FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 1

(EEE111)
LAB REPORT
Lab Report No. 1 Experiment No. 1
Title
Introduction to Course Outline/Objectives, Motivation, General
Safety, Component, Symbols, Schematic Diagrams, Pictorial
Diagram, Datasheet, Tools and Type of Equipment
Date Performed 15 / 6 / 2014
Date Due 22 / 6 / 2014
Date submitted 22 / 6 / 2014
Working days late: ____________ equates to ____________% reduction at 5% per day

Prepared by:
NAME UiTM NO. GROUP
MUHAMMAD HAZIZI BIN AHMAD KHAIRI 2014207188 EE1101C
MUHAMMAD NUR AIMAN BIN NUHAIRI 2014445714 EE1101C
MUHAMMAD NAJMI BIN JONIT 2014806562 EE1101C

Assessment:
ASSESSMENT MARKS
Report Format / 5
Introduction / Theory / 15
Results / 30
Discussion / Questions / 25
Conclusion / 20
References / 5
Total Marks / 100
Final Marks after Penalty / 100

Lecturers Name FADHILATUL SAADAH MUDA
Feedback Comment

...................................................................................................................................................
Report submission slip (Students copy)
Students: 1. Muhammad Hazizi Bin Ahmad Khairi
2. Muhammad Nur Aiman Bin Nuhairi
3. Muhammad Najmi Bin Jonit
Expt No. & Title : 1 & Introduction
(Signature & Stamp)


Date:
2

CONTENT





TITLE PAGE
Objective 3
Tools Required 3
Introduction 3
Safety Rules 4
Introduction to Basic Test Instrument
Oscilloscope
Multimeter
Function Generator
Power Supply
4 7
4
5
6
6
Introduction to Symbols, Schematics Diagram and Pictorial Diagram
Symbol
Schematic Diagrams
Pictorial Diagrams
8 10
8
9
10
Introduction to Basic Tools 10
Result/Procedure
Exercise 1 : Safety Rules
Exercise 2 : Oscilloscope, Multimeter, Function Generator, Power
Supply
Exercise 3 : Identifying Components in Schematic Diagram
Exercise 4 : Basic hand tools
11 20
11
11 16

17 19
20
Discussion 21
Conclusion 22
Reference 22
3

EXPERIMENT 1
OBJECTIVES
The main purposes of this experiment are:
To motivate and expose the students to laboratories environment and safety
precautions in the laboratories.
To expose the students to equipments/components and electronic and electrical
symbols.
LIST OF REQUIREMENTS
The equipments that are used in this experiment are listed as below:
Oscilloscope
Multimeter
Function Generator
Power Supply

INTRODUCTION
In this laboratory session, students will know in detail about the laboratory environment and
safety precaution in the laboratories.








4


THEORY
PART A: SAFETY RULES
Use one hand only when measuring high voltage.
Always make sure that your working area and hands are dry.
Make sure that you always wear rubber shoes.
Before connecting the test instruments to the live circuit, switch off the power supply,
or when rearranging and connecting components in the circuit.
Evade wearing metal jewellery.
Use safety glasses while doing work that uses machines as drilling machines and
others.
Tread cautiously when using equipment that generates heat such as soldering iron
because it can cause injure and ignite clothing.
Handle the equipment with care and responsibility. Comprehend its function and
switch off its power supply when the job is completed.
Focus on the work and keep away from making jokes.

PART B: BASIC TEST INSTRUMENTS
a) Oscilloscope
An oscilloscope, previously called an oscillograph, and informally known as a scope,
CRO (for cathode-ray oscilloscope), or DSO (for the more modern digital storage
oscilloscope), is a type of electronic test instrument that allows observation of
constantly varying signal voltages, usually as a two-dimensional plot of one or more
signals as a function of time. Non-electrical signals (such as sound or vibration) can
be converted to voltages and displayed.
Oscilloscopes are used to observe the change of an electrical signal over time, such
that voltage and time describe a shape which is continuously graphed against a
calibrated scale. The observed waveform can be analyzed for such properties as
amplitude, frequency, rise time, time interval, distortion and others. Modern digital
instruments may calculate and display these properties directly. Originally,
5

