Powers of arrest are obviously held by the police, but they are also held by private
citizens. The police have more powers to actually arrest people but private citizens
(included CPO) also have the right to perform what is known as a citizens arrest
when they feel the need to do so. The powers of arrest are not something to be abused
by the police or by a public citizen and are powers that should only be used
responsibly.

Private Citizens powers of arrest
A citizen's arrest (officially called an "any person arrest") is permitted to be made on
any person under section 24A of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 for an
indictable offence, including either way offences (in this section referred to simply as
"an offence"), but excluding certain specific ones listed below. It is thus permissible
for any person to arrest:
" Anyone who in the act of committing an offence, or whom the arrestor has
reasonable grounds for suspecting to be in the act of committing an offence, or
" Where an offence has been committed, anyone who is guilty of that offence or
whom the arrestor has reasonable grounds for suspecting to be guilty of it
In order for the arrest to be lawful, the following two conditions must also be
satisfied:
" It appears to the person making the arrest that it is not reasonably practicable
for a constable to make the arrest instead
" The arrestor has reasonable grounds for believing that the arrest is necessary
to prevent one of the following:
" The person causing physical injury to himself or others
" The person suffering physical injury
" The person causing loss of or damage to property
" The person absconding before a constable can assume responsibility for
him
Use of the second power above is rather risky, since it relies upon the person carrying
out the arrest knowing that an indictable or either way offence has been committed. If,
for example, the arrested person is later acquitted in court, then it could be concluded
that no offence has been committed; thus, the arrest would be unlawful. The Act
therefore gives a constable additional powers under section 24 to arrest the following:
Anyone who is (without doubt) about to commit an offence, or whom the constable
has reasonable grounds for suspecting to be about to commit an offence
Anyone whom the constable has reasonable grounds for suspecting to be guilty of an
offence which is merely suspected to have taken place

Limitations to Arrest
As we mentioned a Close Protection Officer have not any special powers because of
the yob you do, but you do have the same ,,Common Law,, (Civil and Criminal Law
module) and some statutory powers of arrest as all other members of the public i.e. a
citizens arrest.
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It is important to remember that Close Protection Officer are not police officers, but
still have an important role to play when it comes to upholding the law.

How to Make a Citizen's Arrest and Stay Within the Law
If you are ever called upon to make a citizens arrest, it is vital that you stay within
the law. With compensation culture on the increase and criminals increasingly
complaining about the violation of their human rights, the one thing you must ensure
is that there is no chance that your actions, however well-intended, can have
consequences which you most certainly did not intend, such as landing yourself in
trouble with the law.

Excessive Force
The first thing to bear in mind is not to use excessive force upon the person you are
arresting. You must be confident that a crime has been committed, is being committed
or is about to be committed by the person you are arresting, but if you use excessive
force, this could be interpreted as some kind of revenge or reprisal attack rather than
carrying out a legal measure.

First Steps
If there are no police officers present, and it is safe to assume this is the case, as
otherwise you would not be making a citizens arrest, then notify the police if you can
and they can come to apprehend the offender. There are plenty of cases when this
might be the best course of action, such as if the offender is not likely to disappear,
such as if you know where they live, or if the crime which you believe they intend to
commit is not happening imminently. Even if you know that the police will not be
able to make it in time to apprehend the offender themselves, it is still best, where
possible, to let them know what you intend to do as they can then be on their way to
the scene and it gives you some protection if your actions are later scrutinised in court

Think
In a situation where you believe a crime to have been committed, you must think very
carefully before you act, as emotions can often be heightened if someone is suspected
of wrongdoing. If you are on duty as CPO think on security of your protectee.
However, if you have interpreted the situation incorrectly, you run the risk of
apprehending an innocent person. This is why citizens arrests are usually used in
very clear cut circumstances where there can be no mistake that a crime is being
committed by the person you are detaining.
What to Say
Before you attempt to arrest the offender, it is best to warn them by telling them to
stop what they are doing. Then tell them what you intend to do. They may attempt to
run away or struggle or even hurt you, but it is still wise to announce what you are
doing. When the police arrive and if you did not notify them before, this the point
you must call them, make yourself known to them immediately, telling them what you
did and why what you saw, what you believed to be happening and how you
restrained the offender. One other key point to bear in mind when making a citizens
arrest is that you will more than likely have to give evidence if the case comes to trial.
This means confronting the offender again and possibly being questioned, so make
sure you take stock of what is going on around you and pay attention to what happens
so that you may better recollect it in court.
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Arrest at Common Law for Breach of the Peace
In England and Wales although not a statutory offence but a common law offence,
"breach of the peace" is widely used.

Police and any other person (including CPOs)
have a power to arrest a person to "prevent a further breach of the peace" which
allows for the police or the public to arrest a person before a breach of the peace has
occurred. This is permitted when it is reasonable to believe should the person remain,
that they would continue with their course of conduct and that a Breach of the Peace
would occur. Breach of the Peace is usually used to remove violent, potentially
violent or provocative offenders (it is not necessary for the offender himself to be
physically involved in any violence) from a scene rapidly.

Anyone found committing a breach of the peace inside licensed premises would
normally be dealt with by way of ejection. If someone is committing such a breach
outside the premises or residence, then Close Protection Officer would normally call
the police to deal with it. Close Protection Officers should only use the power of
arrest as a last resort, usually to prevent a person from hurting someone else.
Searching
There will be occasions when CPO will need to carry out physical body search on
individual. This may be on staff leaving or entering the residence CPO have no
legal right to search anyone and specific conditions have to be in place before
searching can take place. These include:
Agreement in place with employees, in their conditions of employment, to allow
personal searching
" Written agreement between the customer and security company that searching
" is part of the duties
" Obtain permission of person to be searched
Close Protection Officers Rights of Search
This means that:
" they have no special authority to search
" even if searching is part of their duties, they must never use force
The 4 Ps of Searching
What sort of manner or attitude should a Close Protection Officer adopt?

Get Permission
It cannot be stressed enough that: consent to a search must always be sought.

Be Polite
When conducting personal searches, Close Protection Officers must remember that
they are invading someones privacy and treat others as they would wish to be treated.
Also, by being polite, the CPO will gain more co-operation from the person he/she is
searching.

Be Positive
Whilst conducting a search, the CPO should remember to adopt a positive attitude.
This will instil confidence and reassure the person being searched that the correct
procedure is being followed.
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Be Professional
Remember searches must not be carried out on people on the grounds of dress, ethnic
origins or religion. CPO must make sure that the search is fair and lawful.

Close Protection Officers must always obtain the individual's permission prior to
search

If agreement exists, the assignment instructions will give detailed information relating
to searches.
" When and where searching is to be carried out
" Type of search to be used
" Is company representative to be present
" Actions in event of problems
Visitors to site can be refused access if they refuse to be searched.
Notices must be prominently displayed for visitors if searching is to be carried out.

