Comple Number Theory - H

MATHS
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1
uf u4iy (Complex Numbers)
uf u 4i fa+i4 (The complex number system)
ii-i nli-a 'ntii' (850 A.D.) ~-i --i 'nli-=i = n t' n t lni- in in l+- i l+ -- ~i
+i + l- +i -t +i : +iin+ = i i n = i -ti t :=ln :=+i +i : n n n -ti ti -i t ~-
( =i +i : i--l+ = i x -ti t i t < =ni+i x
2
+ 1 = 0 +i =-- +
=ni+i x
2
+ 1 = 0 +i tn < - + ln
1
+ ln (+ -i+ l= ~ n i + i ~-i ,ii <lzi - +- t .
l- n + nli-a lni-i n ,ii 1748 n l<i ni i +i (+ +i-l-+ = i ni-i ni l= (+
i--l+ = i +i -t inli-i = l+i( +i i =+-i t i ~-i =
1
+i <lzi- l+i ni. =-i- :=ln(
+il+ i nl- zi< 'imaginarius' +i tni ~-i t
(=i t<i =ni+ii +i tn <i- +- + ln =l-n =i~i + =n -- +i liili- l+i ni t tn
a + bi + +i = i +i =l-n = i +t- t ti a b i--l+ = i( t := z = <lzi- l+i i-i
t ~ii- z = a + ib. a +i z +i i--l+ iin l= (Re z) -ii b +i +i-l-+ iin l= (Im z) ,ii l-l-
+- t
+i : =l-n = i
(i) lziz i--l+ t . l< b = 0 ti
(ii) +i-l-+ t . l< b = 0 ti
(iii) lziz +i-l-+ t . l< a = 0 ti
aia : (a) i--l+ =i~i +i =n-- R =l-n =i~i +i -l-- -=n-- t ~- =-i =i l-+i N c
W c I c Q c R c C t
(b) zi- ziz i--l+ ( lziz +i-l-+ t nl+- +i-l-+ -ti t
(c) i = 1 +i +i-l-+ :+i: +ti i-i t
-ii i = 1; i
3
= i ; i
4
= 1 :il<
(d)
a b
= a b t +n -ii =-i t +n = +n a i b n = (+ +iin+ -ti ti
(e) l< z = a + ib ti . -i a ib +i z +i = ni =l-n +ti i-i t l= z = a ib lnii i-i t
(f) i--l+ =i( +n =--i +i =-- +-i t -- +i-l-+ =i( +n =--i +i =-- -ti +-i
t ~ii - i > 0, 3 + i < 2 ~i ti- t
4iu +i4
(1) l---lnli- +i =l-n = i~i + n lnli(
(i)
16
(ii)
x
, (x > 0) (iii) b +
ac 4
, (a, c> 0)
(2) l---lnli- +i =l-n =i~i + n lnli(
(i) x (x < 0) (ii) x
2
(2 cosu) x + 1 = 0 + n n
Answers : (1) (i) 0 + 4i (ii) x + 0i (iii) b + i ac 4
(2) (i) 0 + i x (ii) cos u + i sin u , cos u i sin u
MATHS
2
tnfiat4 u f+4iy (Algebraic Operations)
uf u 4ii +t ni a u f+4iy
=l-n = i n = l+i nni- + ln( tn i--l+ = i~i +i inli- +i -i n +- t . i
2
+i 1 =
l--iil- +- t t i-- ti-i ti
1. i n (a + bi) + (c + di) = a + bi + c + di = (a + c) + (b + d) i
2. +n- (a + bi) (c + di) = a + bi c di = (a c) + (b d) i
3. n i- (a + bi) (c + di) = ac + adi + bci + bdi
2
= (ac bd) + (ad+ bc)i
4. lii-
di c
bi a
+
+
=
di c
bi a
+
+
.
di c
bi c
=
2 2 2
2
i d c
bdi bci adi ac
+
=
2 2
d c
i ) ad bc ( bd ac
+ +
=
2 2
d c
bd ac
+
+
+
i
d c
ad bc
2 2
+
=l-n =i~i n ~=ln+i( liili- -ti t l< tn +t l+ =l-n =i i-in+ t i +iin+ -i t ni-
-ti t
- 0, 4 + 2i < 2 + 4 i ~i ti- t
i--l+ = i~i n l< a
2
+ b
2
= 0 ti . -i a = 0 = b -iil =l-n = i~i n z
1
2
+ z
2
2
= 0 ti - +i n-n
z
1
= z
2
= 0 -ti t
a<iri # 1: 3 + 2i +i n i- l-ni n ai- +il(
rn. ni-i l+ 3 + 2i +i n i- l-ni n z t -
z . (3 + 2i) = 1
z =
i 2 3
1
+
=
( ) ( ) i 2 3 i 2 3
i 2 3
+

z =
13
3
13
2
i
|
.
|
\
|
i
13
2
13
3
Ans.