calculation of these values required manually measuring the waveform against the
scales built into the screen of the instrument.
The oscilloscope can be adjusted so that repetitive signals can be observed as a
continuous shape on the screen. A storage oscilloscope allows single events to be
captured by the instrument and displayed for a relatively long time, allowing human
observation of events too fast to be directly perceptible.
Oscilloscopes are used in the sciences, medicine, engineering, and
telecommunications industry. General-purpose instruments are used for maintenance
of electronic equipment and laboratory work. Special-purpose oscilloscopes may be
used for such purposes as analysing an automotive ignition system or to display the
waveform of the heartbeat as an electrocardiogram.
Before the advent of digital electronics, oscilloscopes used cathode ray tubes (CRTs)
as their display element (hence were commonly referred to as CROs) and linear
amplifiers for signal processing. Storage oscilloscopes used special storage CRTs to
maintain a steady display of a single brief signal. CROs were later largely superseded
by digital storage oscilloscopes (DSOs) with thin panel displays, fast analog-to-digital
converters and digital signal processors. DSOs without integrated displays (sometimes
known as digitisers) are available at lower cost and use a general-purpose digital
computer to process and display waveforms.


b) Multimeter
A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM (Volt-Ohm meter), is an
electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one
unit. A typical multimeter would include basic features such as the ability to measure
voltage, current, and resistance. Analog multimeters use a micro ammeter whose
pointer moves over a scale calibrated for all the different measurements that can be
made. Digital multimeters (DMM, DVOM) display the measured value in numerals,
and may also display a bar of a length proportional to the quantity being measured.
Digital multimeters are now far more common than analog ones, but analog
multimeters are still preferable in some cases, for example when monitoring a rapidly
varying value.
A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding and field service
work, or a bench instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy.
6

They can be used to troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and
household devices such as electronic equipment, motor controls, domestic appliances,
power supplies, and wiring systems.
Multimeters are available in a wide range of features and prices. Cheap multimeters
can cost less than US$10, while laboratory-grade models with certified calibration can
cost more than US$5,000.

c) Function Generator
A function generator is usually a piece of electronic test equipment or software used
to generate different types of electrical waveforms over a wide range of frequencies.
Some of the most common waveforms produced by the function generator are the
sine, square, triangular and sawtooth shapes. These waveforms can be either repetitive
or single-shot (which requires an internal or external trigger source). Integrated
circuits used to generate waveforms may also be described as function generator ICs.
Although function generators cover both audio and RF frequencies, they are usually
not suitable for applications that need low distortion or stable frequency signals.
When those traits are required, other signal generators would be more appropriate.
Some function generators can be phase-locked to an external signal source (which
may be a frequency reference) or another function generator.
Function generators are used in the development, test and repair of electronic
equipment. For example, they may be used as a signal source to test amplifiers or to
introduce an error signal into a control loop.



d) Power Supply
A power supply is an electronic device that supplies electric power to an electrical
load. The primary function of a power supply is to convert one form of electrical
energy to another and, as a result, power supplies are sometimes referred to as electric
power converters. Some power supplies are discrete, stand-alone devices, whereas
others are built into larger devices along with their loads. Examples of the latter
include power supplies found in desktop computers and consumer electronics devices.
Every power supply must obtain the energy it supplies to its load, as well as any
7

energy it consumes while performing that task, from an energy source. Depending on
its design, a power supply may obtain energy from various types of energy sources,
including electrical energy transmission systems, energy storage devices such as a
batteries and fuel cells, electromechanical systems such as generators and alternators,
solar power converters, or another power supply.
All power supplies have a power input, which connects to the energy source, and a
power output that connects to the load. In many power supplies the power input and
output consist of electrical connectors. Some power supplies have other types of
inputs and outputs as well, for functions such as external monitoring and control.



