Types of Search
Two types of searching - what are they?
Random & Specific
Features of a random search
" Mainly used as a deterrent
" Randomly selected people, (not every third or fifth person) or on random days/
times
" Care in selection of people is important to avoid unnecessary claims of
harassment or victimization
Features of a specific search
" Usually carried out when information, or evidence is obtained relating to
specific incidents
Possible sources of information are:
" person observed by means of CCTV
" person observed by a CPO
" as a result of investigation
" as a result of other information
Remember in these cases there may be evidence involved that has to be handled
carefully.
Personal Searches
The behaviour of the CPO at the time of the search will have an effect on the reaction
of the person being searched.

It is important:
" to be sensitive to peoples embarrassment
" to be firm
" to be tactful
" to be polite
" not to ridicule
" not to be threatening
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The use of words like 'please' and 'thank you' will help to maintain a normal
atmosphere.
When people are upset or embarrassed they often become abusive or aggressive -
this does not mean they have something to hide.
Remember: only women can search women and only men can search men.
Male CPO can search a female's handbag - with her consent.
How should a CPO search clothing and bags?
" Do not put hands into pockets, bags etc
" Ask the owner to self-search, ie empty their own bags and pockets
By following these procedures CPO will avoid:
" accusations of impropriety
" accusations of planting of evidence
" risk of injury to him/herself
Remember:
" Assignment instructions will detail specific rules
" Personal searches are usually carried out in a specific location and in privacy
" It is good practice to have a witness to a search. Preferably a member of site
management or another CPO
" Ensure that appropriate personal protective equipment is worn as necessary
CPO tasks if someone refuses to be searched.
The CPO should:
" ask for reasons of refusal
" remind them that there is an agreement to conduct searches
" obtain the name and address of a person refusing to be searched
" ask the person to remain with him/her until a customer representative arrives
" refuse access, if searching on entry
Documentation
What records do CPO have to keep and why?
Search register detailing:
" date and time of search
" identification of person
" registration/ type of vehicle
" driver's company name
" comments - results (details of finds)
" signature of person searched
" note of any refusal
Accurate record keeping can help disprove allegations of victimisation.

Finding property during searches
" Person may have the authority to be in possession of the property found. CPO
should not assume guilt but ask.
" Receipts may be issued eg purchases from a staff shop. Assignment
instructions will detail acceptable proof.
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If no proof or acceptable reason is given for possession of property what action would
a CPO take?

Ask the person to remain with him/her while he/she contacts the customer /
management according to assignment instructions
" Ensure the search register/log is completed
" Follow customer/management instructions
" Do not attempt to detain the person forcibly
" Report any goods found according to assignment instructions.

IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICES (IED) AWARNES

What is an IED?
IED definition:
" Device placed and/or fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating
destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic, or incendiary chemicals and designed
to destroy, incapacitate, harass, or distract
" An IED may incorporate military stores but is often devised from nonmilitary
components
Main designs
IEDs are defined by their purpose and are divided into two main functioning
designs:
" Antiproperty
" Antipersonnel
Antiproperty IEDs Blast Devices

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Antiproperty IEDs are designed to destroy buildings or property, or to cause enough
damage to ensure the building or property is unable to be used for its intended
purpose. Antiproperty IEDs also can be used to frighten or harass individuals or
companies. Criminal elements may use these devices for threat or insurance fraud.
Blast devices generally use only explosives to create a blast wave. There are two
components to a blast wave: first, the high pressure creates a shock wave that is the
primary damage mechanism in an explosion, then the blast wind hits the structure.
The pressure that the shock wave exerts on building surfaces is probably several times
greater than that which the building is designed to withstand. The shock wave also
acts in directions that the building is probably not built for, such as up through the
floor structures. The air-blast first attacks the weakest point closest to the explosion,
typically the exterior envelope of the building. The explosion pushes on the exterior
walls of the lower stories and may cause wall failure and window breakage. As the
shock wave continues to expand, it enters the structure, pushing both upward and
downward on the floors. Floor failure is common in large-scale vehicle-delivered
explosive attacks.

Antiproperty Incendiary Devices
Improvised incendiary devices can be as simple as fuel in a bottle with a rag in the top
(Molotov cocktail) or black powder ignited with a broken flashlight bulb to a more
complicated device with sodium mixed with acid to create a timed device. The
Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) and the U.K. Animal Liberation Front
(ALF) used timed cigarette packet incendiary devices to great effect during the
seventies, eighties and nineties. Studies of early bombing raids showed that pound for
pound incendiary bombs caused four to five times more damage than high-explosive
bombs.
Blast/incendiary combinations are used when both destruction from a blast and a
following fire hazard is required. PIRA extensively used blast/incendiary devices on
the outside of buildings, using the blast to make way for the resulting incendiary to
start a fire. Terrorist groups in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Chechnya, and other
countries have also used blast/incendiary devices. They are commonly used on gas
pipelines to break the pipe and ignite the gas.

Antipersonnel Blast Devices
Antipersonnel IEDs are used to kill, disfigure, or harass individuals or groups of
people. The pressure from the blast damages organs, particularly at air-fluid
interfaces, and the wind propels fragments and people, causing penetrating or blunt
injuries.

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Enhanced-blast explosive devices, in contrast, can have more damaging effects. A
primary blast from these devices disseminates the explosive and then triggers it to
cause a secondary explosion. Enhanced-blast devices cause a greater proportion of
primary blast injuries than do conventional devices.
Organs that are more likely to be damaged: Eyes, Ears, Brain
(injuries without physical signs), Lungs, Gastro-intestinal
(GI) tract.
Injuries occur when the victim is projected by the blast,
becoming a missile, and is either impaled on a sharp object
or hits a hard surface, such as a wall or concrete floor,
resulting in a combination of penetrating and/or blunt force
injuries, such as fractures, penetrations, and closed/open
brain injuries. Ruptured Tympanic Membrane
Penetrating wounds may be caused by explosive devices
that contain metallic and other fragments. Penetrating
injuries are the leading cause of death and injury in both
military and civilian terrorist attacks, except in cases of a
major building collapse. Fragments can travel at velocities
of up to 2,700 feet per second (fps).

