THUDUPAHI, ERODE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Paper Presentation on
GRASP HAND APPROACH TO DETECT THE ATTENTIVES AND FATIGUE OF DRIVER
VIA VIBRATION SYSTEM USING EMBEDDED TECHNOLOGY

SUBMITTED BY:
A.VELLIANGIRI : girivijaya1094@gmail.com
S.THANIGAIVEL : thanigaisendur@gmail.com
SECOND YEAR- ECE











SYNOPSIS:

INTRODUCTION

STATISITIC EVIDENCE

OBJECTIVES

MOUNTING HOTPOT
MEMBRANE POTENTIOMETER
TO STEERING WHEEL

RECEIVER MODULE

MOUNTING MOTOR VIBRATOR
TO SEAT DRIVER

RESULTS

CONCLUSION

Abstract

The main purpose of this project is to
produce a safety system especially for
fatigue and sleepy car driver so as to
prevent from accidents.

These systems encompassed the
approach of hand pressure applied on
the steering wheel. The steering will be
installed with pressure sensors. At the
same time these sensors can be used to
measure gripping force while driving by
pressing the calibration button placed on
the steering. When the driver gets
fatigue or sleepy during driving the seat
will vibrate and both thigh of driver will
feel the vibration and also the buzzer
will activate synchronously.

Wireless communication used to avoid
the system looking fibred between
steering wheel and motor vibrator inside
the seat driver.

Keywords Fatigue, sleepy, hand
pressure, calibration,
Seat vibrationI
INTRODUCTION
Today modern living, transportation
plays an important role in development
of the country. However, the negative
effect on a nation is the loss of life
whereby the human factor life is
considered priceless.
There are numerous gadget and safety
systems installed on cars or vehicles. To
name a few, Automatic Break Syste
(ABS), Air Bag, Finger Print technology
to activate car, Distance sensors and
many more. All these are to prevent
fatality during accidents or to prevent
accidents from happening. The
government for instance has launched
so many road safety campaigns to road
users and even the police
had ongoing speed limit exercises for
speedster in order to
discourage driver from speeding.

However, the result has not
been encouraging. The system that I am
proposing could in a way help reduces
the increasing statistics of road
accidents especially the fatigue car
drivers which had also contributed in
the road fatality statistic to increase.

Driver drowsiness is one of the major
causes of serious traffic accidents.
According to the National Highway
Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
there are about 56,000
crashes caused by drowsy drivers every
year in US, which results in about 1,550
fatalities and 40,000 nonfatal injuries
annually. The actual tolls may be
considerably higher than these
statistics, since larger numbers of driver
inattention accidents caused by
drowsinessare not included in above
numbers

The National Sleep Foundation also
reported that 60% of adult drivers have
driven while felling drowsy in past year,
and 37% have ever actually fallen
asleep at the wheel
For this reason, a technique that can
real-time detect the drivers drowsiness
is of utmost importance to prevent
drowsiness-caused accidents. If
drowsiness status can be accurately
detected, incidents can be prevented by
countermeasures, such as the arousing
of driver and deactivation of cruise
control. Sleep cycle is divided into no
rapid-eye-movement (NREM)
sleep and rapid-eye-movement (REM)
sleep and the NREM sleep are further
divided into stages 1-4.
Drowsiness is stage 1 of NREM sleep
the first stage of sleep .A number
of efforts have been reported in the
literature on the developing of
drowsiness detection systems for
drivers. Although it is a simple system
but I believe in could help the fatigue
drivers to deter them from road
accidents.

STATISCTIC OF
EVIDENCE

TABLE I
STATISTIC REPORTED BY MALAYSIAN
INSTITUTE OF ROAD SAFETY RESEARCH
(MIROS)

Traffic accidents in Malaysia have been
increasing at the average fatality index
rate of 5.65 per 10,000 vehicles over the
last a decade (see Table I).

Compared to the earlier years, total
number of road accidents had increased
from 215,632 cases in 1997 to 363,314
cases in 2007, reaching more than
68.48% increase of accident cases over
10 years

OBJECTIVES

The objectives are listed as follows:-

To display the attentiveness of driver
while driving on the LCD.

To design the steering wheel
complete with hand pressure sensor
and communicate the main system to
the vibration system via wireless
communications and as a result the
system will notify the sleepy drivers by
using vibration and sound warning
approaches.

