Internet Engineering Task Force : The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) develops and

promotes Internet standards, cooperating closely with the W3C and I!"IEC standards #odies and
dealing in partic$lar with standards o% the Internet protocol s$ite(TC&"I&)'()* (+* It is an
open standards organi,ation, with no %ormal mem#ership or mem#ership re-$irements' It started o$t
as a . %ederal government organi,ation, and today it operates as a non/commercial not/%or/pro%it
non/governmental organi,ation'
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is the main international standards organi,ation %or
the World Wide We# (a##reviated WWW or W3)'
Fo$nded and c$rrently led #y Tim 0erners/1ee,(3* the consorti$m is made $p o% mem#er
organi,ations which maintain %$ll/time sta%% %or the p$rpose o% working together in the development
o% standards %or the World Wide We#' 2s o% +3 4ay +5)3, the World Wide We# Consorti$m (W3C)
has 367 mem#ers'(+* W3C also engages in ed$cation and o$treach, develops so%tware and serves as
an open %or$m %or disc$ssion a#o$t the We#'
Internet 8overnance For$m : The Internet Governance Forum (IGF) is a m$lti/
stakeholder %or$m %or policy dialog$e on iss$es o% Internet governance' It #rings together all
stakeholders in the Internet governance de#ate, whether they represent governments, the private
sector or civil society, incl$ding the technical and academic comm$nity, on an e-$al #asis and
thro$gh an open and incl$sive process'()* The esta#lishment o% the I8F was %ormally anno$nced #y
the.nited 9ations ecretary/8eneral in :$ly +55;' It was %irst convened in !cto#er<9ovem#er
+55; and has held an ann$al meeting since then'
IC299 : The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN,"a k = n " eye-
kan) is a nonpro%it organi,ation that coordinates the Internet>s glo#al domain name system'
The Internet 2ssigned 9$m#ers 2$thority (I292) is a department o% IC299 responsi#le %or
managing the ?9 @oot and the n$m#ering system %or I& addresses'
IC299 was created on eptem#er )6, )AA6, and incorporated on eptem#er 35, )AA6'()* It is
head-$artered in the &laya Bista section o% 1os 2ngeles, Cali%ornia'
IC299 is responsi#le %or the coordination o% maintenance and methodology o% several data#ases o%
$ni-$e identi%iers related to the namespaces o% theInternet, and ens$ring the network>s sta#le and
sec$re operation'(+* The n$m#ering %acilities incl$de the Internet &rotocol address spaces
(I&v3 andI&v;) and assignment o% address #locks to regional Internet registries' IC299 maintains
registries o% Internet protocol identi%iers, and the management o% thetop/level domain name space
(?9 root ,one), which incl$des the operation o%root name servers' 4ost visi#ly, m$ch o% its work
has concerned the ?9 policy development %or internationali,ation o% the ?9 system and
introd$ction o% new generic top/level domains (T1?s)' IC299 per%orms the act$al technical
maintenance work o% the central Internet address pools and ?9 root registries p$rs$ant to
the I292 %$nction contract'
IC299>s primary principles o% operation have #een descri#ed as helping preserve the operational
sta#ility o% the InternetC to promote competitionC to achieve #road representation o% the glo#al
Internet comm$nityC and to develop policies appropriate to its mission thro$gh #ottom/$p,
consens$s/#ased processes'(3*
!n eptem#er +A, +55;, IC299 signed a new agreement with the .nited tates ?epartment o%
Commerce (?!C) that moves the organi,ation %$rther towards a solely m$ltistakeholder
governance model'(3*
2merican @egistry %or Internet 9$m#ers (2@I9)
@I&E
2%ri9IC
1atin 2merica and Cari##ean 9etwork In%ormation Centre (12C9IC)
Internet ociety : Internet Societ (IS!C) is an international, non/pro%it organi,ation %o$nded in
)AA+ to provide leadership in Internet related standards, ed$cation, and policy' It states that its
mission is Dto promote the open development, evol$tion and $se o% the Internet %or the #ene%it o% all
people thro$gho$t the worldD'()* The Internet ociety cond$cts a great range o% activities $nder
three main categories, namely standards, p$#lic policy, and ed$cation'
.nder the standards category, the Internet ociety s$pports and promotes the work o% the standards
settings #odies %or which it is the organi,ational home: the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF),
the Internet 2rchitect$re 0oard (I20), theInternet Engineering teering 8ro$p (IE8), and
the Internet @esearch Task Force (I@TF)' The Internet ociety also seeks to promote $nderstanding
and appreciation o% the Internet model o% open, transparent processes and consens$s/#ased decision
making'(;*
E'33) : "#33$ is part o% the IT. s$ite o% standards %or Bideo Telecon%erencing' This standard is
$sed %or #roadcast o% videocon%erences, as opposed to point/to/point links'()*
2 standard E'3+5 terminal (i'e' I?9 endpoint) can #e modi%ied to provide one/way point/to/
m$ltipoint data transmissions (D#roadcastsD)' These #roadcasts can #e likened to television
#roadcasts' E'33) speci%ies how E'3+5 terminals act in sit$ations where there is no data path %rom
receivers #ack to transmiters, making normal two/way negotiation impossi#le' In s$ch a sit$ation
no 4C. is needed'
tandard applications incl$de:
Ed$cational 0roadcasts (Classes, Camp$s Events''')
Corporate 0roadcasts (hareholder 4eetings, &$#lic @elations''')
&olitical 0roadcasts
!%ten low/#it/rate digital satellite transmission is $sed %or s$ch services, with one $plink site
sending E'3+5 video and many receiving stations'

Inter/2merican Telecomm$nication Commission (CITE1)

IT. @adiocomm$nication ector (IT./@)
IT. Telecomm$nication ?evelopment ector (IT./?)
IT. Telecomm$nication tandardi,ation ector (IT./T)
IT./@ @ecommendations
IT./T @ecommendations
F'75A In cryptography, %#&'( is an IT./T standard %or a p$#lic key in%rastr$ct$re (&GI)
and &rivilege 4anagement In%rastr$ct$re(&4I)' F'75A speci%ies, amongst other things, standard
%ormats %or p$#lic key certi%icates, certi%icate revocation lists, attri#$te certi%icates, and
a certi%ication path validation algorithm'