Truss JP

Gh.
Asachi Technical University of Iai Structural Statics Statically Determinate Structures

Department of Structural Mechanics Senior Lecturer Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.

- 1 -
TRUSS BRIDGE

Truss configuration
1 2 3 4 5 6
8 9 10 11
13 14 15 16 17
7 18 19 20 21 12
A B C D E F G
H I J K L
6 @ 4.0m = 24.0m
3.0m
deck

Member Properties
To simplify the analysis it has been considered that all members are 120 mm x 120 mm solid bars.
All members are Carbon Steel S275, with Modulus of Elasticity E=2 100 000 daN/cm
2
and yield stress
f
y
=2750 daN/cm
2
(according to SREN 1993-1-1-2006, 3.2.3).
Bridge Deck
Deck is 10.0 m wide and must accommodate two lanes of highway traffic.
Deck is reinforced concrete with thickness t
c
=0.15 m.
Deck is covered with an asphalt overlay with thickness t
a
=0.05 m.
Deck is supported on transverse floor beams, each weighing 24.0 kN.
Material Data
Material Mass Density, Weight Density*,

Steel
7850
kg
m
3
76.98
kN
m
3

Reinforced concrete
2400
kg
m
3
23.54
kN
m
3

Asphalt
2250
kg
m
3
22.06
kN
m
3

*To calculate weight density, multiply mass density by the acceleration of gravity, g=9.8066 m/sec
2
.
Loads and Load Combinations
Based on the Romanian standards STAS 10101/0B-1987, STAS 1545-1989, STAS 1844-75 and CR.0-
2006, respectively, the load and resistance factors for bridge design specifications, the critical load combination
(with the corresponding load factors) for this structure has been assumed to be:
Q 125DC 15DW 15LL = + + . . . [1]
where:
Q =total factored load
DC =dead load (self-weight) of structural components
DW =dead load (self-weight) of wearing surface
LL =live load (highway truck loading), adjusted to account for dynamic effects of moving load.
Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai Structural Statics Statically Determinate Structures

- 2 -
For this problem, the live load (LL) will be represented by a truck loading with the following
configuration:

To account for the dynamic effects of the moving load, the axle weights will be increased by 45%.
(the longest truss element was considered (5 m) Romanian standard STAS 1545-1989, 4.1.5.1.1 - Table 1).
Requirements
For each member in the truss:
Determine the internal force due to combined dead and live load, when the truck has its front axle at
Joint C and its rear axle at Joint B.
Determine the strength in both tension and compression.
Check the structural adequacy of each member.

Load Analysis
Weight of the deck and wearing surface
The tributary area corresponding to one typical interior deck-level joint is indicated below:
deck
tributary area
truss
deck centerline
5.0m
4.0m

Thus the tributary area is:
A m m m
trib
= = ( . )( . ) . 4 0 5 0 20 0
2

The weight of the concrete within this tributary area is:

- 3 -

( )( )
W A t
kN
m
m m kN
c c trib c
= =

= 23 54 20 0 015 70 61
3
2
. . . .
The weight of the asphalt overlay within this tributary area is:

( )( )
W A t
kN
m
m m kN
a a trib a
= =

= 22 06 20 0 0 05 22 06
3
2
. . . .
Half of each transverse floor beam also falls within the tributary area. Thus the tributary weight of the
floor beam is:
W kN kN
b
= =
1
2
24 0 12 0 ( . ) .
Based on the controlling load combination, Equation [1], the factored dead load applied to each of the
interior deck-level joints (B, C, D, E, and F) is:

( )
D W W W
c b a int
. . = + + 125 15 = + + = 125 70 61 12 0 15 22 06 136 36 . ( . . ) . ( . ) . kN [2]
Note that the deck and the floor beams are both considered structural components, so they use a load
factor of 1.25. The asphalt wearing surface must use a load factor of 1.5, as noted in Equation [1].
For the exterior deck-level joints (A and G), the tributary area is only half as large as for the interior
joints, as shown below:
deck
tributary area
truss
deck centerline
5.0m
4.0m

Thus the factored dead load applied to exterior deck-level joints is half that of the load applied to the
interior deck-level joints:
( )
D D kN
ext
= = =
1
2
1
2
136 36 6818
int
. . [3]
Self-Weight of Truss Members
The lengths of the members in the truss are as follows:
For all horizontal members, L m
h
= 4 0 . .
For all vertical members, L m
v
= 3 0 . .
For all diagonal members, L m
d
= + = 4 0 3 0 5 0
2 2
. . . .

