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FUNDAMENTALS
These lecture
slides have been
compiled by
Mohammed
LECTURE 7
SalahUdDin Ayubi.
Transformers
22 June 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 1
Electromagnetic
Induction
Suppose we were to wrap a coil of
insulated wire around a loop of
ferromagnetic material and energize
this coil with an AC voltage source.
Kirchhoff's voltage law describes how
the algebraic sum of all voltages in a
loop must equal zero.
Here, as in any one-source, one-load circuit, the voltage
dropped across the load must equal the voltage supplied by
the source, assuming zero voltage dropped across any
connecting wires. In other words, the load (inductor coil)
must produce an opposing voltage equal in magnitude to the
source, in order that it may balance against the source
voltage and produce an algebraic loop voltage sum of zero.
φ
i1(t) i2(t)
+ +
V1(t) V2(t)
- -
n1 turns n2 turns
• Loaded transformer
Im + Ip Is
Φm
Vp Ep Φp Φs Es Vs
Load
VP VS
Figure: Thevenin
Vac Zload
equivalents of
transformer
a) Original circuit with ideal
circuit
22 June 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 17
Transferring impedances
through a transformer
Φs_leakage
Figure: Leakage
flux in the real
transformer Φp_leakage
Xp Rp Ist Rs Xs
T
Im
Ip Is
Vp Xm Rc Ep Es Vs
I W Figure:
V
Io_p Simplified
Xm_p Rc_p
Vo_p
equivalent
circuit
22 June 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 24
Open Circuit Test
Theory
The transformer is connected to a supply at the
rated voltage and frequency.
The ratio of the voltmeter readings, V1/V2 gives the
ratio of the number of turns. The ammeter gives the
the no-load current.
The primary current on no-load is usually less than
5% of the full load current. Thus the no-load I2R loss
is less than 1/400 of the full load primary I2R loss
and is therefore, negligible compared with the core
loss.
Hence the wattmeter reading can be taken as the
core loss of the transformer.
22 June 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 25
Circuit
Test
Psh _ s
Figure: Xp Rp Xs Rs
Equivalent W I
W I
Figure: Simplified Ish_s
V
equivalent circuit
Vsh_s
for short circuit test
Transformer
primary winding, two secondary
windings) share a common
magnetic core, in which one
secondary winding is a step-
down and other is a step-up.
This design of transformer was quite common in vacuum tube
power supply circuits, which were required to supply low voltage
for the tubes' filaments (typically 6 or 12 volts) and high
voltage for the tubes' plates (several hundred volts) from a
nominal primary voltage of 110 volts AC. Not only are voltages
and currents of completely different magnitudes possible with
such a transformer, but all circuits are electrically isolated from
one another.
22 June 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 34
Multiple Ratios
Using Tapping
If electrical isolation
between secondary circuits
is not of great importance,
a similar effect can be
obtained by "tapping" a
single secondary winding at
multiple points along its
length, like this:
A tap is nothing more than a wire connection made at
some point on a winding between the very ends. Not
surprisingly, the winding turn/voltage magnitude
relationship of a normal transformer holds true for all
tapped segments of windings. This fact can be
exploited to produce a transformer capable of multiple
ratios:
22 June 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 35
Variable
Transformer
Carrying the
concept of winding
taps further, we
end up with a
"variable
transformer,"
A sliding contact is moved along the length of an
exposed secondary winding, able to connect with it
at any point along its length. The effect is
equivalent to having a winding tap at every turn of
the winding, and a switch with poles at every tap
position:
22 June 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 36
Auto
Transformer
A transformer
built from a
single winding is
called an Auto-
Transformer.
Step-Up Autotransformer.
Step-down
Autotransformer.
Insulation
Secondary
winding
Terminals
Secondary
Winding
Insulation
Winding Construction
22 June 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 71
Oil insulated and
cooled transformer Bushing
Steel
Iron core tank
behind the steel
bar
Winding
Insulation
Radiator
Cooling
radiators