The Effect of Sexual Networking

on HIV Transmission
Teachers Edition
Athari za mfumo wa kijinsia/kuingiliana
kimapenzi kwa uenezaji wa ukimwi
Teachers Notes
_ Pave a sLudenL read Lhe labels.

_ = noLhlng lnslde = no vlrus = Plv-negauve

_ compleLely lled ln = Plv-posluve wlLh hlgh vlral load (loLs of vlrus)

_ =black + whlLe/sLrlped = Plv-posluve wlLh low vlral load (noL very much vlrus)
_ When a person rsL geLs Plv, Lhe amounL of vlrus geLs very large very qulckly.
_ Cur body's lmmune sysLem (anubodles/whlLe blood cells) beglns Lo ghL Lhe vlrus.
_ 1hls happens auLomaucally lf someone ls baslcally healLhy and has enough food - no
A8vs necessary.
_ When Lhe vC1 LesLs for Plv, Lhey are acLually looklng for Lhe anubodles, NOT THE
VIRUS. 1haL ls why we say walL Lhree monLhs aer rlsky behavlour Lo be LesLed.
_ Any quesuons? (LeL Lhe sLudenLs answer Lhe quesuons - glve Lhem enough ume.)
_ 1urn Lo page 2.
THE EFFECT OF SEXUAL NETWORKING ON HIV TRANSMISSION
The following diagrams illustrate the spread of HIV through
two hypothetical populations, one in which long-term
concurrency is common and one in which serial monogamy
is the norm. They are arranged so that readers may thumb
through them, as with a ip-book. It is clear that HIV
transmission is much more rapid with concurrency (adapted
from diagrams by Stewart Parkinson, Population Services
International, taken from The Invisible Cure: Why we are
losing the ght against AIDS in Africa by Helen Epstein).

Michoro ifuatayo inaonyesha uenezaji wa UKIMWI kupitia
idadi mbili za watu, ambamo katika moja mapenzi
hutendeka kwa kulingana kwa muda mrefu, na katika
moja, mtindo wa kuwa na mpenzi mmoja mfululizo ndio ya
kawaida. Zimepangwa ili wasomaji waweze kupitia kama
wafanyavyo na kitabu cha kupinduliwa (kwa urahisi). Ni
wazi kuwa UKIMWI huenezwa kwa haraka kupitia mapenzi
ya kulingana kwa wakati mmoja (Zimetengenezwa
kutokana na michoro iliyochorwa na Stewart Parkinson,
Huduma za Idadi za kimataifa, zikinakiliwa kutoka kwa The
Invisible Cure: Why we are losing the ght against AIDS in
Africa, kimeandikwa na Helen Epstein).


ATHARI ZA MFUMO WA KIJINSIA/KUINGILIANA KIMAPENZI KWA UENEZAJI WA UKIMWI
Female HIV Negative
Mwanamke asiye na virus vya UKIMWI



Female HIV Positive High Viral Load
Mwanamke aliye na virusi vya hali ya juu
vya UKIMWI



Female HIV Positive Low Viral Load
Mwanamke aliye na virusi vya UKIMWI
vilivyopunguka nguvu



Male HIV Negative
Mwanamume asiye na virusi vya UKIMWI



Male HIV Positive High Viral Load
Mwanamume aliye na virusi vya hali ya juu
vya UKIMWI



Male HIV Positive Low Viral Load
Mwanamume aliye na virusi vya UKIMWI
vilivyopunguka nguvu
1
Teacher Notes

_ uo noL Lurn Lhe page unul l Lell you Lo.
_ Pave a sLudenL read Lhe uLle (concurrenL means Lwo or more Lhlngs happenlng aL Lhe same
ume").
_ WhaL do you Lhlnk Lhe llnes beLween people represenL? (LeL Lhe audlence answer your
quesuons!)
A: SLx.
_ WhaL do you nouce abouL Lhls communlLy?
A: LoLs of people are havlng sex wlLh more Lhan one parLner
_ We are preLendlng LhaL nC CnL ln Lhls communlLy uses a condom, and LhaL many people have
more Lhan 1 sexual relauonshlp aL a ume.
_ Are some people falLhful?
A: ?es.
_ uo you nouce anyLhlng abouL one couple?
A: 1he man and woman on Lhe boLLom rlghL are falLhful.
_ See Lhe man on Lhe bouom le - ls he falLhful Lo hls parLner?
See Lhe woman on Lhe bouom le - ls she falLhful Lo her parLner?
_ ln our preLend communlLy, no one uses condoms, no one knows Lhelr sLaLus.
_ ls anyone ln our communlLy Plv+?
A: no.
Any quesuons? . 1urn Lo !anuary on page 3.
11