IEDs Without High/Homemade Explosives
Not all IEDs have only high or homemade explosives; some may contain:
" Incendiary mixes
" Pyrotechnics
" Lethal or noxious chemicals
" Body fluids and/or pathological waste
Incendiary mixes
Incendiaries destroy all types of flammable structures and materials, such as wooden
structures. Napalm and other petroleum-based incendiaries, which burn at about 1,832
degrees Fahrenheit, keep combustion going by using oxygen from the air. The fire can
be extinguished by removing all oxygen from the fire, or smothering it.
Pyrotechnics
Most people think that pyrotechnics only include fireworks, but they also include
military and industrial uses. Pyrotechnics include flares, oxygen candles, safety
matches, explosive bolts and fasteners, and initiators for airbags in cars.
Lethal oi Noxious Chemicals
Lethal and noxious chemicals are not difficult to obtain. Every year millions of
pounds are produced for many different manufacturing processes. Some of the lethal
or noxious chemicals Hydrogen Cyanid, Chlorine, Ricin
Body Fluids/Pathological Waste
Flying shrapnel and debris from detonated IEDs frequently cause traumatic injuries
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and create the kind of blood-borne pathogen hazards. To make matters even worse,
terror groups have used IEDs containing blood bags and hypodermic needles
contaminated with hepatitis, HIV, and other germs that cause disease.

Types of IEDs
There are three types of IEDs:
Packaged IEDs: These are IEDs that are carried
by a bomber to a target and detonated. With this
type of device, the bomber carries the IED in a
container that is appropriate for the environment
and is, thus, unlikely to arouse suspicion. The
device may be concealed in an ordinary shopping
bag, knapsack, musical instrument case, or any
similar container that may be carried easily.
These devices may contain several pounds of explosives in addition to shrapnel and
other hazardous items (chemicals, biological materials).

Vehicle-borne IEDs (VBIEDs): These are IEDs that are contained and delivered to
the target in a vehicle. The vehicles used for VBIEDs come in all shapes, colors, and
sizes, and vary depending on the types of vehicles available. Terrorists have
increasingly used larger amounts of explosives in VBIEDs, the explosive charge has
ranged anywhere from 100 lbs. to well over 1,000 lbs. The vehicle itself will produce
vast amounts of shrapnel; however, the historical method of operation for VBIEDs is
to add many more pounds of additional shrapnel to enhance the effect.

Suicide/homicide IEDs: Although called a suicide
bomber, the main aim of the terrorist is not just to
die, but to kill or injure the maximum number of
perceived enemies as well. A person-borne
suicide bomb usually employs a commercial,
military, or homemade explosive with
fragmentation contained in a vest, belt, or piece
of clothing that is specifically modified to carry
this material and uses a command detonation
firing system (some sort of switch or button the
person activates by hand). Vehicle-borne suicide
bombs employ the same methods and characteristics of other package or vehicle
bombs, using a hand-operated command detonation firing system from within the
vehicle.

IED Components
" Main charge (explosives)
" Initiators
" Power source
" Switches (arming and firing)
" Containers

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Main Charge Classification of Explosions
" Combustion (burning)
" Detonation
" Primary
" Secondary
Explosions are usually classified as detonation or combustion (also known as
deflagrating or burning). In a combustion explosion, the burning travels rapidly from
one end of the charge to the other. Complete combustion usually only takes a few
thousandths of a second. An example of a combustion explosive is gunpowder. When
a detonation occurs a shock wave is delivered to the explosive and all particles
spontaneously combust, usually in a few millionths of a second. There are two
categories of detonating explosives: primary and secondary. The two types differ by
the source of the detonation. Primary explosives are ignited by a spark or flame, by
impact or any other heat mechanism. Secondary explosives (do not confuse with
secondary devices) require a detonator using a smaller but more sensitive type of
explosive. Some secondary explosives may need a supplementary booster. There are a
few explosives that can fill the role of both primary and secondary detonator,
depending on the application.

Main Charge Military Explosives
C-4: An odorous, white to light brown. A major
advantage of C-4 is that it can easily be molded
into any desired shape. C-4 is also well-known
for its durability and reliability. It will not
explode even if hit by a bullet, struck, dropped, or
thrown into a fire. The only reliable method for
detonation is via a detonator or blasting cap.

SEMTEX-H: A completely odorless, orange to orange-brown.
It is the explosive of choice for most Soviet block countries.
SEMTEX is a general-purpose plastic explosive produced in
blocks of varying sizes, used for military purposes and
commercial blasting.

Military dynamite: A dynamite variation, it typically contains motor oil, cornstarch,
TNT, and RDX(a chemical used mainly in military weapons). This crumbly, slightly
oily substance is granular and a light tan to light yellow color and is wrapped in
colored wax paper. Sticks are marked with an M1, M2, or M3, which signifies the
size of the stick.

German DM-12: Similar to other German demolition
blocks of pressed Trinitrotoluene (TNT), but it contains a
plasticizer, which makes it malleable.

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U.S. TNT demolition blocks: Adapted from commercial TNT blocks, the blocks are
cast and covered by olive green cardboard containers with thin sheet metal caps. The
explosive yield of TNT is considered the standard measure of strength for bombs and
other explosives.

PE4: A conventional plastic explosive, widely used
by the U.K. military for defensive and offensive use,
PE4 is RDX-based and is available in cartridge and
bulk form.

Main Charge High Explosives (Commercial Explosives)
The majority of commercial explosives used are ammonium nitrate-based bulk
explosives. Many worldwide terrorist organizations have much easier access to
commercial explosives through lack of security or easier purchasing methods.
Examples of commercial explosives include:
Commercial C-4: Commercial C-4 is usually found in a slightly powdery form. When
massaged or squeezed, it becomes rubbery. Once fully plasticized, it can be kneaded
and pressed into any shape.

Booster: Most boosters are high power, dense explosives made of Pentolite with a
capwell running through the center. They are the most sensitive commercial high
explosives, which are normally used to initiate bulk or less sensitive explosives.

Binary explosives: Binary explosives are
modern explosives used on farms and in
construction. Binary explosives are normally
ammonium nitrate and nitromethane, and, as
the name suggests, the two components are
separated until required for use. Each
component on its own is stable and only
becomes volatile when mixed. The
nitromethane is very toxic and should be handled with care.
Commercial dynamite: Most dynamites contain diluted nitroglycerine to modify the
effect in some way. Dynamite sticks, which are wrapped with brown paraffin-coated
paper, are 8 inches long and 1 to 2 inches in diameter. In an open fire (unconfined), it
will burn freely. However, if subjected to any pressure while burning, the dynamite
will violently explode. Usually another explosive is used to initiate it, such as with a
detonator or blasting cap. Modern dynamite has many variants, including gelatin
dynamite, ammonia dynamite...
Gels: Developed to remove the nitroglycerine hazard
associated with dynamite. They are less sensitive,
more economical, and more efficient than traditional
dynamite.

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Emulsions: Emulsions are normally used for blasting or as a booster. Emulsions are
creamy-white, pink, or gray in appearance, and are made by suspending ammonium
nitrate powder in fuel by an emulsifying agent. Emulsions are less sensitive than
dynamite, but they have the equivalent power.