4iu +i4
(3) i
n+100
+ i
n+50
+ i
n+48
+ i
n+46
+i =n +il( (ti n e I)
Ans. 0
uf u 4ii +t a 4ai (Equality In Complex Number) :
<i =l-n =i( z
1
= a
1
+ ib
1
~i z
2
= a
2
+ ib
2
i t l< ~i +n l< --+ i--l+ iin ( +i-l-+
iin +nzi i ti
~ii - z
1
= z
2
Re(z
1
) = Re(z
2
) ( I
m
(z
1
) = I
m
(z
2
).
a<iri # 2 : x ~i y +i ni- ai- +il( l=+ ln( (2 + 3i) x
2
(3 2i) y = 2x 3y + 5i, ti x, y e R t
rn (z + 3i)x
2
(3 2i)y = 2x 3y + 5i
2x
2
3y = 2x 3y
x
2
x = 0
x = 0, 1 ( 3x
2
+ 2y = 5
l< x = 0, y =
2
5
( l< x = 1, y = 1
x = 0, y =
2
5
( x = 1, y = 1
MATHS
3
i l+ l<( n =ni+i + <i tn t l-t
|
.
|
\
|
2
5
, 0
~i (1, 1) = <lzi - +- t
|
.
|
\
|
2
5
, 0
, (1, 1) Ans.
a<iri # 3 : l< x = 1 + i ti . -i + x
4
4x
3
+ 3x
2
2x + 1 +i ni- ai- +il(
rn. x = 1 + i
x 1 = i
(x 1)
2
= 1
x
2
2x + 2 = 0
~ x
4
4x
3
+ 3x
2
2x + 1
= (x
2
2x + 2) (x
2
3x 3) 4x + 7
x = 1 + i ~ii - x
2
2x + 2 = 0
x
4
4x
3
+ 3x
2
2x + 1 = 0 4 (1 + i) + 7
= 4 + 7 4i
= 3 4i
3 4i Ans.
a<iri # 4 : l< z
2
+ |z| = 0 ti . -i z + ln( tn +il(
rn. ni-i z= x + iy
(x + iy)
2
+
2 2
y x + = 0
x
2
y
2
+
2 2
y x + = 0 ( 2xy = 0
x = 0 i y = 0
x = 0 y
2
+ | y | = 0
y = 0, 1, 1
z = 0, i, i
y = 0 x
2
+ | x | = 0
x = 0 z = 0
Ans. z = 0, z = i, z = i
a<iri # 5 : 9 + 40i +i n n n ai- +il(
rn. ni-il+ (x + iy)
2
= 9 + 40i
x
2
y
2
= 9 ...............(i)
~i xy = 20 ...............(ii)
=ni+i (i) +i n ++ -ii =ni+i (ii) + n +i 4 = n ii ++ i -
x
4
+ y
4
2x
2
y
2
+ 4x
2
y
2
= 81 + 1600
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
= 1681
x
2
+ y
2
= 41 ...............(iii)
(i) + (iii) =
x
2
= 25 x = 5
~i y = 16 y = 4
=ni+i (ii) = tn i- t l+
x ~i y =ni- l--t + t
x + iy = +(5 + 4i) i = (5 + 4i)
a + 40i + n n n = (5 + 4i)
Ans. (5 + 4i)
MATHS
4
4iu +i4
(4) z = i z
2
+i z + ln( =n +il(
(5) 4x + 3xy + (2xy 3x)i = 4y (x
2
/2) + (3xy 2y)i +i tn +il ti x, y e R
Answers : (4)
2
3
2
1
i, 0, i (5) x = K, y =
3
2
K
K e R
uf u 4ii +i fa=si (Representation of a complex number)
19i zi-i<i + i-i n +in +l+ ni= (1777 1855) ~i llnn i- tln-- (1805 1865) - ---zi
= nnin =ni- =n =l-n =i~i +i <i i--l+ =i~i + +ln- n + n liili- +-
+i l-i ii ~ii - a + ib = (a, b)
+ =l-n =i + ln( =n-n n nizi (+ l-< ti-i t ~i lnin- =n-n n + l-< + ln( nizi (+
=l-n = i ti -i t :=i +ii tn i =l-n = i z +i l-< z +t- t
(a) +iat4 =s {4ifat4 fa=si)
+ =l-n =i z = x + i y +i (+ l-< ,ii +i-i =n-n +ln- n (x, y) = <lzi- l+i i-i
t ( := +i-i =n-n +i =l-n =n-n i ~in =n-n +ti i-i t
P (x, y)
0
d kYi fud v {k
okLr fod v {k
r
u
n-i: OP +i =l-n = i +i nii+ +t- t l= |z| = l-l- l+i i-i t ~i u +i +iii + +ti
i-i t
|z| = x y
2 2
+ ~i u = tan
1
y
x
(i-in+ x-~-i + =ii OP ,ii -ii ni +i i)
aia (i) =l-n =i +i +iii+ (+ tni-i +n- t l< u (+ =l-n =i +i +iii+ ti -i
2nt + u; n eI ii -= =l-n = i +i +i ii + ti ni (+ =l-n = i + l+-ti <i +i ii +i + i- +i ~--
2nt ti-i t
(ii) u +i ~l,-i ni- i t < u s t +i =- +-i ti. +iii+ +i n ni- +tni-i t <= zi<i n