!"#"$%"& ()*+,-.+ #-/0-$1
!"#"$%2 (%*32 4-/0-$.1
CONCURRENCY - Enye kutendeka kwa kulingana wakati
2
Teacher Notes
_ WhaL has happened?
A: 1he man on Lhe boLLom lefL now ls Plv posluve wlLh a hlgh vlral load.
_ Pow could he have become posluve lf he ls noL havlng unproLecLed sex wlLh someone
who ls posluve?
A: needle sharlng, oral sex (whlch ls also sex), accldenL wlLh conLamlnaLed blood,
eLc.
_ (uC nC1 1u8n 1PL ACL!) WhaL do you Lhlnk wlll happen nexL?
C: Wlll hls wlfe or glrlfrlend become posluve?
_ 1urn Lo lebruary on page 4, and .
CONCURRENCY - Enye kutendeka kwa kulingana wakati
52/.2&6 ()*+,-.+ #-/0-$1
52/.2&* (%*32 4-/0-$.1
3
Teacher Notes

_ 8CCM! WhaL happened?
A: She ls Plv-posluve.
_ WhaL do you nouce abouL Lhe vlral load?
A: 1he vlral load ls hlgh.
_ (uC nC1 1u8n 1PL ACL!) WhaL do you Lhlnk wlll happen nexL?
_ 1urn Lo March on page 3.
CONCURRENCY - Enye kutendeka kwa kulingana wakati
7"%&.2&6 ()*+,-.+ #-/0-$1
7"%&.2&* (%*32 4-/0-$.1
4
Teacher Notes
_ 8CCM! 1he woman's vlral load ls sull hlgh because she goL Plv wlLhln Lhe pasL monLh or
Lwo, so her second parLner ls lnfecLed.
_ WhaL has happened Lo Lhe rsL man's vlral load ln March? (LeL Lhe sLudenLs answer.) A:
Pe now has a low vlral load.
_ Why would someone's vlral load be low?
A: 1he amounL of Plv ln blood (Lhe vlral load) goes down auLomaucally as Lhe anubodles
ghL Lhe vlrus.
_ 1hese people may noL even know Lhey are Plv-posluve.
_ WhaL do we see abouL Lhe second man?
_ Wlll hls oLher Lhree parLners geL Plv?
_ (uC nC1 1u8n 1PL ACL!) WhaL do you Lhlnk wlll happen nexL?
_ 1urn Lo Aprll on page 6.
CONCURRENCY - Enye kutendeka kwa kulingana wakati
82&#, ()*+,-.+ #-/0-$1
82#,* (%*32 4-/0-$.1
5
Teacher Notes
_ 8CCM! 8CCM! 8CCM!
_ Pow dld Lhls happen? WhaL mlghL Lhls relauonshlp be?
A: A polygamous marrlage, or a man wlLh 4 glrlfrlends, or a wlfe and 3 glrlfrlends.
_ ls someone ln Lhls relauonshlp falLhful?
?es - Lhe woman aL Lhe boLLom of Lhe page.
_ uld lL help her ln Lhls case?
A: nC!
_ WhaL has happened Lo Lhe rsL woman's vlral load?
A: lL wenL down.
_ (uC nC1 1u8n 1PL ACL!) WhaL do you Lhlnk wlll happen nexL? .
_ Wlll Lhe parLners of Lhe Lwo newly lnfecLed women geL Plv? .
_ 1urn Lo May on page 7.
CONCURRENCY - Enye kutendeka kwa kulingana wakati
9:&*3 ()*+,-.+ #-/0-$1
9:&*3* (%*32 4-/0-$.1
6
Teacher Notes
_ 8CCM! 8CCM! 8CCM! 8CCM!
_ WhaL has happened?
_ Why have all of Lhelr parLners become lnfecLed?
A: 8ecause Lhe women's vlral loads were hlgh, Lhe Plv ls hlghly lnfecuous.
_ WhaL mlghL have proLecLed Lhelr parLners?
A: CCnuCMS!
_ (uC nC1 1u8n 1PL ACL!) WhaL wlll happen nexL? . (LeL Lhe sLudenLs answer.)
_ 1urn Lo !une on page 8.
CONCURRENCY - Enye kutendeka kwa kulingana wakati
826 ()*+,-.+ #-/0-$1
8"* (%*32 4-/0-$.1
7
Teacher Notes
_ 1ell me someLhlng abouL whaL else has happened.
A: Some people's vlral loads are gemng low.
(8emember, we sald LhaL happens auLomaucally for mosL people as Lhe Plv
anubodles ghL Lhe vlrus.)
_ Look aL Lhe man ln Lhe Lop le. ls he belng falLhful?
A: ?es.
_ Can he sull geL Plv, even Lhough he ls belng falLhful?
A: ?es.
_ 1urn Lo !uly on page 9.
CONCURRENCY - Enye kutendeka kwa kulingana wakati
5./" ()*+,-.+ #-/0-$1
5./* (%*32 4-/0-$.1
8
Teacher Notes
_ ?es, Lhe man ln Lhe Lop lefL became Plv posluve even Lhough he was belng falLhful!
_ 1urn Lo AugusL on page 10.
CONCURRENCY - Enye kutendeka kwa kulingana wakati
5.36 ()*+,-.+ #-/0-$1
5.32* (%*32 4-/0-$.1
9
Teacher Notes
_ Who ls dlfferenL Lhan everyone else?
A: 1he people ln couple on Lhe boLLom rlghL are noL Plv posluve.
_ Why don'L Lhey have Plv?
A: 8ecause Lhey were boLh falLhful Lo one anoLher!
_ Who can explaln why Lhe vlral load ls so lmporLanL ln Lransmlsslon?
A: 1he vlrus LransmlLs more easlly lf Lhere ls a hlgh vlral load.
_ Pow does havlng more Lhan one parLner affecL Lhls?
A: eople have very hlgh vlral loads when Lhey are rsL lnfecLed. 1hls means LhaL lf
Lhey have sex wlLh anoLher parLner soon afLer Lhey are lnfecLed, Lhey are very
llkely Lo LransmlL Lhe vlrus Lo Lhelr oLher parLner.
_ WhaL has changed ln Lhls communlLy slnce uecember?
A: Many people have become lnfecLed wlLh Plv, and many of Lhem have low vlral loads.
_ 1urn Lo uecember on page 11.