- 4 -
Since all members are solid bars, 120mm x 120mm, the cross-sectional area of each bar is:
A m m m
m
= = ( . )( . ) . 0120 0120 0 0144
2
[4]
The weight of any member is the weight density of the material (steel, in this case) multiplied by the
volume of the member. Thus the weight of each horizontal member is:
( )( )
W A L
kN
m
m m kN
h s m h
= =

= 76 98 0 0144 4 0 4 434
3
2
. . . .
The weight of each vertical member is:
( )( )
W A L
kN
m
m m kN
v s m v
= =

= 76 98 0 0144 3 0 3 326
3
2
. . . .
And the weight of each diagonal member is:
( )( )
W A L
kN
m
m m kN
d s m d
= =

= 76 98 0 0144 5 0 5 543
3
2
. . . .
In a truss analysis, all loads must be applied at the joints. Thus we must account for member self-
weight by splitting the weight of each member in half and applying these two forces as downward joint loads at
the two ends of the member. Thus, at any given joint, the total load due to member self-weight is just 50% of the
total weight of all members connected to that joint.
Joints A and G
J oint A connects one horizontal member and one diagonal member. Therefore, the
total member self-weight that should be applied at J oint A is:
( ) ( )
W W W kN
A h d
= + = + =
1
2
1
2
4 434 5 543 4 989 . . .

Using the load factor of 1.25 for self-weight of structural components, and including the weight of the
deck and asphalt from Equations [2] and [3], the total factored dead load at J oint A is:

( ) ( )
D W D kN
A A ext
= + = + = 125 125 4 989 6818 74 41 . . . . .
Because of the symmetry of the structure, the total factored dead load at J oint G is identical to the load at
J oint A. Therefore:
D kN
G
= 74 41 .

Joints B, D, and F
J oints B, D, and F each connect two horizontal members and one vertical
member. Therefore, the total factored dead load at J oints B, D, and F is:
( )
D D D W W D
B D F h v
= = = +
+ 125
1
2
2 .
int

( )
= +
+ = 125
1
2
2 4 434 3 326 136 36 144 0 . ( . ) . . . kN

1
7
A
1 2
13
B


- 5 -

Joints C and E
J oints C and E each connect two horizontal members, two diagonal members,
and one vertical member. Therefore, the total factored dead load at J oints C and E is:
( )
D D W W W D kN
C E h d v
= = + +
+ = 125
1
2
2 2 150 9 . .
int

Joints H and L
J oints H and L each connect one horizontal member, two diagonal members,
and one vertical member. Therefore, the total factored dead load at J oints H and L is:
( )
D D W W W kN
H L h d v
= = + +
= 125
1
2
2 1178 . .

Note that these joints are not located at the level of the deck; thus the load W
int
corresponding to the
weight of the deck and asphalt wearing surface is not included in the calculation.
Joints I and K
J oints I and K each connect two horizontal members and one vertical
member. Therefore, the total factored dead load at J oints I and K is:
( )
D D W W kN
I K h v
= = +
= 125
1
2
2 7 62 . .

Joint J
J oint J connects two horizontal members, two diagonal members, and one
vertical member. Therefore, the total factored dead load at J oint J is:
( )
D D W W W kN
I K h d v
= = + +
= 125
1
2
2 2 14 55 . .