+iii+(z), +iii+ +i n ni- +tni-i t
(iii) (+ =l-n = i +i -=+ +i ii + ( nii + = liili- l+i i-i t =l-n = i 0 + i0 + ln( +i ii +
liili- -ti t ( t + n (+ =l-n = i t l= :=+ nii + = ti liili- l+i i-i t
(b) fi+iitfat4 / rit4 fa=si :
z = r (cos u + i sin u) ti |z| = r; +i ii + z = u ; z = r (cos u i sin u)
fasit: cos u + i sin u is also written as CiS u
(c) i4n +i fa=si :
z = re
iu
; |z| = r; +i ii + z = u; z = re
iu
:= = zi +i -l-i - ni- l--i = t l--i +i i n ++ := = zi +i -l-i l---- <i i =+-i
t
MATHS
5
e
x
= 1 +
! 1
x
+
! 2
x
2
+
! 3
x
3
+ ..........
x = i u i-
e
iu
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
u
+
u
.......
! 4 ! 2
1
4 2
+ i
|
|
.
|
\
|
u
+
u
u .......
! 5 ! 3
5 3
= cos u + i sin u.
aia l< u i--l+ t. -i cos u =
2
e e
i i u u
+
, sin u =
i 2
e e
i i u u

(d) uf<zit4 fa=si :
+ =l-n =i +i l+=i l-< + l-il- =l<zi + = l-l- l+i i =+-i t l< +i: l-<
P =l-n = i z +i <lzi - + -i OP
= z ~i |OP
| = |z|.
uf u 4i +i +i ii + (Agrument of a Complex Number)
~zi- =l-n = i P(z) + +iii + +i arg (z) = l-l- l+i i-i t
arg z = OP ,ii i--l+ ~-i +i i-in+ l<zii = -ii ni +i i
l< OP = |z| = r ~i arg(z) = u ti. -i -iil+ = z = r(cosu + isinu). +i z +i ii +ti i-i t
:=+i ~i t l+ z +i +iii+. z + +iii+ +i n ni- ti-i t ~ii- +iii+ ( t, t] + i- t-i t -+
< =i l--i -ti ti := +i =l-n = i z = a + ib = r(cosu + isinu) +i +i ii + u +i t ni- t i
rcosu = a ~i rsinu = b +i = - +-i t
ni-i u = tan
1
a
b
(i) a > 0, b > 0 n ni- +i ii + z = u
(ii) a = 0, b > 0 n ni- +i ii + z =
2
t
(iii) a < 0, b > 0 n ni- +i ii + z = t u
MATHS
6
(iv) a < 0, b = 0 n ni- +i ii + z = t
(v) a < 0, b < 0 n ni- +i ii + z = (t u)
(vi) a = 0, b < 0 n ni- +i ii + z =
2
t
(vii) a > 0, b < 0 n ni- +i ii + z = u
(viii) a > 0, b = 0 n ni- +i ii + z = 0
a<iri # 6 : =l-n = i z = 1 + 2 i +i i i n lnli(
rn. z = 1 + i 2
| z | =
( )
2
2
2 ) 1 ( +
= 2 1+ = 3
+i ii + z = t tan
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
1
2
= t tan
1
2
= u (ni-i)
z =
3
(cos u + i sin u ) ; ti u = t tan
1
2
4iu +i4
(6) =l-n = i z =
i 2
) i 9 ( 1
+
+ +i ii + +i n ni- ~i |z| ai- +il(
(7) =l-n = i z = 6(cos 310 i sin 310) + +i ii + +i n ni- -ii |z| ai- +il(
Answers : (6) tan
1
11
17
,
5
82
(7) 6, 50
MATHS
7
nia uf+4ii +i 4ifat4 fa=si
(Geometri cal Representation of Fundamental Operations)
(i) 4i n +i 4ifat4 fa=si (Geometrical representation of addition)
l< <i l-< P Q +nzi =l-n = i~i z
1
z
2
+i ~in =n-n l-l- +- t . -i z
1
+ z
2
, OP
OQ ii in =ni-- -- i + l+i OR + ~-- l-< R ,ii l-l- ti -i t
(ii) -a +i 4ifat4 fa=si (Geometric representation of substraction)
(iii) <i uf u4ii + nia+n + isi+ y +iii+
(Modulus and argument of multiplication of two complex numbers)
s4 : l+-ti <i =l-n = i~i z
1
z
2
+ ln( |z
1
z
2
| = |z
1
| |z
2
| ~i
+i ii + (z
1
z
2
) = +i ii + (z
1
) + +i ii + (z
2
).