8

PART C: INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS, SCHEMATIC
DIAGRAMS, RULES OF CIRCUIT DRAWING AND PICTORIAL DIAGRAMS.
a) Electrical Symbols
Symbols An electronic symbol is a pictogram used to represent various electrical and
electronic devices (such as wires,batteries, resistors, and transistors) in a schematic
diagram of an electrical or electronic circuit. Figure 1.1 shows some of the most
commons symbols used in schematic diagram




9

b) Schematic Diagram
A schematic, or schematic diagram, is a representation of the elements of a system
using abstract, graphic symbols rather than realistic pictures. A schematic usually
omits all details that are not relevant to the information the schematic is intended to
convey, and may add unrealistic elements that aid comprehension. A neat-draw
schematic makes it easy to define how a circuit works and aids in troubleshooting. A
schematic diagram of a chemical process uses symbols to represent the vessels,
piping, valves, pumps, and other equipment of the system, emphasizing their
interconnection paths and suppressing physical details. In an electronic circuit
diagram, the layout of the symbols may not resemble the layout in the physical circuit.
In the schematic diagram, the symbolic elements are arranged to be more easily
interpreted by the viewer.

c) Rules of Drawing Circuit Diagrams
Schematic should label all pin numbers, part values, polarities, signal names, part
model numbers, etc.
All wires and components are aligned horizontally and vertically.
Always use the standard symbol for a device. If more than one standard symbol can
be used, always be consistent and use the same symbol within a drawing.
If you use connectors in your circuit make sure to show the connector on the
schematic and to label all pin numbers for both sides of the connector.
Label pin numbers on the outside of a symbol and signals on the inside of a symbol.
Examine schematics drawn in commercial application notes, textbooks, etc. to see
examples of good schematics.






10


d) Pictorial diagram
The simplest of all diagrams is the pictorial diagram. It shows a picture or sketch of
the various components of a specific system and the wiring between these
components. This simplified diagram provides the means to readily identify the
components of a system, even if you are not familiar with their physical appearance.
This type of diagram shows the various components without regard to their physical
location, how the wiring is marked, or how the wiring is routed. It does, however,
show you the sequence in which the components are connected.



PART D: BASIC HAND TOOLS
When working in the laboratory, the common hand tools such as screwdrivers, pliers,
long nose and soldering iron are required.









11

PROCEDURE
PART A: SAFETY RULES
List down five safety rules when working with high voltage.
a) Always use one hand only
b) Always wear rubber shoes
c) Avoid wearing jewellery
d) Concentrate on the work and avoid making jokes
e) Operate the equipment with care and responsibility
PART B: BASIC TEST INSTUMENTS
Identify all the basic buttons on the equipment bellow.
a) Oscilloscope
Figure 1.3 shows the front panel of an oscilloscope. Identify all the basic buttons on
equipment listed in the table below.
Function Button / Connector
To measure DC voltage. Menu + Coupling DC
To measure AC voltage. Menu + Coupling AC
To get to the shifted button i.e: Period, dB,
dBm.
Measure + Add Measurement +
Period/dB/dBm
To measure DC current. SHIFT +
To measure AC current. SHIFT +
Displays the automated measurements menu. Measure
Automatically sets the oscilloscope controls
to produce a usable display of the input
signals.
Autoset
Continuously acquires waveforms or stops
the acquisition.
Run/Stop
Input connectors for waveform display. Ch1, Ch2, Ch3,


12















13

b) Multimeter
Figure 1.4 shows the front panel of a Digital Multimeter. Identify all the basic buttons on
equipment listed in the table below.
Function Button
To measure DC voltage DC V
To measure AC voltage AC V
To get to the shifted button. i.e: Period, dB,
dBm
SHIFT
To measure DC current SHIFT + DC V
To measure AC current SHIFT + AC V




14


Figure 1.5: Front/Rear Input Terminal Switch of Multimeter
By referring to the Front/Rear Input Terminal Switch of a digital multimeter shown above,
indicate the connectors combination used for:
Measuring voltage : A & B
Measuring resistance : A & B
Measuring current : A & C
Testing diode polarity : A & B
Testing breadboard connectivity : A & B