CONCURRENCY - Enye kutendeka kwa kulingana wakati
9.;.<+ ()*+,-.+ #-/0-$1
9;-<= (%*32 4-/0-$.1
10
Teacher Notes
_ Pave a sLudenL read Lhe uLle.
_ Serlal monogamy means LhaL each parLner - boLh parLners - are falLhful Lo each oLher
!"#$% '"%( )*% '")' *%$)+,-."#/ ',0%'"%*1
_ WhaL ls dlfferenL ln Lhls communlLy from Lhe rsL one?
A: 1hls communlLy ls falLhful, each person only has one parLner.
_ 1urn Lo !anuary on page 12.
SERIAL MONOGAMY - Kuwa na mpenzi mmoja mfululizo
!"#"$%"& ()*+,-.+ #-/0-$1
!"#"$%2 (%*32 4-/0-$.1
11
Teacher Notes
_ WhaL has happened?
A: 1he rsL male has somehow conLracLed Plv.
_ Pow dld LhaL happen?
A: We do noL know, because he ls falLhful Lo hls parLner. Maybe he conLracLed Plv
Lhrough drug use wlLh a needle.
_ (uC nC1 1u8n 1PL ACL!) Wlll hls glrlfrlend become lnfecLed?
_ 1urn Lo lebruary on page 13.
SERIAL MONOGAMY - Kuwa na mpenzi mmoja mfululizo
52/.2&6 ()*+,-.+ #-/0-$1
52/.2&* (%*32 4-/0-$.1
12
Teacher Notes
_ 8CCM! Why dld she become lnfecLed so qulckly?
A: 8ecause hls vlral load was hlgh.
_ (uC nC1 1u8n 1PL ACL!) Who wlll geL lL nexL monLh ln Lhls communlLy?
_ 1urn Lo March on page 14.
SERIAL MONOGAMY - Kuwa na mpenzi mmoja mfululizo
7"%&.2&6 ()*+,-.+ #-/0-$1
7"%&.2&* (%*32 4-/0-$.1
13
Teacher Notes
_ WhaL happened?
A: no one became lnfecLed!
_ WhaL else has happened?
A: 1he rsL man's vlral load wenL down.
_ 1urn Lo Aprll on page 13.
SERIAL MONOGAMY - Kuwa na mpenzi mmoja mfululizo
82&#, ()*+,-.+ #-/0-$1
82#,* (%*32 4-/0-$.1
14
Teacher Notes
_ SomeLhlng new has happened - whaL?
A: 8oLh vlral loads are low.
A: nobody else ls lnfecLed because Lhey are falLhful.
_ 1urn Lo May on page 16.
SERIAL MONOGAMY - Kuwa na mpenzi mmoja mfululizo
9:&*3 ()*+,-.+ #-/0-$1
9:&*3* (%*32 4-/0-$.1
15
Teacher Notes
_ WhaL has happened?
A: 1he lnfecLed people now have new parLners.
_ Are Lhese new couples falLhful Lo each oLher?
A: ?es! 1hey are only havlng sex wlLh one person - Lhelr new parLner.
- 1hls ls why we call lL serlal monogamy- we are falLhful Lo one person, buL lf we
sLop LhaL relauonshlp, we are falLhful Lo Lhe new parLner.
_ uC nC1 1u8n 1PL ACL!
_ Wlll Lhe man's new wlfe or glrlfrlend become lnfecLed?
_ Wlll Lhe woman's new husband or boyfrlend become lnfecLed?
_ 1urn Lo !une on page 17.
SERIAL MONOGAMY - Kuwa na mpenzi mmoja mfululizo
826 ()*+,-.+ #-/0-$1
8"* (%*32 4-/0-$.1
16
Teacher Notes