Factored Live Load
The factored axle loads for the truck loading are:
( ) ( )
front
LL 1.50 1 0.45 37.5 kN 81.46 kN = + = applied at J oint C
( ) ( )
rear
LL 1.50 1 0.45 155 kN 337.50 kN = + = applied at J oint B
2 3
14
18 19
C

8
13
7 18
H

8 9
14
I

9 10
15
19 20
J


- 6 -
Total Factored Dead and Live Load
The total factored dead and live loads are shown below:
A B C D E F G
H I J K L
74.41kN 74.41kN
144.0+337.5=
481.5kN 144.0kN
150.9+81.46=
232.36kN 150.9kN 144.0kN
11.78kN 11.78kN 7.62kN 14.55kN 7.62kN

Structural Analysis
Calculate Reactions
Free Body Diagram
A B C D E F G
H I J K L
74.41kN 74.41kN 481.5kN 144.0kN 232.36kN 150.9kN 144.0kN
11.78kN 11.78kN 7.62kN 14.55kN 7.62kN
A
x
A
y
G
y
6 @ 4.0m = 24.0m
3.0m

Equilibrium Equations
0 =
x
F 0 =
x
A
0 =
A
M
( ) ( ) ( ) 55 . 14 0 . 144 12 62 . 7 36 . 232 8 78 . 11 5 . 481 4 + + + + +
( ) ( ) 0 24 41 . 74 24 78 . 11 0 . 144 20 ) 62 . 7 9 . 150 ( 16 = + + + + +
y
G
Solve for G
y
:
kN
y
G 43 . 551 =
0 =
G
M
( ) ( ) + + + + + 62 . 7 36 . 232 16 78 . 11 5 . 481 20 41 . 74 * 24
( ) 0 24 78 . 11 0 . 144 4 ) 62 . 7 9 . 150 ( 8 ) 55 . 14 0 . 144 ( 12 = + + + + + +
y
A

- 7 -
Solve for A
y
:
kN
y
A 5 . 803 =
Checking relationship:
0 =
y
F
74 41 4815 232 36 144 0 150 9 144 0 74 41 . . . . . . .
0 43 . 551 50 . 803 78 . 11 62 . 7 55 . 14 62 . 7 78 . 11 = + +

Calculate member forces (Method of Joints)
Joint A
Free Body Diagram
=

tan ( )
1
3
4
m
m

= 0 644 . rad or ; 0.6 3/5 sin = = ; 0.8 4/5 cos = =
(same for all diagonals in the truss)

F
y
= 0
A F
y
= 74 41 0
7
. sin
803 5 74 41 0 644 0
7
. . sin( . ) = F
F kN kN T
7
1215 1215 = + = ( )
F
x
= 0
F F
1 7
0 + = cos
F
1
1215 0 644 0 + = cos( . )
F kN kN C
1
9721 972 = = . ( )
A
F
1
F
7
74.41kN
A
y


- 8 -
Joint B
Free Body Diagram

F
y
= 0
= F
13
4815 0 . F kN kN C
13
4815 482 = = . ( )
F
x
= 0
+ = F F
1 2
0 `` F F kN kN C
2 1
9721 972 = = = . ( )
Joint H
Free Body Diagram

F
y
= 0
F F F
7 13 18
1178 0 sin sin . + + =
1215 0 644 4815 0 644 1178 0
18
sin( . ) ( . ) sin( . ) . + + = F
F kN kN C
18
3931 393 = = . ( )
F
x
= 0
+ + = F F F
7 18 8
0 cos cos
+ + = 1215 0 644 3931 0 644 0
8
cos( . ) ( . ) cos( . ) F
F kN kN T
8
1287 1287 = + = ( )

- 9 -
Joint I
Free Body Diagram
7.62kN
I
F
8
F
14
F
9

F
y
= 0
F
14
7 62 0 = . F kN T
14
7 62 7 62 = + = . . ( )
F
x
= 0
+ = F F
8 9
0 F F kN kN T
9 8
1287 1287 = = + = ( )
Joint C
Free Body Diagram

F
y
= 0
= 232 36 0
18 14 19
. sin sin F F F
= 232 36 393 1 0 644 7 621 0 644 0
19
. ( . ) sin( . ) . sin( . ) F
F kN kN C
19
6 90 6 90 = = . . ( )
F
x
= 0
+ + = F F F F
2 18 19 3
0 cos cos
+ + = ( . ) ( . ) cos( . ) ( . ) cos( . ) 9721 3931 0 644 6 90 0 644 0
3
F
F kN kN C
3
1281 1281 = = ( )