To design automatic activation for the
system by using combination speed of
car and the system will automatic
ON mode if the fuel pedal detect the
angle of movement.

METHODOLOGY

The overall system contains two main
parts there are transmission module and
receiver module. The detail for this
system work will be elaborated at the
flow chart section.A. Transmission
module

Fig. Block diagram for complete
transmission
The red arrows indicate the input data
come from the sensors to the
microcontroller PIC18F452. The sensor
that was use in this project are two
piece of Hot
Potmembranepotentiometer,
one potentiometer that will attached to
the mechanical part where the angle of
the fuel pedal movement can be
measure and calibration button that
mounting to the steering for
calibration purpose.

Fig. shows the complete design for the
transmission module. The blue arrows
indicate the output data
that will sent to buzzer, LED and also to
Radio Frequency (RF)
module transmission to activate the
motor vibrator inside the
seat using wireless communication
Mounting HotPOt
membrane potentiometer
to steering wheel

the sensor strips are 24 inches long and
0.6 inches wide. The active area is 0.25
inches wide. They are polymer thick
film (PTF) devices that exhibit a
decrease in resistance when pressure is
applied on their surface. These thick film
devices are printed on the flexible
substrate that can be cut, folded,
twisted and bent without any damage.
They come with a self adhesive stripe
on the back, which allows easy
application to a wide range of surfaces.

In our case, we attached two of these
sensors on the perimeter of a steering
wheel Sensor location on the steering
wheel


The sensors were symmetrically placed
on the circumference of the wheel, each
covering half of it.
The amplifier circuit, consisting of a
voltage divider, operational amplifier and
some additional power stabilizing
elements. The schematic of the
amplifier board is given in fig. 5.




Fig. 5 Voltage divider and amplifier
circuit

Previously it was mentioned that these
sensor exhibit a decrease in resistance
when pressure is applied on their
surface. According to the fig. 5 the
resistor, RM used as the voltage divider
and as the result, the voltage drops on
this resistor increase when more of
forces act on these sensors.
The different value of resistor, RM was
used to determine the better
performance of the sensor response
and the results was
plotted as shows in fig. 6.

Fig. 6 The graph Vout versus hand force

The measurement has been done by
measuring the voltage drop from the
output amplifier with the variations of
hand forces on the steering wheel. As
shown in fig. 6 the performance for red
line is the better compare to the others.

The values of resistor, RM which are
7.5kK, 4.7kK and 1.5Kk were used to
determine the response. As the result,
the 4.7kK was selected to be installing
for this project circuit because of
the performances because the graph
approach to be linear and make it easy
to do the analysis. The normal range of
hand force on the steering is between
250g and 350g by referring to the fig 6.

The software MPLAB 8.1v and C
language was used to do the
programming for the microcontroller
PIC18F452









Receiver module




Fig.8 Receiver module circuit

For the receiver system it contains four
important blocks a show n in fig 7. The
four important blocks are Radio
frequency (RF) receiver module, chip
PT2272, Relay and also vibration
system. RF receiver module will receive
the data from transmitter module located
at main system then the data will
pass through the decoder chip PT2272.
Next, the decoder chip PT2272 was
connected to the relay and there is
transistor joint between them. This
transistor act as internal switch to
activated the coil inside the relay when
the transistor sense 5V at the base
terminal.

Fig 8 shows thecomplete receiver
module circuit. Motor vibrator that was
connected to the relay only vibrate when
the driver getting sleepy or fatigue
during on wheel. For receiver module, it
requires at least 12V DC and 1.5A
because the load of motor vibrator
drains much power when vibrated.
There is power resistor installed in this
circuit that act as protection for the
circuit system when the current supply
over the limit. This protection circuit
prevented the circuit cause damage
when the current over the limits.

Mounting motor vibrator to
the seat Driver

There is two motor vibrator mounted to
the seat driver and 12V DC power
supply needed for the activation. The
two red circles at the fig 7 indicate that
two motor vibrator is mounted.

The motor vibrator need to place in the
right location that is parallel to the thigh
of driver when they seated. The both
thigh of the driver will feel the vibration
when they getting sleepy.

2010 6th International Colloquium on
Signal Processing & Its Applications
(CSPA). Two wire from the seat was
connected to the circuit and the
voltage to the motor should not be less
than 12V 1.5A. The motor vibrator will
slowly vibrate if the power supply is
lessthan requirements value.