_ WhaL happened?
A: 1he man ls sull negauve.
A: 1he woman became Plv-posluve.
_ WP? do you Lhlnk Lhe woman became lnfecLed and Lhe man dld noL?

A: Women are more vulnerable, so even lf her parLner's vlral load ls low, she ls sull
llkely Lo become lnfecLed.

A: lL ls more dlfculL for a man Lo geL Plv, so: lf Lhe woman's vlral load ls low, lf he
ls healLhy and has no oLher S1us, lf he ls clrcumslzed, lf he drles hls penls off afLer
sex, and lf he cleans under hls foreskln - a man ls less llkely Lo become lnfecLed
Lhan a woman.
_ (uo noL Lurn Lhe page!) WhaL wlll happen nexL?
_ Wlll Lhe man become lnfecLed nexL monLh?
_ 1urn Lo !uly on page 18.
SERIAL MONOGAMY - Kuwa na mpenzi mmoja mfululizo
5./" ()*+,-.+ #-/0-$1
5./* (%*32 4-/0-$.1
17
Teacher Notes

_ Wlll Lhe man become lnfecLed nexL monLh?
_ 1urn Lo AugusL on page 19.
SERIAL MONOGAMY - Kuwa na mpenzi mmoja mfululizo
5.36 ()*+,-.+ #-/0-$1
5.32* (%*32 4-/0-$.1
18
Teacher Notes

_ WhaL do we see abouL Lhe vlral loads?
A: 1hey are LCW.
_ uoes Lhls mean LhaL Lhe man wlll never become lnfecLed?
A: nC! Per vlral load could go up.
A: nC! Pe could become slck and be more vulnerable, for example he could geL an
S1u and be more vulnerable.
_ WhaL can you see abouL a communlLy where boLh parLners are falLhful?
A: Less Plv, lL ls a safer communlLy!
_ WhaL do we need Lo know rsL abouL ourselves and our parLner before we engage ln sex?
A: Cur Plv sLaLus!
_ Pow do we nd ouL our sLaLus?
A: CeL LesLed aL a vC1 or cllnlc!
_ Pow does belng falLhful - when 8C1P parLners are falLhful - help Lo proLecL us?
A: Cnce we nd ouL Lhelr sLaLus, we can be sure LhaL Lhey wlll noL conLracL Plv whlle
we are ln a relauonshlp LogeLher, even lf we are havlng unproLecLed sex.
_ 1urn Lo uecember on page 20.
SERIAL MONOGAMY - Kuwa na mpenzi mmoja mfululizo
9.;.<+ ()*+,-.+ #-/0-$1
9;-<= (%*32 4-/0-$.1
19
Teacher Notes