15


c) Function Generator









Figure 1.6: Function Generator
Function Button/Connector
Switch between Pk-Pk and rms value B
Adjust the amplitude E
Switch to Offset Voltage H
Adjust Offset Voltage C
Type to waveform F
Output terminals D
Adjust the frequency A
Select the range of frequency G
16

d) Power Supply

Figure 1.7 shows the front panel of a Power Supply. Identify all the basic buttons on
equipment listed in the table below.
Function Button/Connector
Positive terminal C
Negative terminal D
Amplitude adjust button B
Power switch A








17

PART C: INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS, SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS,
RULES OF CIRCUIT DRAWING AND PICTORIAL DIAGRAMS.
a) Pictorial Diagram and Schematic Diagram
Draw the appropriate schematic diagrams of the pictorial diagrams shown in Figure 1.8
below.
Pictorial Diagram Schematic Diagram











18

b) Component and Electrical Symbol 1








F
Figure 1.9
Refer to Figure 1.9 above, list down all components used.
i. Regulators LM317 and LM337
ii. Diode D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, and D7
iii. Resistor R1, R2, and R3
iv. Variable Resistor VR1 and VR2
v. Capacitor C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, and C6
vi. LED Light Emitting Diode
vii. Positive DC Supply
viii. Negative DC Supply








19

c) Component and electrical symbol 2
Figure 1.10 show the schematic circuit.
Figure 1.10
List the number that corresponds to the listed components below:
Coil or inductor : 10
PNP transistor : 2
Diode : 3
Positive power supply : 7
Fixed resistor : 4
Capacitor : 9
NPN transistor : 1
Rheostat : 6
Negative power supply: 8
Circuit ground : 11
Potentiometer : 5
20

Determine the value of the following components including their units:
R12 : 330
R13 : 3.3K
C1 : 50w

PART D: BASIC HAND TOOLS
Identify the following tools and write their corresponding label into Table 1.1 below. Refer to
Farnell catalogue for their details.

Table 1.1

21

DISCUSSION
1) What does the result indicate clearly?
The result indicate that function of every devices and how to handle it.
2) Compare the expected results with the experimental results.
At the beginning of the experiment, the result expected should be exactly as the
experimental result. However, due to some error while using the instruments the
experimental result is slightly different than the expected result.

3) Relate the result with objectives.

We were motivated and exposed to the laboratories environment with safety
precautions in the laboratories. We also exposed to equipment/ components and
electronic and electrical symbols.

4) Analyse what caused the errors.

One reason that it is impossible to make exact measurements is that the measurement
is not always clearly defined. Besides, Parallax (systematic or random). This error can
occur whenever there is some distance between the measuring scale and the indicator
used to obtain a measurement. If the observer's eye is not squarely aligned with the
pointer and scale, the reading may be too high or low (some analog meters have
mirrors to help with this alignment).











22

CONCLUSION
From this experiment, we are able to understand main objective of this experiment.
Besides, we also can state the safety precautions in the laboratories. Thus, we can also
identify the function of equipment and draw their electronic and electric symbol. Last but not
least, we are able to understand between schematic diagram and pictorial diagram.

REFERENCES
http://en.wikipedia.org/
http://www.ucr.edu/
Mitchel F. Schultz, Grobs, Basic Electronics, McGraw Hill, 2007
Nigel P. Cook, Introductory DC/AC Electronics, 5th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2001
Lab Manual For Semester 1, EEE111 Electro Technology, Faculty Of Electrical
Engineering, UiTM
http://www.scribd.com/kamal_ahmad_9








Coil or inductor : 10
PNP transistor : 2

Diode :

23

Positive power supply :
Fixed resistor :
Capasitor : 9
NPN transistor :
Rheostat : 6
Negative power supply :
Circuit ground : 11
Potentiometer :

Determine the value of the following components including their units:
R12 : 330
R13 :
C1 : 50 w

1
8
5
3.3 K