loading will eventually cause nick formation and rupture.

Usually a tension testis conducted at room temperature and the tensile load is
applied slowly. During this test either round of flat specimens may be used. The round
specimens may have smooth, shouldered or threaded ends. The load on the specimen is
applied mechanically or hydraulically depending on the type of testing machine.
FORMULA USED:
1. Original area of the rod !
o
" # $.1%&%" ' d
o
"
(
mm
2
(. )eck area of the rod !
)
" # $.1%&%" ' d
)
"
(
mm
2
*here,
d
o
#original area of cross section in mm d
)
#diameter of the rod at the neck in mm
3. +ercentage reduction in area #
*here,
!
o
#original cross sectional area of the rod in
mm !
)
#)eck area of the rod in mm
4. +ercentage of ,longation #
*here,
-
o
#.inal gauge length of the rod in mm
-
o
#Original gauge length of the rod in mm
/. 0ield stress # )&mm
(
1. Ultimate stress # )&mm
(
2. 3reaking stress # )&mm
(
4. 0oungs modulus # )&mm
(
*here,
+#-oad in )
-
o
#Original length in mm
!
o
#Original cross sectional area of the rod in
mm #,5tension of the rod in mm
PROCEDURE:
1. 6easure the diameter of the rod using 7ernier caliper.
2. 6easure the original length of the rod.
3. 8elect the proper 9aw inserts and complete the upper and lower chuck assemblies.
4. !pply some graphite grease to the tapered surface of the grip surface for the
smooth motion.
5. Operate the upper cross head grip operation handle and grip fully the upper end of
the test piece.
6. The left valve in UT6 is kept in fully closed position and the right valve in normal
open position.
7. Open the right valve and close it after the lower table is slightly lifted.
8. !d9ust the load to :ero by using large push button This is necessary to remove the
dead weight of the lower table, upper cross head and other connecting parts of the
load".
9. Operate the lower grip operation handle and lift the lower cross head up and grip
fully the lower part of the specimen. Then lock the 9aws in this position by operating
the 9aw locking handle.
10. Turn the right control valve slowly to open position anticlockwise" until we get a
desired loadings rate.
11. !fter that we will find that the specimen is under load and then unclamp the locking
handle.
12. )ow the 9aws will not slide down due to their own weight. Then go on increasing the
load.
13. !t a particular stage there will be a pause in the increase of load. The load at this
point is noted as yield point load.
14. !pply the load continuously, when the load reaches the ma5imum value. This is
noted as ultimate load.
15. )ote down the load when the test piece breaks, the load is said to be a breaking
load.
16. *hen the test piece is broken close the right control valve, take out the broken
pieces of the test piece. Then taper the left control valve to take the piston down.
GRAPH
Draw a graph between ,longations ';a5is" and load 0;a5is".
OBSERVATIONS
1. Original gauge length of the rod -
o
" # mm.
(. Original diameter of the rod d
o
" # mm.
$. .inal length of the rod # mm.
%. -oad at yield point # k).
/. Ultimate load # k).
1. 3reaking load # k).
2. Diameter at the neck D
)
" # mm.
4. <auge in length # mm.
TABULATION:
Load
Extensomete ead!n"
Stess Sta!n #o$n"%s mod$&$s
S'NO (mm)
(*N) (N+mm
2
) (No Un!t) , -.
/
(N+mm
2
)
Le0t R!"1t Mean
RESULT:
1. .inal length of the rod # ====== mm.
(. Diameter at the neck D
)
" # ====== mm.
$. +ercentage reduction in area #====== >
%. +ercentage of ,longation #====== >
/. 0ield stress
# ====== )&mm
(
1. Ultimate stress
# ====== )&mm
(
2. 3reaking stress
# ====== )&mm
(
4. 0oung?s modulus
# ====== ' 1@
/
)&mm
(
IMPACT TEST 2 CHARP#
AIM:
To determine the impact strength of the given material using Aharpy impact test.
