SUBJECT INDEX

abiotic processes, 185

absorption properties, 278
accommodation, 263
accommodation increases, 225
accommodation space, 219, 242, 262
aggradation, 124, 252
aggradational parasequences, 255
aggrading neomorphism, 72, 102, 124
aggrading systems tract, 221
Alsols, 182
algae, 300, 305, 308
algal boundstones, 87
alkalinity, 4
allostratigraphy, 218
alpha fabrics, 185, 228
alveolar and clotted-peloidal fabrics, 250
alveolar septal fabrics, 185
alveolar textures, 116
Amboseli Basin, Kenya, 6
amount effect, 16
anganyika, 85
angular unconformity, 227, 236, 260
aquifers, 290
aragonite, 3, 9, 67, 69, 73, 77, 87, 163, 170
calcitization, 75
earlier-precipitated, 70
neomorphism of, 73
precipitation of, 71
aragonite-subsaturated dolomitizing uids, 81
argillic calcisol, 243
argillic horizons, 235
argillic paleosol, 234
Aridisol, 182
Asian monsoon, 25
avulsion deposits, 224225
azurite, 3
backstepping systems tract, 221
balanced ll, 257
balanced-ll lakes, 254, 255, 258
barrels of oil, 277
base level, 219, 252, 263
basin-margin stratigraphy, 218
bauxite, 288
beachrock, 85
beta fabrics, 185
beta microfabrics, 228, 250
biolms, 163164
biogenic silica, 161162, 165
biomineralization, 164
biotic processes, 185
bivalves, 44
Bk horizon, 23
Blue Mesa Formation, 182
Bonneville Basin, 12
boxwork boundstone, 87
Brecciation, 8587, 105, 112
calcretes, 112114
bright reectors, 235, 237, 239, 262
bulk density, 235
burial temperature, 166
burkeite, 3, 38
C
3
vegetation, 24
C
4
vegetation, 24
d
13
C, 15
of pedogenic carbonate, 188
of tufa carbonate, 204
Calatayud Basin, 20
calcareous crust, 118
calcareous muds, 69, 103, 112
pre-Quaternary, 116, 117
calcareous soil. see calcareous muds
calcedonite, 157
calcic horizons, 245
calcic paleosols, 227, 228, 229, 231, 232,
235, 240242, 234, 246, 254, 259,
261262, 264
calcic paleosol (calcrete) pedocomplexes, 239
calcic paleosols/calcic pedocomplexes, 245
calcic pedocomplexes, 231, 235, 237,
240, 241, 242, 244, 263
Calcisols, 182
calcite, 3, 38
pseudospherulitic brous, 133
calcite zonation, 105
calcitization, 72
calcitization of evaporites
processes, 127129
textures, 129133
timing, 133134
calcium-carbonate morphologies, 228, 246
calcium-carbonate solubility, 186
calcrete, 114, 250, 252
calcrete morphology, 184
calcrete proles, 230
brecciation, 112114
cementation, 103105
diagenetic mineralogical associations in,
121122
313
314 Subject Index
displacement, 105108
neomorphic transformations of, 114119
nodulization, 109112
replacement, 108109
calcrete sheets, 246
Canterbury Cathedral, UK, 308
Capillary action, 82
carbonate cements, 163
carbonate mineral precipitation, 67
carbonate nodules, 242, 245
carbonate parasequence, 255
carbonate/bicarbonate equilibria, 181
carbonate weathering, 125126
Caribou Plateau, 10
cation exchange, 22
cave, Spain, 11
Cayuga Lake, 195
cementation, 8185
calcretes, 103105
cement consumption, 279
Cementation fabrics, 81
cementation in calcretes, 103
cerussite, 3
chalky muds, 77
changes in pH, 161, 164165, 169
chemical compaction, 79, 166
chemical divides, 4
chert clast, 163
chert, 155156, 161163, 166, 171175
Chinle Group, 182
CL microscopy and recrystallization, 116
CL microscopy of cements, 103
CL microscopy of displacive calcite, 105
clay accumulation, 227
clay illuviation, 229
climate change, 298, 303, 306
climate, 186
climatic controls, 258
closed carbonate lakes, 67
coal deposits, 277
coal, 225, 261, 276
collapse breccias, 230
columnar calcite crystals, 123
commercial applications, 288
compartmental model, 185
concrete, 279
concretions, 109
conduit-ow aquifers, 122