Fig. 8 Installation motor vibrator inside
the seat.

This is very important because, when
the driver gets sleepy or fatigue while
driving the driver cannot feel the
vibration due to the low of power and
immediately the driver not be
notify. If this situation occurred, it wills
highly risk the driver for involving in an
accident during fatigue or sleepy and
also makes this system function less.
instruction that ask the driver to do the
calibration.
At this moment, drivers need to press
calibration button just a second

FLOW CHART OF THE
SYSTEM




Fig. 9 Flow chart for the system.


The overall system will automatically
activate when the driver start the car
engine.
The LCD will display the and
immediately they need to grip the
steering wheel with both their hands in
normal gripped.
At this stage the system
will do the calibration by taking the
average value that read from the sensor
in 4 seconds time interval. Then the
system will automatically set the range
based on the average value calibrated.
This calibration step should be done by
the driver because each of them gets
different hand forces act on the
steering wheel.
When the calibration is done the LCD
will display calibration complete and
buzzer will beep one time. The
LCD will display calibration failed and
the buzzer continuously beep when the
driver not properly doing the calibration.

So, the drivers need to press reset
button that is near of the calibration
button to reset/restart the system and do
again the calibration. After the
calibration has been fulfilled, the driver
can begin their journey. When the driver
start to press the fuel pedal, the
potentiometer will do the task to
detect the angle of pedal and then the
system will ready to notify the driver
when they getting sleepy or fatigue
based on the hand grip.

When the driver looses or tighten grip
on the steering wheel (out of the
calibration value) due to sleepiness or
fatigue the resistance will be decrease
or increase respectively, therefore
triggering the seat vibration and sound
warning.
For the most cases, driver will loose the
hand grip while fatigue or
Sleepiness.This will allow the LCD panel
displaying vibration is switch ON and
the bright LED will turn on. The
LED used to interrupt the driver vision
by dazzle their eyes.
The overall systems only function when
the car is moving and the potentiometer
detect resistance exceed 20% from the
full scale value, 20kK. This is
importantespecially when the car
is stagnant due to warming up of engine
or stops at traffic lights, and we dont
want the seat vibration and also sound
warning activate during both situations.


RESULTS



Fig. 10 The display of LCD panel when
the car gets started

After the car engine get started the
system will synchronously activated and
the LCD will display as shown in fig 10.
At this time, all the value of fuel pedal,
right hand grip and left hand grip will
display zero means no movement of car
and hand force act on the steering.
Therefore, the systems not trigger the
vibration and sound system .
The analysis has been made for the
hand forces that act on the steering
wheel. The detail analysis was
explained in fig 6. Fig 11 shows the
value that display by the LCD when the
left hand of driver grips the steering
wheel either softly or hardly.

The PIC18F452 microcontroller will
convert analogue value
from the amplifier to digital value for
analysis purpose. Then
the value of hand forces will display on
the LCD panel.

To make this system achieve the
objectives, some of the cases should be
test to the system. We dont want the
system continuously vibrate and
triggering the sound system when the
car is stagnant but the engine is still
running out. The results
that we expect is the system only
triggering the seat vibration
and sound system while the car get
moving and the driver
loose or tighten their grip on to the
steering wheel.

As shown in fig , the vibration system
and soundsystem are triggered
while the car is moving and the driver
looses their hand grip.
According to the table II shows that
there are four cases
should be test to the system. As the
results, the cases 1, 2 and
3 shows the status of seat vibration,
LED and sound system
are not triggered. The only case 4
triggering all the warning
system when the car get moving and the
hand grip is out of
the range.












CONCLUSION

The above mentioned system was
successfully done and tested by going
through the approaches and
methodology set in achieving the project
objectives.

Overall the system had a
value added in bringing the safety
features especially to sleepy
head and fatigue drivers. The system
will ensure that all car drivers to give
their full attentiveness while driving on
the road and not to take safety for
granted as it will not only
caused their lives but others too.

Perhaps the percentage of road
fatalities will fall tremendously and thus
making our roads a safe passage to all
our destinations when this system
available in the market.

The system may be a reminder to all
drivers that they should be in
the best of alertness when they are
behind the wheels or otherwise the
system will automatically remind them.