APPARATUS RE3UIRED:
1. 7ernier caliper
2. 8cale
THEOR#:
!n impact test signifies toughness of material that is ability of material to absorb
energy during plastic deformation. 8tatic tension tests of unnotched specimens do not
always reveal the susceptibility of a metal to brittle fracture. This important factor is
determent by impact test. Toughness takes into account both the material. 8everal
engineering material have to with stand impact or suddenly loads while in service. Bmpact
strengths are generally lower as compared to strengths achieved under slowly applied
loads of all types of impact tests, the notched bar test are most e5tensively used.
Therefore, the impact test measures the energy necessary to fracture a standard notched
bar by applying an impulse load. The test measures the notch toughness of material under
shocking loading. 7alues obtained from these tests are not of much utility to design
problems directly and are highly arbitrary. 8till it is important to note that it provides a good
way of comparing toughness of various materials or toughness of same material under
different conditions. This test can also be used to assess the ductile brittle transition
temperature of the material occurring due to lowering of temperature.
FORMULA USED:
Bmpact strength # C&mm
(
PROCEDURE:
1. Daise the swinging pendulum weight and lock it.
2. Delease the trigger and allow the pendulum to swing.
3. This actuates the pointer to move in the dial.
4. )ote down the frictional energy absorbed by the bearings.
5. Daise the pendulum weight again and lock it in position.
6. +lace the specimen in between the simple anvil support keeping the EUE notch in the
direction opposite to the striking edge of hammer arrangement.
7. Delease the trigger and allow the pendulum to strike the specimen at its midpoint.
8. )ote down the energy spent in breaking or" bending the specimen.
9. Tabulate the observation.
OBSERVATION:
!rea of cross section of the given materialF
Ene"4 a5so5ed
Ene"4 s6ent to Ene"4
Im6a7t
Mate!a& 5ea8 t1e a5so5ed 54
S'No 54 0o7e (A) Sten"t1
Used s6e7!men (B) t1e s6e7!men
9 9+mm
2
9 (A2B) 9
Res$&t:
The impact strength for the given material is ========= C&mm
(
COMPRESSIONTEST ON OPEN COIL HELICAL SPRING
AIM:
To determine the stiffness of spring, modulus of rigidity of the spring wire and
ma5imum strain energy stored.
E3UIPMENTS RE3UIRED:
1. 8pring testing machine
2. ! open coil spring
3. 7ernier caliper
FORMULAE:
1. Deflection " # 1% *D
$
n8ec G cos
(
& ) H (8in
(
&,I )&mm
(
d
(
*here,
*#-oad applied in )ewton
D#6ean radius of spring coil # D;d" & (
n# )o of Aoils
#Jeli5 angle of spring
)#6odulus of rigidity of spring 6aterial
,#0oungs modulus of the spring material
2. Tan # pitch & (KD
3. +itch # -;d" & n
*here,
d#Dia of spring wire in mm
-#-ength of spring in mm
)#no of turns in spring
4. 8tiffness of spring L"#w &
*here,
#Deflection of spring in mm
*#-oad applied in )ewton
/. 6a5imum energy stores # @./ 5 *
ma5
5
ma5

*here,
*
ma5
#6a5imum load applied
6a5#
6a5imum deflection
PROCEDURE:
1. 3y using 7ernier caliper measure the diameter of the wire of the spring and also
the diameter of spring coil.
2. Aount the number of turns.
3. Bnsert the spring in the spring testing machine and load the spring by a suitable
weight and note the corresponding a5ial deflection in compression.
4. Bncrease the load and take the corresponding a5ial deflection readings.
5. +lot a curve between load and deflection. The shape of the curve gives the
stiffness of the spring
OBSERVATION:
Diameter of spring coil D" #
Diameter of spring wire d" #
)umber of turns in spring #
Ta5$&at!on: To detem!ne t1e &oad :es$s de0&e7t!on (m!n -2 ead!n"s)
S7a&e ead!n"s De0&e7t!on !n
R!"!d!t4
St!00ness
S'No Load !n *"0 mod$&$s
!n mm mm !n N+mm
!n N+mm
2
OBSERVATION:
To determine the wire diameter, and coil diameter of spring each $ readings"
-east count of 7ernier #
Ma!n S7a&e
Ven!e s7a&e VSR x LC !n
Tota& ead!n" ;
S'No Read!n" (MSR) !n MSR;(VSRxLC)
ead!n" (VSR) mm
mm !n mm
RESULT:
Under compression test on open coil helical spring
a. Digidity 6odulus )" #
b. 8tiffness of spring L"#
c. 6a5imum energy stored #
DOUBLE SHEAR TEST ON GIVEN SPECIMEN
AIM:
To conduct shear test on given specimen under double shear.
