Module 7: Solved Problems

1. Deionized water flows through the inner tube of 30-mm diameter in a

thin-walled concentric tube heat exchanger of 0.19-m length. Hot
process water at 95C flows in the annulus formed with the outer tube
of 60-mm diameter. The deionized water is to be heated from 40 to
60C at a flow rate of 5 kg/s. The thermo physical properties of the
fluids are:

DEIONIZED
WATER
PROCESS
WATER
kg/m3)
982.3
4181
0.643
548
3.56
967.1
4197
0.673
324
2.02
c
p
(J/kg.K
k(W/m.K
N.s/m
2
pr


(a) Considering a parallel-flow configuration of the heat exchanger,
determine the minimum flow rate required for the hot process
water.
(b) Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient required for the
conditions of part a.
(c) Considering a counter flow configuration, determine the minimum
flow rate required for the hot process water. What is the
effectiveness of the exchanger for this situation?









Schematic:

Process
water,h
Deionized
water,c
T
c,i
=40 C
T
h,i
=95 C
T
1
T
2
m
c
=5kg/s
T
c,0i
=60 C
T
h,o
T
x
Concentric tube
PF,L=0.19m
D=30mm
0


Assumptions: (1) Negligible heat loss to surroundings, (2) Negligible
kinetic and potential energy changes.


Analysis: (a) from overall energy balances,

) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
, ,
.
, ,
.
i c o c h o h i h h
T T c m T T c m q = =

For a fixed term , )
h
will be a minimum when T
h,o
is a minimum.
With the parallel flow configuration, this requires that T
h,o
=T
c,o
=60C.
Hence,
i h
T
,
.
(m

s kg
C K kg J
C K kg J s kg
T T c
T T mc
h m
o h i h h
i c o c c
/ 85 . 2
) 60 95 ( . / 4197
) 40 60 ( . / 4181 / 5
) (
) ( ) (
min ,
, ,
.
, ,
.
=


=

=




(b)From the rate equation and the log mean temperature relation,


T
T
ln
T - T

2
1
2 1
, ,
|
.
|

\
|
A
A
A A
= A A =
PF lm PF lm
T T UA q

And since T
2
=0, T
lm
=0 so that UA=. Since A=tDL is finite, U
must be extremely large. Hence, the heating cannot be accomplished
with this arrangement.


(c) With the CF arrangements will be a minimum when T
ho
is a
minimum. This requires that T
h,o
is a minimum. This requires that T
h,o
is a minimum. This requires that T
h,o
=T
c,i
=40C. Hence, from the
overall energy balance,
h m
.

s kg
K K kg J
K K kg J s kg
m / 81 . 1
) 40 95 ( . / 4197
) 40 60 ( . / 4181 / 5
.
=

=


For this condition, C
min
=C
h
which is cooled from T
h,i
to T
c,i
, hence c=1

Comments: For the counter flow arrangement, the heat exchanger
must be infinitely long.




















2. Water with a flow rate of 0.05kg/s enters an automobile radiator at
400K and leaves at 330 K. The water is cooled by air in cross flow
which enters at 0.75kg/s and leaves at 300K. If the overall heat
transfer coefficient is 200W/m
2
.K, what is the required heat transfer
surface area?

Schematic:

Water
T
h,i
=400K
m
h
=0.05kg/s
T
c,i
=300K
m
c
=0.75kg/s
Air
T
h,o
=330K
T
c,o


Assumptions: (1) Negligible heat loss to surroundings and kinetic and
potential energy changes, (2) Constant properties.


Analysis: The required heat transfer rate is

W K K kg J s kg T T c m q
o h i h h
732 , 14 70 ) . / 4209 ( / 05 . 0 ) ( ) (
, ,
.
= = =

Using the c-NTU method,

700 . 0 045 , 21 / 732 , 14 /
045 , 21 ) 100 ( / 45 . 210 ) ( / ,
, / 25 . 755
/ 45 . 210
max
, , max min
max
min
= = =
= =
= =
= =
W W q q
and
W K K W T T C C hence
K W C C
K W C C
i c i h
c
h
c


From figure, NTU~1.5, hence

2 2
min
58 . 1 ) . / 200 ( / 45 . 210 5 . 1 ) / ( m K m W K W U C NTU A = = =

Comments: (1) the air outlet temperature is

K K W W K C q T T
c i c o c
5 . 319 ) / 25 . 755 / 732 , 14 ( 300 /
, ,
= + = + =

(2) Using the LMTD approach, T
lm
=51.2 K, R=0.279 and P=0.7.
Hence from fig F~0.95 and