Bulk explosives: Bulk explosives are normally used for mining and quarrying and, as
such, are classified as blasting agents. They are normally ammonium nitrate-based,
which makes them less sensitive, more economical, and more efficient than traditional
dynamite.

Main Charge Low Explosives (Commercial Explosives)
Many low explosives are used in 69% of terrorist devices in the United States.
Terrorist devices using low explosives tend to be small, in the 1/2 to 2 lbs. range,
because low explosives must be confined in a small, hard container, such as a steel or
PVC pipe. Large devices tend to be unconfined and must use a high explosive, such
as dynamite or ammonium nitrate and fuel oil (ANFO).

ANFO

Black powder: The original gunpowder, black powder is used mainly in fireworks,
model rocket engines, and reproductions of muzzle-loading weapons.

Smokeless powder: Smokeless powders, or propellants, are mixtures of chemicals
designed to burn under controlled conditions. Specially designed to burn at specific
rates, they propel all sorts of different projectiles from a gun.

Main Charge Improvised Explosives
Commonly referred to as Homemade Explosives
Because they are homemade, improvised explosives are commonly referred to as
Homemade Explosives or HME. Their degree of sensitivity varies greatly,
although the terrorists are getting better at enhancing their effects through production.
Production of HME is relatively simple, with recipes easily available from the
Internet, underground publications, and even public libraries.

Fuel and oxidants are the two essential ingredients required to manufacture
homemade, or improvised, explosives. If oxidizer and fuel are mixed and the reaction
is sufficiently rapid, explosive is formed. Examples of fuels used to manufacture
homemade explosives: Fuel oil, Glycerin, Wax, Petroleum

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Examples of homemade explosives:
Ammonium Nitrate and Fuel Oil (ANFO) is the most infamous of improvised
explosives used by terrorists. ANFO has been used in attacks by the Provisional IRA
(PIRA) in Ireland.

Acetone peroxide (triacetonetriperoxide or TATP), a primary high explosive
(sometimes called Acetone Hydrogen Explosive), is a white crystal-like powder with
a distinctive acrid smell. Highly sensitive to friction, shock, and heat, it is nicknamed
the Mother of Satan because of its volatility and the injuries and deaths it has
caused to bomb makers. TATP generally burns when small quantities are ignited but
detonates if confined. Larger quantities will typically detonate.
TATP was used as the trigger by Richard Reid when he
tried to detonate a shoe bomb on a flight from Paris to
Miami in December 2001. Another bomber, Sajid Badat,
who aborted his mission, was given an identical
device.TATP/HMTD can be made with a wide variety of
peroxide strengths and acids. The only effect on the
mixture will be the power the explosive produces.

Shoe bomb

Initiators
" Also calleu uetonatois oi caps
" Subject the high explosive to a shock wave, which
initiates the uetonation
" Composeu of:
$ Betonatoi - easily igniteu low explosive
$ Piimei - substance that piouuces a suuuen buist
of flame to ignite uetonatoi
" Blasting cap may contain piimei alone oi both
piimei anu uetonatoi.

Initiators are devices used to start the sequence of events leading to an explosion, also
known as an explosive train. They create a spark or shock that causes an explosive to
react. Initiators are composed of detonators, which are low explosives that are easily
ignited and produce a shock wave, and primers, which are substances that produce a
burst of flame that ignites the detonator. The primer may be ignited by heat (i.e.,
burning fuse), electrically heated wire, friction, or mechanical shock. Depending on
the preferred method of initiating the explosion, the initiator may be composed of a
primer and a detonator, or it may contain only a primer.

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Initiators Electric Detonators
Electric blasting caps are similar to nonelectric blasting caps but normally have longer
tubes to accommodate a fuse head (electrical or exploding
bridge wire) and lead wires, which are not present in
nonelectric blasting caps.
Delay detonators: Similar to electric but have combustible
chemical between match head and primary explosive,
delaying initiation from one second to milliseconds. These
detonators are normally used for mining and building
demolition.

Initiators Nonelectric Detonators
Nonelectric detonators consist of a sensitive explosive train
housed inside an aluminum or copper tube. The most
common primary and secondary explosives for blasting caps
are lead Azide and PETN (Penthrite) or Tetryl.

Nonelectric detonators are initiated by either:
" Safety fuse
" Betonating coiu
" Electiic squibs
Squibs are an electrically initiated detonator used to generate highpressure, gas, heat,
and shock.

Initiators Improvised Detonators
Bulb-style improvised detonators: Include any bulbs that have
been modified to detonate when power is applied. A common
method of modifying a bulb is to crack open an automotive
taillight or flashbulb so that the filament is exposed to the
explosive or to fill the bulb with match head scrapings or a
similar combustible material.

Electric squib improvised detonators: Consist of a
modified bridge wire that has been enhanced by an
acetone and match head mixture or similar combustible
compound.

Power Source
Improvised explosive devices using electrical components have to use a power
source. In most cases, the power source will be a battery; however, devices have been
found using capacitors and various other power sources.
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Power Source Batteries
Carbon zinc and alkaline batteries are the most
common form of commercial batteries and are
subsequently the most common type of power
source for terrorist bombs. They are easy to buy
and virtually impossible to trace.
Other types of batteries include nickel cadmium,
metal hydride, lead acid, lithium and mercury.
Most terrorists do not use these nongeneric
batteries since they are much easier to trace than alkaline or carbon zinc batteries.

Power Source Capacitors
Capacitors store charges like batteries but discharge
those charges much quicker. Capacitors can consist of
ceramic materials or wax paper and aluminum foil, and
may be impregnated with oil. Commercial capacitors
come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes and can store
voltages from a fraction of a volt to thousands of volts.

Power Source Other Sources
Facility Power: Any facility that has power connected to it is a ready supply of power,
using the many power outlets built in.
Telephone lines: Phone lines provide a direct current (DC) power from storage
batteries backed up by generators. DC power from the modular jacks are easily
converted to a voltage that can be used to function an initiator.
Solar: Many rural areas use portable solar systems to power road sign lights and other
essential services.

Switches Arming Using Mechanic Switch
Mechanical switches are basic in design and normally align an explosive train,
complete an electrical circuit, or free a cocked firing switch.

Pin release switch: Also called a safety pin, a pin release
switch consists of any object that can be removed from a
cocked mechanism or removes a blocking mechanism to
allow another mechanical or victim-operated switch to
function. A victim-operated switch, often referred to as a
booby trap, is a switch that the
victim triggers inadvertently.

Button switch: Switch that can be pressed to an on or off
position. This switch is normally used for arming a device
by completing an electrical circuit.

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Slider switch: Switch that can be pushed to an on or
off position. This type of switch can be used to
complete an electrical circuit.