- 10 -
Joint D
Free Body Diagram

F
y
= 0
= F
15
144 0 0 . F kN kN C
15
144 0 144 = = . ( )
F
x
= 0
+ = F F
3 4
0 F F kN kN C
4 3
1281 1281 = = = ( )
Joint G
Free Body Diagram
G
F
6
F
12
74.41kN
G
y

F
y
= 0
G F
y
= 74 41 0
12
. sin
5514 74 41 0 644 0
12
. . sin( . ) = F
F kN kN T
12
794 9 795 = + = . ( )
F
x
= 0
= F F
6 12
0 cos
= F
6
794 9 0 644 0 . cos( . )
F kN kN C
6
635 9 636 = = . ( )

- 11 -
Joint F
Free Body Diagram

F
y
= 0
= F
17
144 0 0 . F kN kN C
17
144 0 144 = = . ( )
F
x
= 0
+ = F F
5 6
0 F F kN kN C
5 6
635 9 636 = = = . ( )
Joint L
Free Body Diagram

F
y
= 0
F F F
21 17 12
1178 0 sin sin . + + =
F
21
0 644 144 0 794 9 0 644 1178 0 sin( . ) ( . ) . sin( . ) . + + =
F kN kN C
21
535 3 535 = = . ( )
F
x
= 0
+ = F F F
21 12 11
0 cos cos
+ = ( . ) cos( . ) . cos( . ) 535 5 0 644 794 9 0 644 0
11
F
F kN kN T
11
1064 1064 = + = ( )

- 12 -

Joint K
Free Body Diagram
K
F
10
F
16
F
11
7.62kN

F
y
= 0
F
16
7 62 0 = . F kN T
16
7 62 7 62 = + = . . ( )
F
x
= 0
+ = F F
10 11
0 F F kN kN T
10 11
1064 1064 = = + = ( )
Joint E
Free Body Diagram

F
y
= 0
= 150 9 0
20 16 21
. sin sin F F F
= 150 9 0 644 7 621 535 3 0 644 0
20
. sin( . ) . ( . ) sin( . ) F
F kN kN T
20
271 271 = + = ( )

- 13 -
Joint J (Check previous calculations by ensuring that equilibrium is correct at the last joint.)
Free Body Diagram

F
y
= 0
+ + + = 14 55 0
19 15 20
. sin sin F F F
+ + = 14 55 6 90 0 644 144 0 2711 0 644 0 . ( . ) sin( . ) . . sin( . ) checks
F
x
= 0
+ + = F F F F
9 19 20 10
0 cos cos
+ + = 1287 6 90 0 644 2711 0 644 1064 0 ( . ) cos( . ) . cos( . ) checks
Member Strength
Tensile Strength
According to Romanian Code for Analysis of Steel Structures - SREN 1993-1-1-2006, the strength of a
tension member with respect to the yielding failure mode is:
Ed
t,Rd
N
1
N
,
g y
t,Rd pl ,Rd
M0
A f
N N
= =
where
N
Ed
is the tensile effort in the truss element
N
t,Rd
is the factored tensile resistance
M0
is the resistance factor for tension yielding on the gross cross-section (
M0
=1.00)
f
y
is the yield stress of the steel (f
y
=275 MPa =275,000 kN/m
2
for S.275 steel)
A
g
is the gross cross-sectional area of the member
All members of the truss were assumed to have the same cross-sectional area:

- 14 -
( )( )
2 2
g
A 120mm 120mm 14400mm 0.0144m = = =
Since all members in the truss are made of the same steel S275, and all have the same cross-sectional
area, all members have the same tensile strength:
( )
2
2
g y
t,Rd
M0
kN
235, 000 0.0144 m
A F
m
N 3384 kN
1.00

= = =

Compressive Strength
According to SREN 1993-1-1-2006, the strength of a compression member with respect to the yielding
failure mode is as follows:
Ed
b,Rd
N
1
N
,
y
b,Rd
M1
Af
N

=
where
N
b,Rd
is the factored compressive resistance
M1
is the resistance factor (
M1
=1.00 SREN 1993-1-1-2006, 6.1)
is the cross-sectional area of the element
f
y
is the yield stress of the steel (f
y
=275 MPa =275,000 kN/m
2
for S.275 steel)
is a buckling factor (SREN 1993-1-1-2006, 6.3.1.2)
2
2
1
1

