1. The final deflection should not exceed span/250 2. Deflection after construction of finishes and partitions should not exceed span/500 or 20mm, whichever is the lesser, for spans up to 10 m. BS 8110 uses an approximate method based on permissible ratios of the span/effective depth. Deflection (clause 3.4.6.3) This basic span/effective depth ratio is used in determining the depth of the reinforced concrete beam. For beam with span less than 10 m Reinforcement details (clause 3.12, BS 8110) The BS 8110 spell out a few rules to follow regarding: 1. Maximum and minimum reinforcement area 2. Spacing of reinforcement 3. Curtailment and anchorage of reinforcement 4. Lapping of reinforcement Reinforcement areas (clause 3.12.5.3 and 3.12.6.1, BS 8110) Minimum area of reinforcement is provided to control cracking of concrete. Too large an area of reinforcement will hinder proper placing and compaction of concrete around reinforcement. For rectangular beam with b (width) and h (depth), the area of tensile reinforcement, As should lie: 0.24% bh As 4% bh for fy = 250 N/mm 2 0.13% bh As 4% bh for fy = 500 N/mm 2
Spacing of reinforcement (clause 3.12.11.1, BS 8110) The minimum spacing between tensile reinforcement is provided to achieve good compaction. Maximum spacing is specified to control cracking. For singly reinforcement simply supported beam the clear horizontal distance between tension bars should follow: h agg + 5 mm or bar size s b 280 mm f y = 250 N/mm 2 h agg + 5 mm or bar size s b 155 mm f y = 500 N/mm 2 (h agg is the maximum aggregate size)
Curtailment (clause 3.12.9, BS 8110) The area tensile reinforcement is calculated based on the maximum bending moment at mid- span. The bending moment reduces as it approaches to the supports. The area of tensile reinforcement could be reduced (curtailed) to achieve economic design. Curtailment (clause 3.12.9, BS 8110) Simply supported beam Continuous beam (Chanakya Arya, 2009) For beam subjected to predominantly UDL Anchorage (clause 3.12.9, BS 8110) At the end support, to achieve proper anchorage the tensile bar must extend a length equal to one of the following: 1. 12 times the bar size beyond the centre line of the support 2. 12 times the bar size plus d/2 from the face of support (Chanakya Arya, 2009) Anchorage (clause 3.12.9, BS 8110) In case of space limitation, hooks or bends in the reinforcement can be use in anchorage. If the bends started after the centre of support, the anchorage length is at least 4f but not greater than 12f. If the hook started before d/2 from the face of support, the anchorage length is at least 8r but not greater than 24f.
Continuous L and T beam For continuous beam, various loading arrangement need to be considered to obtain maximum design moment and shear force. Continuous L and T beam The analysis to calculate the bending moment and shear forces can be carried out by 1. using moment distribution method 2. Provided the conditions in clause 3.4.3 of BS 8110 are satisfied, design coefficients can be used. Clause 3.4.3 of BS 8110: Uniformly-loaded continuous beams with approximately equal spans: moments and shears Effective span for continuous beam the effective span should normally taken as the distance between the centres of supports L- and T- beam Beam and slabs are cast monolithically, that is, they are structurally tied. At mid-span, it is more economical to design the beam as an L or T section by including the adjacent areas of the slab. The actual width of slab that acts together with the beam is normally termed the effective flange. Clause 3.4.1.5: Effective width of flanged beam Effective span for continuous beam the effective span should normally taken as the distance between the centres of supports L- and T- beam The depth of neutral axis in relation to the depth of the flange will influence the design process. The neutral axis
When the neutral axis lies within the flange, the breadth of the beam at mid-span(b) is equal to the effective flange width. At the support of a continuous beam, the breadth is taken as the actual width of the beam.
L- and T-beam At the internal supports, the bending moment is reversed and it should be noted that the tensile reinforcement will occur in the top half of the beam and compression reinforcement in the bottom half of the beam. Example 3.10 continuous beam design (Chanakya Arya, 2009) A typical floor plan of a small building structure is shown in figure below. Design B1/5 assuming the slab supports an imposed load of 4 kN/m 2 and finishes of 1.5 kN/m 2 . The overall sizes of the beams and slab are indicated on the drawing. The column are 400x400 mm. The characteristic strength of the concrete is 35 N/mm 2 and of the steel reinforcement is 500 N/mm 2 . The cover maybe assumed to be 30 mm. Example 3.10 Design of shear reinforcement (Chanakya Arya, 2009) Example 3.10 Design of shear reinforcement (Chanakya Arya, 2009) Example 3.10 Design of shear reinforcement (Chanakya Arya, 2009) The beam B1/5 does not satisfy the conditions in clause 3.4.3, the moment and shear force on the beam can be estimated using moment distribution method or stiffness method. Two load cases must be considered: (1) maximum design load on all spans, (2) maximum and minimum design loads on the alternate spans. Example 3.10 Design of shear reinforcement (Chanakya Arya, 2009) Example 3.10 Design of shear reinforcement (Chanakya Arya, 2009) Example 3.10 Design of shear reinforcement (Chanakya Arya, 2009) For case 1: maximum design load on all spans Example 3.10 Design of shear reinforcement (Chanakya Arya, 2009) Example 3.10 Design of shear reinforcement (Chanakya Arya, 2009) Example 3.10 Design of shear reinforcement (Chanakya Arya, 2009) For case 2: maximum and minimum design loads on the alternate spans Example 3.10 Design of shear reinforcement (Chanakya Arya, 2009) Example 3.10 Design of shear reinforcement (Chanakya Arya, 2009) B1-3 span Example 3.10 Design of shear reinforcement (Chanakya Arya, 2009) B3-5 span Example 3.10 Design of shear reinforcement (Chanakya Arya, 2009) Design shear force and bending moment Example 3.10 Design of shear reinforcement (Chanakya Arya, 2009) It is design as T beam at the mid-span Example 3.10 Design of shear reinforcement (Chanakya Arya, 2009) Example 3.10 Design of shear reinforcement (Chanakya Arya, 2009) It is design as rectangular beam at the supports Example 3.10 Design of shear reinforcement (Chanakya Arya, 2009) The simplified rules in clasue 3.12.10.2 do not apply. Example 3.10 Design of shear reinforcement (Chanakya Arya, 2009) Curtailment of steel reinforcement Example 3.10 Design of shear reinforcement (Chanakya Arya, 2009) From clause 3.12.9.1, the cut off point of the bars in the tension zone is obtained by extending the bars an anchorage length in accordance to Table 3.7 in BS 8110. For f cu = 35 N/mm 2 and f y = 500 N/mm 2 , deformed type 2 bars Anchorage length = 38f The theoretical cut off point = 310 + 38 x 25 = 1260 mm Hence the 2H25 bars can be stopped at, say 1.3 m from support B3
Example 3.10 Design of shear reinforcement (Chanakya Arya, 2009) Example 3.10 Design of shear reinforcement (Chanakya Arya, 2009) Example 3.10 Design of shear reinforcement (Chanakya Arya, 2009) Design for shear Example 3.10 Design of shear reinforcement (Chanakya Arya, 2009) Example 3.10 Design of shear reinforcement (Chanakya Arya, 2009) Example 3.10 Design of shear reinforcement (Chanakya Arya, 2009) Deflection OK