!"#$%&'( * +,-#./ 0(#./ 1#-'
Arming switches are the elements of the IED that allow for safe transport of the
device and safe separation for the perpetrator.
Time delays can be achieved through:

Clockwork: An electric timer can arm a device if used with a transistor and a relay
using a time delay. A common method used to arm a device is to attach a lever to the
moving part of a standard kitchen timer, which, in turn, functions a microswitch; the
normal delay is a maximum of 60 minutes.

Electronic: Circuit boards with electronic counting and timing
chips are used to achieve specific arming times. Electronic
timers can be built with unlimited time delay periods.

Switches Arming Using Command
Command arming of devices allows the terrorist more control over when the arming
will occur. It also allows him to be farther away from the device before it is armed,
letting him leave a device in place many days prior to use.
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Command arming can be:
" Wireless: Standard telephones can communicate with cellular phones and
pagers to arm a device.
" Cable: Standard demolition or electrical wire can be directly wired to an IED
circuit, run out to a required length, and then twisted together to complete the
circuit, arming the device.

Switches Firing Using Time
Firing switches are used as a trigger for the
initiator

Seattle-style timers: Homemade timers that use
Casio watches attached to hobby breadboards
with optical isolators and field effect transistors
(FETs). These components, when correctly
assembled, can be used as a short or long delay
timer. These devices got their name because of
their use by Ahmed Ressam, The Millennium
Bomber, who was arrested on the Seattle/
Canadian border in December 1999 on his way
to carry out a bomb attack on Los Angeles International Airport on New Years Eve.
In addition to a large quantity of explosives, he was carrying several Seattle-style
timers.
Switches Firing Using Command Wire
Command-wire firing allows a terrorist to fire a device either at a safe distance, but in
view of the target area, or many miles away, with the use of a cell phone.
Command-wire firing entails the use of a hard firing wire to fire a device by either
having a battery at the firers end and connecting the wires to the battery terminal, or
having a power source at the device and twisting the wires together at the firers end
to make a circuit. Command wire can be:
" Used in areas that have no natural or man-made cover, where the terrorist can
use a field or fence line to conceal the wire.
" Used for attacks in built-up areas or on roads where natural cover, such as
earth mounds, can hide the terrorist. As shown in the picture on the right, the
wire can run from the road to an earth mound.
" Used in conjunction with radio control (RC). The terrorist, knowing the
limitation of electronic countermeasure (ECM) equipment, moves the receiver
outside the ECM bubble and runs firing wire from it to the device.

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Switches Firing Using Radio Control
Command radio control (RC) devices are quickly becoming the terrorist firing system
of choice since they are easily emplaced, have precise timing for initiation, have no
physical link, and, most importantly, have a global range if a cell phone is used.
Car alarm system: One of the most prolific RCIED systems in use in Iraq is the car
alarm system. It is very easy to modify for use as a trigger for an explosive device.
The power is supplied by a 12 V battery, and output can be taken from a number of
manufactured terminals. As with the garage door opener and door bell devices, the
transmitter for this device is small and easy to conceal. This makes it ideal for the
terrorist as it does not draw attention while he is trying to detonate the device.
Garage door opener: Used extensively in Iraq to fire devices. The terrorist conceals
himself somewhere protected from, but close enough to the device that he can press
the open button on the garage door remote, operating the door opener mechanism,
functioning the device.
Hobby aircraft controllers (AC) and servo: Hobby aircraft controllers are easy to buy
and simple to use to remotely fire an IED.
Switches Firing Using Cell Phones/Radios
With just a few minor additional components, cell
phones can easily become a firing system for
IEDs. There are even some cell phones, sold
mainly in Asia, that do not need any additional
components and will fire directly from the phone.
With the onset of pay-as-you-go phones, it is
becoming increasingly difficult to trace the
purchase. In Japan, it is now possible to buy a cell
phone from a vending machine with a set amount
of minutes on the phone. Once used, it can be
discarded into a cell phone return receptacle.

Switches Firing: Simple Victim Operated
As the term implies, victim-operated devices are designed to function when opened
by, or near to, a specific person or group of people. They are broken down into two
categories: simple switches and complex switches.

Simple Victim-Operated Switches

Lift: Switch that completes a circuit when pressure is removed or a device is lifted.
Common improvised switches may use clothespins, microswitches, springs, or
weights. Common commercial switches, such as microswitches, are also available.
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Pressure: Switch that completes a circuit when
pressure is applied. Common improvised switches use
metal plates separated by wax paper, clothespins, or
springs. Many common commercial switches, such as
microswitches, are also available.

Pull: Switch that completes a circuit when
pulled upon or when a blocking mechanism is
removed. Common improvised pull switches
may use clothespins, mousetraps, springs,
looped electrical wire, or commercial
mechanical switches.
Release: Switch that completes a circuit when tension or pressure is removed.
Common improvised switches may use clothespins, mousetraps, or springs. Many
common commercial switches, such as pressure release microswitches, are easy to
obtain.

Trembler: Switch that is functioned by vibration.

Switches Firing: Complex Victim Operated
Temperature: Switch that completes an electrical circuit when a particular
temperature or change in temperature is achieved. Basic improvised switches, such as
melting ice, are unpredictable. Advanced improvised switches use modified
commercial temperature switches that vary from insensitive to extremely sensitive to
temperature changes.
Acoustic: Switch that completes an electrical circuit when exposed to a certain noise
level. Improvised switches normally utilize modified commercial acoustic sensors.
Magnetic: Switch that completes an electrical circuit
when a magnetic field is either applied or removed.
Improvised switches normally utilize commercial reed
switches or complete commercial switch packages. This
type of switch is one of the only boobytrap or victim-
operated mechanisms that could also be used to arm a
device. The addition of other components can turn these
switches into a selective device. For example, the fourth
person to open a door will function the device.

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Proximity or infrared: An advanced form of an
infrared switch that sees or senses movement or
cold heat, such as a persons body heat. Common
improvised switches utilize commercially available
sensors linked to a relay and transistor to function an
electric blasting cap.

Light: Switch that closes or opens an electrical circuit when it sees light.

Container
Outer container: Due to the number of components that make up a typical IED, and
sometimes the amount of main charge used, the IED has to be contained to allow it to
be transported. It also has to be contained in an innocuous, everyday package that will
not raise suspicion when it is placed.
Time power unit (TPU): A TPU consists of the basic components of an IEDpower
source, switches, and possibly initiatorless the main charge and device container,
assembled into a small box or mounted on a board. The term TPU was historically
coined to describe PIRA devices. With the proliferation of information between terror
groups and the onset of the Internet, these principles have been used by other terrorist
groups, who assemble components into a ready-use form. Therefore, the term TPU no
longer refers solely to incidents connected to PIRA terrorism but is now a broadly
used term that identifies any terrorist act.
TPU circuit: The timer and switch of a TPU are used according to terrorists
requirements to provide safe separation/arming or firing and are, therefore,
interchangeable in role. The test lamp may not always be present and only serves to
provide safety for the builder to ensure no power is going to the initiator wires when
he attaches it. Once deployed, the test lamp is redundant in use.