_ WhaL do you nouce abouL Lhls communlLy?
A: eople are havlng concurrenL sexual relauonshlps, [usL llke Lhe rsL communlLy.
_ ln Lhls communlLy, we see ln a few pages LhaL some people are uslng condoms. ?ou wlll
nouce a llne blocklng Lhe vlrus.
_ 1urn Lo !anuary on page 21.
CONDOM Kondomu
!"#"$%"& ()*+, #-/0-$1
!"#"$%2 (4)2 4-/0-$.1
20
Teacher Notes

_ WhaL happened?
A: 1he rsL man on Lhe lefL somehow conLracLed Plv, and has a hlgh vlral load.
_ (uC nC1 1u8n 1PL ACL!) Wlll hls wlfe or glrlfrlend become posluve?
_ 1urn Lo lebruary on page 22.
CONDOM Kondomu
52/.2&6 ()*+, #-/0-$1
52/.2&* (4)2 4-/0-$.1
21
Teacher Notes

_ ?es, hls glrlfrlend now ls Plv posluve.
_ 1urn Lo March on page 23.
CONDOM Kondomu
7"%&.2&6 ()*+, #-/0-$1
7"%&.2&* (4)2 4-/0-$.1
22
Teacher Notes

_ Look aL Lhls plcLure. WhaL ls dlfferenL?
A: 1he llnes show LhaL a condom ls belng used. lL's llke a block agalnsL Lhe vlrus.
_ Who mlghL Lhese people be?
A: Man ln mlddle havlng sex wlLh four women.
A: MlghL be a husband allowlng Lwo of hls wlves Lo use condoms.
A: MlghL be hls glrlfrlends lnslsung on condoms.
_ WhaL wlll happen nexL? Wlll all of Lhe women become posluve?
_ 1urn Lo Aprll on page 24.
CONDOM Kondomu
condom
condom
82&#, ()*+, #-/0-$1
82#,* (4)2 4-/0-$.1
23
Teacher Notes

_ WhaL has changed? Who has conLracLed Plv?
A: Cnly Lhe woman who dld noL use a condom has Plv.
_ 1urn Lo May on page 23.
CONDOM Kondomu
9:&*3 ()*+, #-/0-$1
9:&*3* (4)2 4-/0-$.1
24
condom
condom
Teacher Notes

_ CLhers ln Lhe communlLy are sull noL lnfecLed.
_ 1urn Lo !une on page 26.
CONDOM Kondomu
826 ()*+, #-/0-$1
8"* (4)2 4-/0-$.1
25
condom
condom
Teacher Notes

_ WhaL do you nouce?
A: All vlral loads are low.
A: Plv has noL spread furLher ln Lhe communlLy.
_ Why has lL noL spread furLher?
A: Cne woman ls falLhful, so she has noL spread lL Lo anyone.
A: 1wo women are uslng condoms, so Lhey dld noL conLracL Lhe vlrus and are noL
spreadlng lL Lo Lhelr oLher parLners.
_ 1urn Lo !uly on page 27.
CONDOM Kondomu
5./" ()*+, #-/0-$1
5./* (4)2 4-/0-$.1
26
condom
condom
Teacher Notes

_ Plv sull has noL spread furLher.
_ 1urn Lo AugusL on page 28.
CONDOM Kondomu
5.36 ()*+, #-/0-$1
5.32* (4)2 4-/0-$.1
27
condom
condom
Teacher Notes

_ Plv sull has noL spread furLher. WhaL do we see abouL Lhe effecLs of condom use?
A: 1he more condom use, Lhe less Plv.
_ Look back aL page 10. WhaL do we see?
A: AlmosL everyone Plv+.
A: Cnly Lhe falLhful couple ls sull negauve.
_ WhaL Lwo behavlours can help keep us safe lf we are sexually acuve?
8e falLhful Lo each oLher.
use condoms.
_ 8uL, whaL ls Lhe only behavlour LhaL ls 100 proLecuon?
A: AbsLaln!
_ Any quesuons?
CONDOM Kondomu
9.;.<+ ()*+, #-/0-$1
9;-<= (4)2 4-/0-$.1
28
condom
condom
ATHARI ZA MFUMO WA KIJINSIA/KUINGILIANA
KIMAPENZI KWA UENEZAJI WA UKIMWI


The ABCs of Sex Education
Kathy Tate-Bradish, Director, kathy@abcsofsex-ed.org
Phylis Nasubo Magina, Kenya Project Manager, phylis@abcsofsex-ed.org
www.abcsofsex-ed.org

An afliate of African Childrens Haven, www.africanchildrenshaven.org