E3UIPMENTS RE3UIRED:
1. UT6 with double shear chuck
2. 7ernier Aaliber
3. Test 8pecimen
DESCRIPTION:
Bn actual practice when a beam is loaded the shear force at a section always comes to
play along with bending moment. Bt has been observed that the effect of shearing stress as
compared to bending stress is Muite negligible. 3ut sometimes, the shearing stress at a
section assumes much importance in design calculations.
Universal testing machine is used for performing shear, compression and tension.
There are two types of UT6.
1. 8crew type
2. Jydraulic type.
Jydraulic machines are easier to operate. They have a testing unit and control unit connected
to each other with hydraulic pipes. Bt has a reservoir of oil, which is pumped into a cylinder,
which has a piston. 3y this arrangement, the piston is made to move up. 8ame oil is taken in
a tube to measure the pressure. This causes movement of the pointer, which gives reading for
the load applied.
DETAILS OF UTM:
AapacityF %@@ L).
Dange F @ ; %@@ L).
PRECAUTION:
The inner diameter of the hole in the shear stress attachment is slightly greater than
that of the specimen.
PROCEDURE:
1. 6easure the diameter of the hole accurately.
2. Bnsert the specimen in position and grip one end of the attachment in the upper
portion and the other end in the lower portion.
3. 8witch on the main switch on the universal testing machine.
4. 3ring the drag indicator in contact with the main indicator.
5. <radually move the head control lever in left hand direction till the specimen
shears.
6. )ote down the load at which specimen shears.
7. 8top the machine and remove the specimen.
OBSERVATION:
Diameter of the specimen d" # ;;;;; mm
Aross sectional area in double shear, !" # ( 5 d
(
& % mm
(
8hear -oad taken by specimen at the time of failure +" # ;;;;;; L).
8hear strength # 6a5imum shear force !rea of
the specimen.
RESULT:
8hear strength of the given material # ;;;;;;;; ) & mm
(
IMPACT TEST 2 I<OD
AIM:
To determine the impact strength of the given material using B:od impact test.
APPARATUS RE3UIRED:
1. 7ernier caliper
2. 8cale
THEOR#:
!n impact test signifies toughness of material that is ability of material to absorb
energy during plastic deformation. 8tatic tension tests of un notched specimens do not always
reveal the susceptibility of a metal to brittle fracture. This important factor is determent by
impact test. Toughness takes into account both the material. 8everal engineering material
have to with stand impact or suddenly loads while in service. Bmpact strengths are generally
lower as compared to strengths achieved under slowly applied loads of all types of impact
tests, the notched bar test are most e5tensively used. Therefore, the impact test measures
the energy necessary to fracture a standard notched bar by applying an impulse load. The
test measures the notch toughness of material under shocking loading. 7alues obtained from
these tests are not of much utility to design problems directly and are highly arbitrary. 8till it is
important to note that it provides a good way of comparing toughness of various materials or
toughness of same material under different conditions. This test can also be used to assess
the ductile brittle transition temperature of the material occurring due to lowering of
temperature.
FORMULA USED:
Bmpact strength # C&mm
(
PROCEDURE:
1. Daise the swinging pendulum weight and lock it.
2. Delease the trigger and allow the pendulum to swing.
3. This actuates the pointer to move in the dial.
4. )ote down the frictional energy absorbed by the bearings.
5. Daise the pendulum weight again and lock it in position.
6. +lace the specimen in between the simple anvil support keeping the EUE notch in the
direction opposite to the striking edge of hammer arrangement.
7. Delease the trigger and allow the pendulum to strike the specimen at its midpoint.
8. )ote down the energy spent in breaking or" bending the specimen.