Packaged IEDs
A packaged-type device is a traditional IED that is carried by a bomber to a target and
detonated. With this type of device, the bomber carries the IED in a container that is
appropriate for the environment and, thus, unlikely to arouse suspicion. The device
may be concealed in an ordinary shopping bag, knapsack, musical instrument case, or
any similar container that may be easily carried into a crowded area without notice by
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security personnel. These devices may contain several pounds of explosives in
addition to shrapnel and other hazardous items (e.g., chemicals and biological
materials) that pose a risk to individuals.

Different varieties of packaged-type IEDs and secondary devices
" Emplaced
" Thrown
" Command-operated
" Time-delayed
" Projected
" Victim-operated
" Secondary devices
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Emplaced devices are simply devices that have been prepositioned some time earlier
or delivered to a specific place and left prior to the device functioning. Emplaced
devices can be time-, command-, or victim-operated.

Packaged IEDs Thrown
From the early days of bandits throwing homemade dynamite with a burning fuse at a
pursuing posse, to military personnel in World War I improvising chemical flash and
smoke grenades in glass jars to defeat oncoming German tanks, to todays worldwide
conflicts, improvised thrown IEDs have primarily been grenade-type weapons. The
following are some examples:

A Molotov cocktail is an improvised grenade made by
partially filling a glass bottle with gasoline (or other
flammable liquid), inserting a stopper in the mouth of the
bottle, and tying a strip of cloth around the mouth. The
strip of cloth is ignited and the bottle is thrown at the
target. When the bottle shatters it spills the flammable
liquid, which then ignites.

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Incendiary grenades contain a variety of chemical or
metallic incendiary mixes ignited with a burning fuse.

Improvised IncendiaryIraq

Packaged IEDs Command Operated
Radio control (RC) command firing of devices with hobby RC systems, cell phones,
or pagers gives the terrorist more control over when precise initiation will occur. It
enables the terrorist to put distance between himself and the device before it is armed
or fired, and with the addition of larger capacity power sources, allows him to leave a
device in place many days prior to use. The use of household RC systems, such as
garage door openers and door bells, requires the terrorist to be in the immediate
vicinity. Hardwired command initiation is a simpler method; however, it also requires
the terrorist to be in the immediate area.

RC-Fired Pager-Fired

Packaged IEDs Time-Delayed
The terrorist uses time-delayed devices for unmanned attacks, but he must be able to
predict when the event will happen. For instance, if he wants to attack a carnival or
sports event, he can simply preposition the device and set the initiation time to cause
the maximum number of casualties possible. The following are some examples:
Timers can be made easily from many household items and hobby components,
ranging from a simple wind-up alarm clock to wristwatches, digital timers, and
electronic circuit boards.
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A fire extinguisher is a very
normal piece of equipment seen at
nearly all public events. With the
addition of a pipe bomb and
Seattle-style timer, it can cause a
large number of casualties, not
only from the blast and
fragmentation of the pipe bomb,
but also from the secondary
fragmentation of the metal
extinguisher.

Packaged IEDs Projected: PIRA
During The Troubles in Northern Ireland,
PIRA perfected the use of projected devices,
using welded metal tubes to fire rocket-
propelled grenades and backing up the system
with a secondary device that would either
destroy any evidence or be used to counter any
tampering with their devices by the military.

Anti-Armor Projectile
Using high tensile metals and metal-working machinery, PIRA perfected anti-armor
projectiles fired horizontally from solid metal tubes into the side of U.K. military
armored vehicles. The firing system could be anything from RC to the light-fired
system shown in the picture. Improvised propane cylinder mortars are particularly
effective at delivering large containers of homemade explosives to a target, although
not particularly accurate. They are used to attack police stations and government
buildings.

Packaged IEDs Victim Operated
As the term implies, victim-operated (booby-trapped) devices are designed to function
when opened, stood upon, pulled, or lifted by, or near to, a specific person or group of
people. The most common delivery method for victim-operated devices is through the
mail.

Bathroom Scale Device

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Secondary Devices
Secondary devices are IEDs placed at the scene of an emergency response that are
intended to cause casualties among responders. They are designed to inflict additional
injury or death by exploding after an initial explosion or other major emergency
response event has attracted large numbers of responders to the scene.
Secondary devices are hidden or camouflaged by placing them in ordinary objects,
such as vehicles, flashlights, briefcases, flowerpots, or garbage cans. Usually the
devices are detonated by a time delay, although radio-controlled devices or cell
phone-activated devices can also be used.

Suicide/Homicide IEDs
A suicide terrorist attack is a method of attack in which the death of the attacker is
an essential component of the success of the mission. This type of attack must be
differentiated from an attack in which the death of the attacker may be probable, but
is not certain. The primary goal of a suicide bomber is NOT suicide. It is homicide.
The attackers death is merely a consequence of the homicide. By creating an
atmosphere of fear and vulnerability, the suicide/homicide bomber and handlers
undermine citizens confidence in their governments ability to protect them.

Target Selection
Targets are selected to meet the following goals of the suicide/homicide attack:
" Maximize casualties
" Cause economic harm
" Instill fear
" Undermine confidence in the government
" Eliminate political leaders
Knowing how targets are selected is critical to prevention. Suicide/homicide bombers
avoid locations with tight security. Attacks on enemy government buildings send a
strong symbolic message to supporting elements of the terrorist group. Attacks on
government buildings are also intended to send a powerful message of vulnerability to
the target population: If the government cant even protect its own buildings,
operations, or employees, how can the government protect me? Locations where
crowds gather are considered desirable targets because they offer the opportunity to
maximize casualties. The attack on the World Trade Center symbolized an attack on
what the terrorists saw as American imperialism and decadent prosperity. Places
where the media is already present may be targeted to ensure coverage of the terrorist
act and to intensify the psychological impact.

Types of Suicide/Homicide Attacks
Theie aie foui ways foi suiciuehomiciue bombeis to uelivei IEBs.
" Person-borne: A person is used to deliver the IED.
" Vehicle-borne: A motorized vehicle is used to deliver the IED.
" Airborne: An aircraft is used to deliver the IED.
" Waterborne: A watercraft is used to deliver the IED.