congruent dissolution, 74
conservation policies, 298, 307
construction, 276
continental carbonates, 62, 74
cements in, 8185
diagenesis of, 6366
eogenesis and telogenesis of, 62
micritization in, 81
neomorphism in, 7579
telogenesis in, 122123
convoluted fabrics, 116
Coorong lakes, 95
core, 232, 235
core data, 232
correlative conformity, 217, 218, 221,
222, 257, 260, 261, 264
correlative conformity/maximum regressive
surface (MRS), 220
Crystal silt, 87
crystal silt and internal sediments, 8890
cyclical climate variations, 183
cyclothems, 183, 246247, 252
D
47
, 17
dD, 17
composition, 158
Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles, 201
Death Valley, California, 6
decorative stones, 284
dedolomitization, 127, 163, 166
processes, 127129
textures, 129133
timing, 133134
Deep Springs Lake, 95
density, 262
depth to carbonate, 185
Devils Hole, Nevada, 34
Devils Lake, North Dakota, 42
diagenesis, early
of lacustrine carbonates, 6769
of lacustrine evaporites, 6971
diagenetic uids, 157, 165
diatomite, 280
diatoms, 162, 167168, 170171
differential compaction, 163
diffuse-ow aquifers, 123
diffusion-reaction model, 188
disconformities, 230
discontinuities, 247
disconnected palustrine, 232233
disconnected palustrine deposits, 249
discordant truncation, 237
Displacement, 105
dissolution, 8185
displacive
calcite, 108
dolomite, 96, 98
growth, 107
dissolution-precipitation, 75
dolocretes, 19
diagenetic mineralogical associations in,
121122
spheroids, 119
textures and interpretation, 119121
dolomite, 3, 8
composition, texture, and genesis of,
9094
geochemistry of, 101102
Subject Index 315
and lakes
dolomite-evaporite associations, 98100
Green River Formation, 9798
Holocene prototypes, 9596
playa-lake and lacustrine environments,
9495
recent and ancient lacustrine cases, 9697
organogenic, formation of, 100101
recrystallization of, 102
dolomite d
13
C, 102
dolomite d
18
O, 101
dolomite cement, 95
dolomite calcitization. see dedolomitization
dolomitization, 91, 127, 155, 163, 166, 168
dolomitized chalk, 249
Dolores Formation, 186
downlap, 235
downlap surface, 261
Durham subbasin, 183
early diagenesis, 67, 153, 160, 162, 164
East Africa, 10
Ebro Basin, 9, 20
economic development, 279
economic importance, 276
ecosystems, 298, 300, 303
Entisols, 182
eogenesis, 62, 63, 64
epigean travertine, 298, 305306
eroded surfaces, 226
erosion, 301, 304, 306
erosional truncations, 236
erosional truncation of paleosols, 186
estimated reserves, 278
evaporation, 166, 168171, 173175
evaporite calcitization, 128
evaporitic lakes, 87
Eyre Basin, Australia, 13
facies stacking patterns, 223
Fayum Depression, Egypt, 41
lter, 281
oating, 108
ooding surfaces, 224225, 255, 260
oodplain aggradation, 248
force of crystallization, 109
forestepping systems tract, 221
Fort Ternan, Kenya, 26
Four Corners Region, 182
fractionation constant, 191
fractionation, 17
Furnace Creek Formation, 194
Gallocanta Lake, Spain, 13
gamma-ray, 234
gas source rocks, 276
gastropods, 44
gaylussite, 3, 38, 6970
geopetal inlling, 8890
Gettysburg Basin, 193
glacial/interglacial cycles, 259
glacio-eustatic, 183
Glauberite, 70
gley, 182
global supercontinent cycles, 220
gold, 282
grainication, 112
gravitational cement, 82
Great Plains of North America, 9
Great Salt Lake, 12
Great Western Erg, 42
Green Lake New York, 194
Green River Basin, Wyoming, 36
Green River Formation, 70, 9798, 100
Greenland ice-core, 201
Grotte de Clamouse (France), 34
ground penetrating radar, 232, 237
groundwater, 158160, 166169
groundwater and pedogenic calcretes, 247
groundwater calcretes, 184, 238, 245246,