. 51 . 1 ] 2 . 51 ) . / 200 ( 95 . 0 /[ ) 732 , 14 ( /
2 2
m K K m W W T FU q A
lm
= = A =
















3. Saturated steam leaves a steam turbine at a flow rate of 1.5kg/s and a
pressure of 0.51 bars. The vapor is to be completely condensed to
saturated liquid in a shell-and tube heat exchanger which uses water
as the coolant. The water enters the thin-walled tubes at 17C and
leaves at 57C. If the overall heat transfer coefficient of 200W/m
2
.K,
determine the required heat exchanger surface area and the water flow
rate. After extended operation, fouling causes the overall heat transfer
coefficient to decrease to 100W/m
2
.K. For the same water inlet
temperature and flow rate, what is the new vapor flow rate required
for complete condensation?


Schematic:



Assumptions: (1) Negligible heat loss to surroundings, (2) Negligible
wall conduction resistance.

Properties: Table for
sat.Water:

2304kJ/kg. h 355K, T : bars) 0.51 (p ; . / 4178 c : ) 310 (
t sa c p,
= = = = =

fg c
K kg J K T

Analysis: (a) The required heat transfer rate is

W kg J s kg h m q
fg
h
6 6
.
10 46 . 3 ) / 10 304 . 2 ( / 5 . 1 = = =

And the corresponding heat capacity rate for the water is

97 . 0 ) 62 . 0 1 ln( ) - -ln(1 NTU
0, /C C since
62 . 0 ) 65 ( / 400 , 86 / 10 46 . 3 ]) [ /( ,
/ 400 , 86 40 / 10 48 . 3 ) /(
max min
6
, , min
6
, , min
= = =
=
= = =
= = = =
c
c K K W W T T C q hence
K W K W T T q C C
i c i h
i c o c c



And

s kg K kg J K W c C m
m K m W K W U C NTU A
c p c
c / 7 . 20 . / 4178 / / 400 , 86 /
2 9 . 41 ) . 2 / 2000 / / 400 , 86 ( 97 . 0 ) / (
,
.
min
= = =
= = =



(b) using the final overall heat transfer coefficient, find

Since 0, /C C
max min
=

s kg kg J W h q m
W K K W T T
NTU
fg
h
i c i h
/ 936 . 0 / 10 304 . 2 / 10 16 . 2 /
16106 . 2 65 ) / 400 , 886 ( 384 . 0 ) ( C q hence,
384 . 0 ) 485 . 0 exp( 1 ) exp( 1
6 6
.
, , min
= = =
= = =
= = =
c
c




Comments: The significant reduction (38%) in represents a
significant loss in turbine power. Periodic cleaning of condenser
surfaces should be employed to minimize the adverse effects of
fouling.
h m
.




4. Water at 225 kg/h is to be heated from 35 to 95C by means of a
concentric tube heat exchanger. Oil at 225kg/h and 210C, with a
specific heat of 2095 J/kg.K, is to be used as the hot fluid. If the
overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outer diameter of the
inner tube if 550W/m
2
.K, determine the length of the exchanger if the
outer diameter is 100mm.

Schematic:



Assumptions: (1) Negligible heat loss to surroundings, (2) Negligible
kinetic and potential energy changes, (3) Constant properties.

Properties: Table for Water:
K kg J c K C T
c p c
. / 4188 : ) 338 2 / ) 95 35 ( (
,
_
= = + =



Analysis: From rate equation with A
o
=tD
o
L, L=q/U
o
D
o
T
m


The heat rate, q, can be evaluated from an energy balance on the cold
fluid,

W K K kg J
h s
h kg
T T c m q
i c c c
c 705 , 15 ) 35 95 ( . / 4188
/ 3600
/ 225
) (
, 0 ,
.
= = =


In order to evaluate T
m
, we need to know whether the exchanger is
operating in CF or PF. From an energy balance on the hot fluid, find

C
K kg
J
h s
h kg
W C c m q T T
h h i h o h
= = =

1 . 90
.
2095
/ 3600
/ 225
/ 705 , 15 210 /
.
, ,


Since T
h,o
<T
c,o
it follows that HXer operation must be CF. From eq.
for log mean temperature difference,
C C
n T T n
T T
T
CF m
=

=
A A
A A
= A 5 . 81
) 1 . 55 / 115 (
) 35 1 . 90 ( ) 95 210 (
) / (
2 1
2 1
,

Substituting numerical values, the HXer length is

m K m K m W W L 12 . 1 4 . 81 ) 10 . 0 ( . / 550 / 705 , 15
2
= = t

Comments: The cNTU method could also be used. It would be
necessary to perform the hot fluid energy balance to determining CF
operation existed. The capacity rate is C
min
/C
max
=0.50. From eq. for
effectiveness, and from with q evaluated from an energy balance on
the hot fluid,