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In this type of attack, the bomber carries the explosives and walks the device into the
intended target. Anonymity is an important tactical consideration of the person-borne
suicide/homicide bomber attack. A suicide/homicide bomber attack constitutes a
highly effective, precision-guided munition in the immediate tactical sense, but has a
much greater psychological impact, especially given the seemingly unstoppable
nature of the weapon/tactic. There is no doubt that a suicide bombing can result in
many casualties, cause extensive damage, attract wide media coverage, and usually
guarantee that the attack will be carried out at the most appropriate time and place in
conjunction with the circumstances at the target location.
Advantages:
$ This method features high mobility.
$ The bomb can be placed deep within a crowd for maximum casualties.
$ Target selection can be adjusted easily.
Limitations:
$ The bomber can carry only a limited amount of explosives.
$ The bomber must blend with the target population.
$ The bomber must be willing to carry out the attack.
Vehicle-Borne Attacks
At the end of the 20th century, vehicle-borne attacks were the most common suicide
bombing method worldwide.
Advantages:
$ Vehicle speed and mass make it difficult to stop.
$ A vehicle can carry a large amount of explosives.
$ Blast volume can defeat certain physical protective barriers.
Limitations:
$ Effective barriers can limit mobility.
$ Vehicles carrying bombs can be easier to detect.
Airborne Attacks
As the American public learned on September 11, 2001,
fuel-laden aircraft make effective suicide/homicide
bombs. Despite marked improvements in airport security,
the use of small, private aircraft to facilitate a
suicide/homicide attack remains a constant threat.
Advantages:
$ Little or no explosive preparation is necessary.
$ Once on attack approach, its practically
impossible to stop.
$ This type of attack has a profound psychological
impact on the target society.
Limitations:
An airborne attack requires extensive planning and training; the aircraft can be
difficult to maneuver.
$ Weather can affect operations.
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$ Security obstacles include detection during training, boarding, or flight and
intervention of the crew or other passengers.
Waterborne Attacks
Waterborne suicide/homicide attack had been used against the USS Cole in Yemen.
The attack vessel approached the port side of the USS Cole with the suicide/homicide
bombers waving and smiling at the deck watch crew. Perceiving no immediate threat,
the deck watch failed to execute repelling procedures or threat alert protocols. The
attack vessel detonated after pulling alongside the USS Cole on the port side.
Advantages:
Capacity for explosive devices can be extremely large.
$ This is an effective tactic against maritime operations and certain bridge
targets.
$ This type of attack can have a devastating impact on commerce.
Limitations:
$ Waterborne attacks require knowledge of nautical payload and vessel
displacement factors.
$ Weather can affect operations.
$ Waterborne attacks are applicable to a limited range of targets (which are
generally of lower symbolic value).
Organizational Rationale
The suicide attack is very difficult to stop. Traditional Western law enforcement
techniques ,,close, contain, negotiate,, are the wrong approach. It is important for
every CPO to realize that even if detected before detonation, the attacker is usually
willing to settle for as many or as few casualties as possible.

Suicide/Homicide Bombing Process
The cycle of the suicide/homicide bomber process:
$ Recruitment: Talent scouts seek potential
bombers in community gathering places and by
word of mouth.
$ Training: Training for the bomber is geared
toward extremist religious indoctrination and
commitment to the mission.
$ Reconnaissance: This is an ongoing operation.
The reconnaissance on one target may go on for
many months or even years.
$ Intelligence: Intelligence activities will often
determine which targets are selected or eliminated.
$ Target selection: Target selection factors include number of casualties
possible, symbolic nature of target, and economic impact.
$ Device preparation: The amount of explosives necessary must be balanced
against the need to conceal the device.
$ Bomber selection: A bomber is selected from the available cadre of recruits,
based on readiness and ability to blend with the target population.
$ Operational planning: Final operational planning involves coordination of
timing and route selection.
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$ Bomber preparation: An honorary dinner may be held for the bomber. Often,
bombers will be photographed in heroic poses and will prepare a propaganda
video. The bomber is dressed to blend with the target population. When
Islamic Jihad released a photo of Hiba Daraghmeh, a suicide/homicide
bomber, it was the first time even her cousin had seen her face unveiled.
$ Transportation: The bomber usually moves by car or public transportation
accompanied by a terrorist cell member to a position near the target area.
$ Final movement: During this phase, the bomber separates from the terrorist
cell member and moves alone to the target.
$ Command oversight: In most cases, the terrorist cell member remains in visual
range of the bomber.
$ Detonation: On reaching the selected target (or alternate target, if necessary),
the bomber detonates. Some devices may have a command backup.
$ Post-blast evaluation: The terrorist cell member conducts the initial damage
assessment.
$ Planning for the next operation: Multiple operations may be in various
planning stages at the same time.
Physical Characteristics
The characteristics are changing. Those who orchestrate suicide/homicide bomberings
try to choose individuals who blend with the target population and escape the notice
of security. Islamic extremists also seek to recruit sympathetic citizens of Bosnia and
Africa. These individuals possess the physical characteristics that would certainly
enable them to blend with the American population. Observations must be based on
objective analysis, not fear-based stereotypical assumptions. Not only do such
assumptions lead to undue prejudice, but they may also serve to prevent detection of
an atypical bomber.

The figure in the orange dress on the left is suicide
bomber Dhanu just minutes before approaching
former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, allegedly
to present him with the garland she is carrying. She is
wearing an explosive device beneath her dress. This
photograph was taken by the staff photographer of
the terrorist cell. The picture became available to
authorities because the photographer was also killed
in the bombing.

Some characteristics of Islamic extremists often tend to be more specific:
" 18 to 24 years of age
" Single males
" Hair and beard closely cropped
" May smell of perfume
Although historically the suicide bomber arena has been male-dominated, women are
now becoming more involved in conducting these types of operations. In fact, women
participated in 30 to 40% of the LTTEs nearly 200 suicide bombings in Sri Lanka.
Suicide attacks have also been conducted by Chechnyan and Palestinian women, as
well as women in Iraq, Turkey, and Morocco. Additionally, an FBI report has
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expressed concern over the forming of al-Qaeda female units.
Another trend is the use of teenagers in terrorist attacks. Palestinian teenagers have
been involved in attacks against Israel for more than three years. In February 2004,
three boys, ages 13, 14, and 15, were arrested because they were planning to carry out
an attack in the northern Israeli town of Afula. Use of children and teenagers in
suicide attacks became evident on March 16, 2004, when an 11-year-old boy was
stopped at an Israeli checkpoint with a bomb in his bag. Although it is believed that
the boy was unaware of the bomb, later that month, a 14-year-old was stopped at a
checkpoint wearing a suicide explosive vest.
In preparation for becoming a martyr, the attacker with extremist Islamic ideology is
likely to have bathed, recently cut his hair and shaved, and anointed himself with
perfume.

