1.

Give an example of how you may use a t test (and which type) to study something related to
your area of research. State a null and alternative hypothesis and clearly define the
variables (I V and DV) you would study.
In the following situation, we can use paired sample t-test.
A new fitness program is devised for obese people. The weight of each participant was
measured before and after the completion of program. We want to see if the fitness
program is helpful in reducing their weights.
In this situation, the null and alternative hypothesis is as:
H0: The fitness program is not useful in reducing the weight.
H1: the fitness program is useful in reducing the weights.
2. Using APA format, present the results of the paired t test (item c on the application
assignment). Please state a null and alternative hypothesis. Please do not forget about
effect size.
In order to compare the score on quiz 1 and quiz 2, paired sample t-test using SPSS
software is used. The mean score on quiz 1 is 7.47 (n = 105, SD = 2.481, SEM = 0.242)
where as the mean score on quiz 5 is 7.87 (n = 105, SD = 1.765, SEM = 0.172). Levene's
test for Equality of Variances indicates variances for score on quiz 1 and quiz 5 not differ
significantly from each other (p > .05). The mean difference in the score on quiz 1 and
quiz 5 is -0.400 (SD = 2.204, SEM = 0.215). Levene's test for Equality of Variances
indicates variances for males and females do not differ significantly from each other (p >
.05). The results of paired t-test reveal that, there is no significant difference (p = 0.066)
in the score on quiz 1 and quiz 2. Further the effect size was 0.18, which is medium.
(Zimmerman, Donald W, 1997).

Table 1:
Descriptive Statistics
Pair M n SD SEM
quiz1 7.47 105 2.481 .242
quiz5 7.87 105 1.765 .172

3. You were assigned one additional nonparametric test. Please briefly describe for the class:
a. The conditions under which we would use nonparametric tests;
The Non-parametric tests are distribution free tests. If the assumptions required for
parametric tests are not met, we can use alternative non-parametric tests. Non-parametric
tests do not need assumption of normality. Nonparametric tests are useful when sample
size is small and the assumptions for parametric tests are not met.

b. When your particular nonparametric test is used; and
Friedman Test is the non-parametric test which is used in alternative to One-way Anova.
It is generally used to test the significance of differences between groups when the
dependent being measured is ordinal. In case of continuous data this test can be used if
the assumption of normality not met (Friedman, Milton , 1937).

c. The results of your nonparametric test (use APA style as explained in the Study
Notes).
For the given data set, Grades.sav, Friedman one way ANOVA is used to test the
significance of difference between the scores on quiz 1, quiz2, quiz 3, quiz 4 and quiz 5.
H0: There is no significant difference in the scores on quiz 1, quiz 2, quiz 3, quiz, 4 and quiz 5.
H1: There is a significant difference in the scores of on quiz 1, quiz 2, quiz 3, quiz, 4 and quiz 5
Table 5:


Descriptive statistics for Ranks


Mean
Rank
quiz1 2.68
quiz2 3.07
quiz3 3.34
quiz4 3.04
quiz5 2.88
The mean rank for quiz 1 is 2.68, the mean rank for quiz 2 is 3.07, the mean rank for quiz
3 is 3.34, the mean rank for quiz 4 is 3.04 and the mean rank for quiz 5 is 2.88.
The chi-square value of 12.411 (n = 105, df = 4) indicate that the mean rank for all
quizzes is not same. Score on at least one quiz is significantly different from the scores
on other quizzes (p = 0.015)

References:
Friedman, Milton (December 1937). "The use of ranks to avoid the assumption of normality
implicit in the analysis of variance". Journal of the American Statistical Association (American
Statistical Association) 32 (200): 675701
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Friedman, Milton (March 1940). "A comparison of alternative tests of significance for the
problem of m rankings". The Annals of Mathematical Statistics 11 (1): 8692.
Gravetter, F.J., & Wallnau, L.B. (2004). Statistics for the behavioral sciences (6th Ed). Belmont,
CA: Thomsom Wadsworth.
Zimmerman, Donald W. (1997). "A Note on Interpretation of the Paired-Samples t Test".
Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 22 (3): 349360