69 . 0
35 210
1 . 90 210
, ,
, ,
=

=
i c i h
o h i h
T T
T T
c
T
h,i
=210 C
T
h,o
=90.1 C
T
c,o
=95 C
T
c,i
=35 C
T1
T2
1
2
T
x

From fig, find NTU~1.5 giving
m m
K m
W
K
W
D U C NTU L
o o
14 . 1 ) 10 . 0 ( .
.
550 94 . 130 5 . 1 / .
2
min
~ ~ = t t


Note the good agreement by both methods.
5. Consider a very long, concentric tube heat exchanger having hot and
cold water inlet temperatures of 85 and 15C. The flow rate of the hot
water is twice that of the cold water. Assuming equivalent hot and
cold water specifies heats; determine the hot water outlet temperature
for the following modes of operation (a) Counter flow, (b) Parallel
flow.

Schematic:

T
h,i
=85 C
T
c,i
=15 C
Cc
C
h
=2Cc


Assumptions: (1) equivalent hot and cold water specific heats, (2)
Negligible Kinetic and potential energy changes, (3) No eat loss to
surroundings.

Analysis: the heat rate for a concentric tube
Heat exchanger with very large surface area
Operating in the counter flow mode is

) (
, , min max i c i h
T T C q q = =

Combining the above relation and rearranging, find

i h i c i h
h
c
i h i c i h
h
o h
T T T
C
C
T T T
C
C
T
, , , , , ,
min
,
) ( ) ( + = + =

Substituting numerical values

C C C T
o h
= + = 50 85 ) 15 85 (
2
1
,


For parallel flow operation, the hot and cold outlet temperatures will
be equal; that is T
c,o
=T
h,o
. Hence

) ( ) (
, , , , o h i h h i c o c c
T T C T T C =
Setting T
c,o
=T
h,o
and rearranging

C C T
C
C
T
C
C
T T
o h
h
c
i c
h
c
i h o h

=
(

+
(

+ =
(

+
(

+ =
7 . 61
2
1
1 / 15
2
1
85
1 /
,
, , ,




Comments: Note that while c =1 for CF operation, for PF operation
find c= q/q
max
=0.67.










6. A concentric tube heat exchanger uses water, which is available at
15C, to cool ethylene glycol from 100 to 60C. The water and glycol
flow rates are each 0.5 kg/s. Determine the maximum possible heat
transfer rate and effectiveness of the exchanger. Determine which is
preferred, a parallel flow or counter flow mode of operation?

Known: Inlet temperatures and flow rate for a concentric tube heat
exchanger.

Find: (a) Maximum possible heat transfer rate and effectiveness, (b)
Proffered mode of operation.

Schematic:

Ethylene glycol
T
h,i
=100 C
T
ho
=60 C
m
hi
=0.5kg/s
Water
T
c,i
=15 C m
c
=0.5kg/s
U,A


Assumptions: (1) Steady-state operation, (2) Negligible KE and PE
changes, (3) Negligible heat loss to surroundings, (4) Fixed overall
heat transfer and coefficient.

Properties: Table: Ethylene glycol ( cp=2650J/kg.K; ); 80
_
C T in =
K kg J c C T Water
p m
. / 4178 : ) 30 (
_
= ~

Analysis: (a) Using the c-NTU method, find

K W K kg J s kg c m C C
h
p h h
/ 1325 ) . / 2650 )( / 5 . 0 (
,
.
min
= = = =

W C K W T T C x q
i c i h ma
5
, . min
10 13 . 1 ) 15 100 )( / 1325 ( ) ( = = =

W C K kg J s kg T T c m q
i c i h h p h
5
, .
.
,
10 53 . 0 ) 60 100 )( . / 2650 ( / 5 . 0 ) ( = = =

47 . 0 10 13 . 1 / 10 53 . 0 /
5 5
max
= = = q q c

(b)

C
K kg J s kg
C
c m
q
T T
c p c
i c o c
=

+ = + = 4 . 40
. / 4178 / 5 . 0
10 53 . 0
15
5
.
,
, ,


Since T
c,o
<T
h,o,
a parallel flow mode of operation is possible.
However, with (C
min
/C
max
) = =0.63, ) , / (
.
,
.
c p
c
h
p
c m c m
h

From fig (NTU)
PF
~0.95, (NTU)
CF
~0.75

Hence

(A
CF
/A
PF
)= (NTU)
CF
/ (NTU)
PF
~(0.75/0.95)=0.79

Because of the reduced size requirement, hence capital investment,
the counter flow mode of operation is preferred.