=
+
,
( )
2
0.5 1 0.2

= + +

,
y
cr
Af
N
=
is the imperfection factor depending on the element profile and buckling curve ( =0.49).
N
cr
is the critical axial effort for an elastic buckling:
2
cr 2
f
EI
N
l
=
l
f
is the element buckling length - in this case l
f
= L
element
for all truss members, according to SREN
1993-1-1-2006, BB.1.1-(1)B.
I is the area moment of inertia of the cross-section. For a square cross-section,
4
b
I
12
= , where b is
the width of the cross-section
For all members in the truss:
( )
4
4
4
0.120m
b
I 0.00001728m
12 12
= = =

- 15 -
All members in the truss have the same cross-section and are made of the material; however, there are
three different member lengths. Therefore, there must be three different compressive strengths, one for each
member length.
For the horizontal members (L=4.0 m):
2 8
cr 2
2.110 0.00001728
N 2238 kN
4.0

= = ,
0.0144 275 000
1.330
2238

= =
( )
2
0.5 1 0.49 1.330 0.20 1.330 1.6613 = + + =

2 2
1
0.376
1.6613 1.6613 1.33
= =
+

b,Rd
0.376 0.0144 275 000
N 1490 kN
1.0

= =
For the vertical members (L=3.0 m):
2 8
cr 2
2.110 0.00001728
N 3979 kN
3.0

= = ,
0.0144 275 000
0.9976
3979

= =
( )
2
0.5 1 0.49 0.9976 0.20 0.9976 1.193 = + + =

2 2
1
0.541
1.193 1.193 0.9976
= =
+

b,Rd
0.541 0.0144 275 000
N 2142 kN
1.0

= =
For the diagonal members (L=5.0 m):
2 8
cr 2
2.110 0.00001728
N 1433 kN
5.0

= = ,
0.0144 275 000
1.6624
1433

= =
( )
2
0.5 1 0.49 1.6624 0.20 1.6624 2.240 = + + =

2 2
1
0.267
2.240 2.240 1.6624
= =
+

b,Rd
0.267 0.0144 275 000
N 1057 kN
1.0

= =

Check for structural adequacy
A member is considered structurally adequate if its strength is greater than or equal to its internal member
force; i.e.,
Ed t,Rd
N N or
Ed b,Rd
N N , respectively. If the member force is tension, then the tensile strength is
the basis for determining adequacy. If the member force is compression, then the compressive strength is the basis
for determining adequacy.
Summary of Results
The member force, tensile strength, compressive strength, and determination of structural adequacy for
each member are summarized in the table below. The highlighted cells are the forces and strengths on which the
determination of structural adequacy is based.

- 16 -

Member
#
Length
(m)
Member
Force
(kN)
Tensile
Strength
(kN)
Compressive
Strength
(kN)
Structural
Adequacy
1 4.0 972 (C) 3384 1490 OK
2 4.0 972 (C) 3384 1490 OK
3 4.0 1281 (C) 3384 1490 OK
4 4.0 1281 (C) 3384 1490 OK
5 4.0 636 (C) 3384 1490 OK
6 4.0 636 (C) 3384 1490 OK
7 5.0 1215 (T) 3384 1057 OK
8 4.0 1287 (T) 3384 1490 OK
9 4.0 1287 (T) 3384 1490 OK
10 4.0 1064 (T) 3384 1490 OK
11 4.0 1064 (T) 3384 1490 OK
12 5.0 795 (T) 3384 1057 OK
13 3.0 482 (C) 3384 2142 OK
14 3.0 7.62 (T) 3384 2142 OK
15 3.0 144 (C) 3384 2142 OK
16 3.0 7.62 (T) 3384 2142 OK
17 3.0 144 (C) 3384 2142 OK
18 5.0 393 (C) 3384 1057 OK
19 5.0 6.90 (C) 3384 1057 OK
20 5.0 271 (T) 3384 1057 OK
21 5.0 535 (C) 3384 1057 OK

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Asachi Technical University of Iai Structural Statics Statically Determinate Structures

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