249, 250, 262
groundwater carbonates, 246247
groundwater dolcretes, 121
groundwater silcretes, 166167
groundwater-related calcrete, 244
gypsum, 20, 69, 70, 71, 87, 98, 121
calcitization of, 128129
dolomite, 98
hardpan calcrete, 241
Hartford Basin, 183
Hawes Water, 197
helicoidal calcedonite, 157
Henan Province, China, 36
Hierapolis, Turkey, 311
high-Mg calcite, 73
highstand, 252, 255
highstand systems tract, 221
Holocene Hypsithermal, 195
Holocene Optimum, 195
hot spring, 171
Huanglong, China, 298, 300
human impacts, 305
huntite, 3, 11, 70, 95
hydraulic cements, 279
hydrocarbons, 276
hydrolysis, 22
hydromagnesite, 3, 11, 68, 7071
hydromorphic calcareous paleosols, 184
hyperthermic, 186
ikaite, 3, 28
Ili River, 7
illuviation of calcretes, 105
industrial minerals, 276
316 Subject Index
industrial processes, 278
interuve, 229, 233, 248, 260
interuve paleosol, 234
internal sediments, 88
interstratal dewatering, 163
interstitial gypsum, 69
interval velocities, 236
iron oxidation, 229
Ischigualasto-Villa Union Basin, 183
isovolumetric reaction, 128
isovolumetric replacement, 108
isotopic fractionation, 195
Jones triangle, 6, 8
K horizon, 228, 229, 231, 234,
239, 240
K values, 3
kalicinite, 3
K
aragonite
, 5
Karoo Supergroup, 27
karst, 230, 231, 233, 253, 259
karstication, 260
K
calcite
4
K
dolomite
5
lacustrine carbonates, 238
cracks in, 8587
early and rapid cementation of, 8485
early diagenesis of, 6769
micritization in, 81
lacustrine, 154156, 161167, 173174,
251, 254, 263
lacustrine evaporates, early diagenesis of,
6971
Lacustrine maximum ooding surface, 221
lacustrine sequences, 254
Lake Balaton (Hungary), 9, 96
Lake Balkash, Kazakhstan, 7
Lake Bosumtwi, 68, 96
Lake Geneva, 42
Lake Gilbert, 21
Lake Gunnison, 21
Lake Kivu, 68
Lake Manyara, 31
Lake Natron, 37
Lake Qarun Basin, 41
Lake Turkana, 31
Lake Urmia, Iran, 10
lake-level uctuations, 258
lake-playa model for dolomite, 97
latitudinal gradients, 191
lithication, 63, 67, 72, 100
lithology logs, 235
low-Mg calcite, 38
lowstand, 252, 255
lowstand, transgressive, and highstand systems
tracts, 247, 258
lutecite, 157, 163
Madrid, 19
MagadiNatron, 31
magnesite, 3, 7071, 95
malachite, 3
Mammoth Hot Springs, 300301
manufacture, 279
marine carbonates, 62, 64, 74, 76, 85
masonry, 279
maximum ooding downlap surface, 222
maximum ooding surface (MFS), 220,
221, 247, 255, 260,
261, 264
maximum regression surface, 224
mechanical compaction, 163
mechanical strength, 284
meniscus cement, 82, 108
meromictic lake, 194
meromictic model for dolomite, 97
mesogenesis, 62, 79
metastable carbonates, 77
metasomatic reaction front, 125
meteoric groundwater, 159
methanogenesis, 100, 102
methanogenic reduction, 96
Mg-silicates, 12
micrite, 72
micritization, 81, 117
microbial carbonates, 164, 171
microbial sulfate reduction, 97
Microcodium, 185
microfabrics are, 250
microkarst surfaces, 198
micromorphological, 228
microspar, 72
Milankovitch cyclicity, 259
mimic replacement, 91
mineral-controlled reactions, 73
minimicrite, 81
mixed groundwater and pedogenic
carbonates, 246
mixed groundwater/pedogenic calcretes, 245
mixed groundwater/pedogenic Quaternary
calcretes, 248
mixed groundwater/pedogenic, 262
mixing of waters, 74
Moenkopi, 192
moganite, 155, 158
Mojave Desert, 17
Molasse Basin, 18
Mollisols, 182
mollusks, 44
moonmilk, 68
Mono Lake, 9, 28
monohydrocalcite, 3, 68
Subject Index 317
morphologies, 262
MRS, 222, 261
multi-step process, 73
nahcolite, 3, 36, 38, 6970
Na-rich brines, 70
Native Sulfur, 71
natron, 3, 69
natural spaces, 290
Needle-ber calcites, 116