9. Tabulate the observation.
OBSERVATION:
!rea of cross section of the given materialF
Ene"4 a5so5ed
Ene"4 s6ent to Ene"4
Im6a7t
Mate!a& 5ea8 t1e a5so5ed 54
S'No 54 0o7e (A) Sten"t1
Used s6e7!men (B) t1e s6e7!men
9 9+mm
2
9 (A2B) 9
RESULT:
The impact strength for the given material is ========= C&mm
(
TORSION TEST ON MILD STEEL SPECIMEN
AIM:
To conduct the torsion test on the given specimen for the following
1. 6odulus of rigidity
2. 8hear stress
APPARATUS RE3UIRED:
1. 7ernier caliper
2. 8cale
FORMULA USED:
1. 6odulus of rigidity, A # )&mm
(
*here,
#angle of degree
2. 8hear stress t" #TD&- )&mm
(

PROCEDURE:
1. 6easure the diameter and length of the given rod.
2. The rod is fi5ing in to the grip of machine.
3. 8et the pointer on the torMue measuring scale.
4. The handle of machine is rotate in one direction.
5. The torMue and angle of test are noted for five degree.
6. )ow the handle is rotated in reverse direction and rod is taken out
THEOR#:
! torsion test is Muite intruded in determining the values of modulus of rigidity of
metallic specimen the values of modulus of rigidity can be found out through observation
made during e5periment by using torsion eMuation
T&< # AN&-
OBSERVATION:
D!amete o0 t1e S6e7!men ; mm
Ga$"e &en"t1 o0 t1e S6e7!men ; mm
TABULATION:
ANGLE OF T=!st !n
To>$e
Mod$&$s o0 S1ea
S'NO R!"!d!t4 Stess
T?IST Rod
N2M N2MM (N+mm
2
) (N+mm
2
)
RESULT:
Thus the torsion test on given mild steel specimen is done and the values of
modulus of rigidity and shear stress are calculated
TENSION TEST ON CLOSED COIL HELICAL SPRING
AIM:
To determine the modulus of rigidity and stiffness of the given tension spring
specimen.
APPARATUS AND SPECIMEN RE3UIRED:
1. 8pring test machine
2. Tension spring specimen
3. 7ernier caliper
PROCEDURE:
1. 6easure the outer diameter D" and diameter of the spring coil D" for the given
tension spring.
2. Aount the number of turns i.e. coils n" of the given specimen.
3. .it the specimen in the top of the hook of the spring testing machine.
4. !d9ust the wheel at the top of the machine so that the other end of the specimen can
be fitted to the bottom hook in the machine.
5. )ote down the initial reading from the scale in the machine.
6. !pply a load of (/kg and note down the scale reading. Bncrease the load at the rate of
(/kg up to a ma5imum of 1@@kg and note down the corresponding scale readings.
7. .ind the actual deflection of the spring for each load by deducting the initial scale
reading from the corresponding scale reading.
8. Aalculate the modulus of rigidity for each load applied by using the following formulaF
6odulus of rigidity, ) # 1%+D
$
n
d
%
O
*here,
+ # -oad in )
D # 6ean radius of the spring in mm D Pd &("
d # Diameter of the spring coil in mm
O # Deflection of the spring in mm
D # Outer diameter of the spring in mm.
9. Determine the stiffness for each load applied by using the following formulaF
8tiffness, L # +&O
10. .ind the values of modulus of rigidity and spring constant of the given spring by
taking average values.
OBSERVATION:
1. 6aterial of the spring specimen #
(. Outer diameter of the spring. D # mm
$. Diameter of the spring coil, d # mm
%. )umber of coils & turns, n # )os.
/. Bnitial scale reading # cm # mm
A66&!ed Load !n S7a&e ead!n" !n
A7t$a& Mod$&$s o0
St!00ness
S'No
de0&e7t!on !"!d!t4
!n N+mm 8" N 7m mm !n mm In N+mm
2
!verage
Res$&t:
The modulus of rigidity of the given spring # ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; )&mm
(
The stiffness of the given spring # ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; )&mm
(