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Bulging jacket or clothing that does not fit the season or event
Backpack with holes/slits
Briefcase with protruding wires or visible arming or firing
switch
Wearing back support (walking in an unusually erect manner
or lump under clothing)

Bulging jacket or clothing that does not fit the season or event: If oversized jackets
are the norm, bulges in jackets may provide a better clue than the jacket size. This is a
common characteristic that retail theft prevention officers use to identify shoplifters.
Another indicator is clothing inconsistent with the season.
Note: Point out that the bomber must conceal an amount of explosives sufficient to
inflict as many casualties as possible among the target population. The quantity of
explosives carried can provide important detection opportunities for the vigilant
observer.
Backpack with holes or slits: The holes or slits are made to accommodate the trigger
switch and arming switch wiring. Holes and slits may also be used to direct the
antipersonnel fragmentation that is included in the IED.
Note: It is not unusual for the IEDs carried by suicide/homicide bombers to weigh
more than 40 pounds. In one instance in Israel, a suicide/homicide bomber had a
considerable distance to walk (carrying a significant amount of explosives) to reach
the intended target. It is suspected that he diverted from his original target and
detonated early because of fatigue.
Briefcase with protruding wires or visible arming or firing switches: Briefcases are
generally altered in two ways. The most common method is to have the wire
controlling the arming and firing switches protruding from the top of the briefcase.
The second method is to have the switch(es) mounted on the top of the briefcase near
the carrying handle.
Wearing back support: The bomber may walk in an unusually erect manner or have a
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lump under his/her clothing, or the bomber may be hunched forward to counter a
significant load in a backpack.

Behavioral Characteristics
The suicide/homicide bomber is engaged in the last and most important task of his/her
life. This attitude may manifest itself in certain observable behaviors.
$ The suicide/homicide bomber does not share the criminals concern about
being identified or captured after the fact.
$ Suicide/homicide bombers whose IEDs failed to detonate have stated they felt
an inner peace as the mission progressed.
The characteristics the suicide/homicide bomber displays may not differ significantly
from those of any individual planning to commit suicide.

$ The suicide/homicide bomber may appear calm, yet intensely focused. The
attackers state of mind is often one of calm determination. The bomber may
stand out from others in mood or behavior.
$ Although the bomber is chosen to physically blend in with the target
population, there are likely to be behavioral differences. For example, the
bomber may not exhibit the excitement others display at a sporting event.
$ The bomber may have a fixed stare and be unaware of normal constraints. The
attackers focus on arriving at the target location may be displayed in a fixed
stare in that direction. This is also a suicide missionnormal constraints such
as crossing lights and crosswalks are irrelevant to a person committed to die.
$ The bomber may be muttering in prayer. For the Islamic extremist, the terror
mission is a religious experience. Terrorists apprehended after the truck
bombing in Nairobi stated that the driver and a passenger were praying and
singing religious songs on the way to the Embassy.

Proactive Countermeasures
Vigilance: Alertness can prevent or mitigate a suicide/homicide attack.
Observation: Keen observation of people and vehicles for signs of suspicious
behavior is critical to early detection of an attack.
Targeted questioning: Making eye contact and polite inquiries demonstrate that
security personnel are alert. Verbal exchanges also allow the trained officer to assess
nonverbal indicators.
Careful searches: If reasonable suspicion merits a search, be very careful not to
detonate an IED.
Heavy staffing of checkpoints: Checkpoints should be staffed by no less than three
people.
Comprehensive employee awareness: Vigilance is enhanced if employees and citizens
are involved.

Vehicle-borne IEDs
VBIEDs are the most destructive weapons used worldwide by terrorist groups. Use of
vehicles by terrorists is an effective means of attack because they:
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- Are easily obtained.
- Do not look out of place.
- Provide easy methods of transporting the device to the target.
- Are easily concealed.
- Enable large quantities of explosive to be used.
- Provide enhanced effects due to the vehicle structure and fuel.
- Can create a spectacular attack, causing much death and destruction, leading to
extensive media coverage.
- Can easily hide fusing and initiation systems.
- Can make penetrating a security perimeter unnecessary.
- Can breach security measures around a target if vehicle is driven fast enough.
- Can reach targets easily as most potential targets are accessible by road or have
vehicle parking in or alongside the target.
VBIEDs present a serious threat especially in heavily populated metropolitan areas,
and should be a major concern for law enforcement and emergency management
agencies. With the current threat and risk analysis pointing to the use of explosives as
one of the main terrorist weapons, it is a priority that responders know the
characteristics and possible indicators of VBIEDs.

Vehicle Types

The advantage of using trucks - vans as VBIEDs is that they can carry vast amounts
of explosives. However, the load-carrying area is very visible.

Sedans were used extensively by the PIRA during The Troubles from the late 1960s
to the late 1990s. In Iraq, sedans are used mainly because they are easy to obtain and
have a good hiding place for explosive payloads in the trunk.

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In Pakistan, India, and
Indonesia, bicycles have been
used as VBIEDs. Due to the
extensive use of this mode of transport in these areas, a bicycle can easily go
unnoticed in public areas.

Warning Signs of a Potential VBIED
An indicator is an item, occurrence, condition, or situation that suggests the presence
of explosive materials or explosive devices. By recognizing indicators, personnel
can determine the likelihood of the presence of an improvised explosive device (IED).
The goal is to identify, by vehicle examination and driver interview, the presence of
an IED or indicators of such activity.
Rules:
" Keep in mind that these indicators may be used for either a vehicle with a
driver or a parked vehicle.
" Remember that an innocent driver may demonstrate physical indicators.
" Remember that a guilty driver may have no physical indicators.
" Make an initial observation of the vehicle and driver. Does any area catch
your eye as being out of the ordinary?
" Establish a routine to ensure a thorough inspection.
" Develop your own approach and technique.
" Use your senses: sight, smell, touch, and hearing.
" Trust your instincts.
Driver and Documentation Indicators:
" Driver inappropriately dressed/groomed for vehicle type.
" Driver does not have commercial drivers license.
" Driver does not know his or her purpose and/or destination or documentation.
" Purpose of trip does not make economic sense.
" Driver and passenger(s) do not appear to be on the same mission.
" Driver does not know how to operate truck or equipment.
Driver Reaction Indicators:
" Yawning.
" Obvious shaking.
" Refusing to make/keep eye contact.
" Profuse sweating.
" Hair on arms standing on end.
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" Wiping hands.
" Patting/soothing/massaging any area of body.
" Tugging at clothing.
" Constantly moving/inability to stay still.
" Shaky voice/stuttering.
" Does not answer the question; responds with unrelated information.
" Sighing deeply.
" Answering a question with a question.
" Rapid movement of the carotid artery.
Another indicator is responding with seemingly rehearsed answers and using
convincing words, such as honestly, truthfully, believe me, to tell the truth,
I swear, may God strike me dead, or I wouldnt lie to you.

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