neomorphism, 7273
in continental carbonates, 7579
controls on, 7375
during mesogenesis, 7980
mechanism of dissolution-precipitation, 75
of ooids, 8081
in speleothems, 123124
nesquehonite, 3, 68, 70
Neuchatel, Switzerland, 42
neural networks, 232, 235
neutron log, 234
neutron porosity, 235
neutron well-log data, 262
New Oxford Formation, 193
Ngorongoro Crater, 37
Niuafoou Island, 32
nodular calcrete, 240, 244, 250
nodular calcrete sheets, 246
nodular carbonate, 242243
nodules, 109
nonmimic replacement, 91
non-marine carbonates, 72
non-pseudomorphic dedolomitization, 127
non-stoichiometric dolomite, 91
North Dakota, 9
d
13
O, 15
composition, 171
d
18
O
of pedogenic carbonate, 190
of tufa carbonate, 203
oceanic ridge volume changes, 220
ofap, 226
oil- and gas-producing basins, 277
oil elds, 277
oil shales, 276
oil source rocks, 277
Okavango Delta, 121
Oldoinyo Lengai, 38
Olduvai, 13, 21
Olduvai Gorge, 26
Olorgesailie Basin, 26
oncolites, 164, 171
onlap, 235
ooids, neomorphism of, 8081
opal A, 157158, 161162, 167, 169
opal CT, 157158, 160, 162
opaline rock, 164
open pit, 280
organogenic dolomite, 100
orbital forcing, 220, 259
ore bodies, 282
Ore Lake, 85
organic matter, 159, 161162, 164165, 170
ostracodes, 38
Ostwald ripening, 74, 102
Owl Rock Formation, 199
oxidized horizons, 227
paleocatenas, 183
paleo-pCO
2
, 188
paleoprecipitation, 186
paleosol, 27, 225
paleosol complex, 242, 243
paleosol horizonation, 233
paleosol horizons, 235
paleosol maturity, 226
paleosol pedocomplexes, 229
paleosol proles, 229230, 234, 246
paleosols, micromorphological features, 229
paleotemperatures, 191
paleothermometry, 17
palustrine, 154156, 159, 162, 164, 166167,
173174, 233, 250252, 254,
258259, 264
palustrine carbonates, 71, 77, 80, 83, 87,
89, 112, 238, 249, 261
neomorphism in, 114119
palustrine facies, 251
palygorskite, 19, 98, 109, 276
palygorskite cement, 77
Pamukkale, Turkey, 300
parallel reection zones, 236
parasequence, 223225, 256, 259261, 264
parasequences/depositional sequences, 255
peat, 225
peat formation, 225
pedocomplex, 230, 234, 261262
pedodiagenesis, 63
pedogenesis, 63, 64
pedogenic calcretes, 184, 238239,
242, 245, 248, 262
pedogenic carbonates, 22, 166167
Pedogenic dolocretes, 120
pedotubule calcrete, 241
peloidal fabrics, 198
petroleum system, 277
petroleum, 276
phosphates, 302
photosynthetic mediation, 195
Phreatic cement, 84
phreatic dolocretes, 119, 120
phreatic precipitation, 184
physical properties, 276
phytoliths, 157, 162, 167168
pinon pine-juniper forest, 182
318 Subject Index
Pirssonite, 3, 36, 38, 69
pluvial periods, 259
porosity, 160, 167
Portland cement, 279
potential accommodation, 258
pressure solution, 125
primary dolomite, 94, 96
protodolomite, 11
proto-silcrete, 167, 170
pseudomorphic dedolomitization, 128
Pseudomorphic replacement, 128
pseudospherulitic brous calcite, 133
Pyramid Lake, 28
Pyrite, 68
Qaidam Basin, China, 6
quarry, 280
quarrying, 303, 305
quartz, 155, 157160, 162, 165166,
168169, 171173, 175
quartzine, 157
radiometric ages, 238
radial-brous calcites, 133
rain fabric, 108
raw materials, 291
reccia, 114
recrystallization, 76
in calcretes, 114
of dolomite, 102
process, 81
redoximorphic paleosols, 183
reef complexes, 252253
reection amplitude, 236
reection terminations, 235
refractory materials, 288
regional tectonics, 220
regional unconformities, 217
relict soils, 184
replacement, 154155, 157160, 163,
168170, 172, 175
in calcretes, 108
Replacive growth, 111
reservoir rocks, 276
resistivity, 234, 262
resistivity logs, 235
resources, 276
reverse diagenesis, 62
rhizocretions, 186
rhodacrosite, 3
Rio Grande rift, 191
road-paving aggregates, 284
root respiration, 181
Rupelo Formation, 199
d
34
S, 15
Salda Golu, Turkey, 31
salinas of the coastal zone of South
Australia, 87
sea level, 252
sea-level changes, 219
sea-level uctuations, 249
Secondary dolomite, 94
sediment cores, 259
seismic data, 217, 232, 234, 235,
239, 259, 262
seismic proles, 236, 257, 258
seismic reection data, 239
seismic reections, 222, 236237
seismic reectors, 249
seismic sections, 235
seismic sequence boundaries, 235
seismic sequences, 258, 259
seismic stratigraphic analysis, 259
seismic stratigraphy, 226
seismic terminations, 235
seismogram, 234
Seneca Lake, 196
sepiolite, 109, 276
sequence boundary, 221, 232, 247
sequence delineation, 226
sequence hierarchy, 220
sequence orders, 220
sheet calcrete, 240
shortite, 69, 70
siderite, 3, 68
silcretes, 64
silica precipitation, 158159, 164,
167169, 171
silicate dissolution, 109
silicied karst, 169170
Siwalik Group, 191
Siwaliks, Pakistan, 25
smectite, 20
smithsonite, 3
soil catenas, 183
soil horizons, 230, 238
soil moisture, 181
soil porosity, 185
soil prole, 230, 238239
soil temperature, 185
soil-moisture regimes, 181
soil-respired CO
2
, 186
sonic well-log data, 262
sonic, density, resistivity, neutron, and
lithology logs, 232
source rocks, 276
sparmicritization, 88, 117, 124
spelean travertine, 298, 304
speleothem carbonates, 200
speleothem damage, 307
speleothems, 32
neomorphism in, 123124
Spencer Triangle, 6
spheroidal dolomite, 98
Subject Index 319
sponges, 162
Spring Lake, 44
87
Sr/
86
Sr, 15
Sr content in dolomite, 101
Sr/Ca, 42
stacking patterns, 255
stoichiometry, 91
stratal stacking patterns, 260
stratal terminations, 226, 235
stratigraphic base level, 219, 262
stratigraphic cycles, 220
stratigraphic surfaces, 220, 221
stratigraphic terminations, 254
strontianite, 3, 164, 166, 171
subaerial exposure, 255, 260
subaerial unconformity, 220221, 226,
232233, 252, 260, 264
subsurface techniques, 232
sulfate-reducing bacteria, 13
sulfate reduction, 98, 100
surcial deposits, 283
synthem, 218
synthetic seismograms, 235236, 239
systems tracts, 222224, 255, 264
taphonomic factors, 185
technological qualities of, 284
tectonism, 242
telogenesis, 62, 64, 122
in continental carbonates, 122123
dened, 122123
tepee structures, 87
tepees, 8587
termite trace fossils, 242
terra rossa, 125126, 230
terrestrial carbonate, 65, 66
thenardite, 38
thermal water resources and spas, 287
thermic, 186
thermonatrite, 3, 38
Timing in diagenesis, 133
torric, 181
tourism sites, 285
transgressive system tract, 222221, 255
trona, 3, 38, 6970
tropical closed-basin lakes, 67
truncated paleosols, 182
truncation, 235
truncation, toplap, onlap, downlap, 226
tufa, 27, 202
Type A sequence boundaries, 258
Type I sequence boundary, 249
unconformity, 238, 241
unconformity-bounded, 217, 218
unconformity-bounded surfaces, 254
underlled lakes, 254, 255, 257
uranium mineralization, 283
ustic, 181
vadose cementation, 82
vadose micritization, 117
vadose silt, 88
vadose zone, 184
vaterite, 3
veneer boundstone, 87
vertic features, 182
Vertisols, 182
volcanic ash, 162, 167
water-controlled reactions, 73
water pollution, 301302, 312
weathering, 4
weathering, carbonate, 125126
and pedogenesis, 63, 64
well logs, 232, 233, 235, 236
well-cutting analyses, 232
well-cuttings, 234
well-log analysis, 233
well-log data, 234
well-log, 235, 239
West Camaros Basin, 199
wet/dry climatic cycles, 259
whisker calcite, 116
witherite, 3
within-trend facies contact, 224
World Heritage Sites, 298
xeric, 181
Younger Dryas, 196, 201