Proof : z
1
= r
1
1
i
e
u
, z
2
= r
2
2
i
e
u
z
1
z
2
= r
2
r
2
) ( i
2 1
e
u + u
|z
1
z
2
| = |z
1
| |z
2
|
+i ii + (z
1
z
2
) = +i ii + (z
1
) + +i ii + (z
2
)
~ii - <i =l-n = i~i +i n ii +- + ln( tn --+ l- -i ni-i +i n ii +- t -ii --+
+iii+i +i i - t
ai a : (i) P.V. +i ii + (z
1
z
2
) = P.V.+i ii + (z
1
) + P.V. +i ii + (z
2
) (P.V.Principal value n ni-)
(ii) |z
1
z
2
.... z
n
| = |z
1
| |z
2
| ..... |z
n
|
(iii) +i ii + (z
1
z
2
.... z
n
) = +i ii + z
1
+ +i ii + z
2
+ ..... + +i ii + z
n
(iv) uf u4ii + nia+n +i 4ifat4 fa=si
(Geometrical representation of multiplication of complex numbers)
ni-i P, Q +nzi z
1
= r
1
1
i
e
u
, z
2
= r
2
2
i
e
u
,ii <lzi- t l-< R i-- +- + ln( i l+ =l-n =i
z
1
z
2
+i l-l- +-i t tn i--l+ ~-i (+ l-< L := +i n- t l+ OL = 1 ~i (+ lzii
OQR ii-- t i l+ lzii OLP + =n t := +i
MATHS
8
OQ
OR
=
OL
OP
OR = OPOQ ~ii - OR = r
1
r
2
~i R O
Q = u
1
R O
L = P O
L + Q O
P + R O
Q = u
1
+ u
2
u
1
+ u
1
= u
1
+ u
2
~- R, z
1
z
2
= r
1
r
2
) ( i
2 1
e
u + u
,ii <lzi - t
(v) <i uf u4ii + iin+n +i isi+ y +iii+
(Modulus and argument of division of two complex numbers)
s4 : l< z
1
~i z
2
(=0) <i =l-n = i( t -i
2
1
z
z
=
| z |
| z |
2
1
~i
arg
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
1
z
z
= arg (z
1
) arg (z
2
)
aia : P.V. arg
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
1
z
z
= P.V. arg (z
1
) P.V. arg (z
2
)
(vi) uf u4ii + iin+n +i 4ifat4 fa=si
(Geometrical representation of the division of complex numbers)
ni-i P, Q +nzi z
1
=
1
i
1
e r
u
, z
2
=
2
i
2
e r
u
,ii <lzi - t =l-n =i
2
1
z
z
+i <lzi- +- in l-<
R +i i-- +- + ln(. tn i--l+ ~-i l-< L := +i n - t l+ OL = 1 ~i lzii OPR ii --
t i l+ lzii OQL + =n t := +i
OQ
OP
=
OL
OR
OR =
2
1
r
r
~i R O
L = P O
L P O
R = u
1
u
2
~- R,
2
1
z
z
=
2
1
r
r
) ( i
2 1
e
u u
,ii <lzi - t
uf u 4i +i u 4 t (Conjugate of a complex Number)
=l-n = i z = a + b +i = ni z = a ib ,ii liili- l+i i-i t
l< l+=i =l-n =i n i +i i = l--iil- + l<i i(. -i tn =l-n =i +i =ni i-- ti-i t. z
~in =n-n n i--l+ ~-i + =i-i z +i <i l-l- ti-i t
uf u4i + u4t +i 4ifat4 fa=si
(Geometrical representation of conjugate of complex number)
|z| = | z |
arg ) z ( = arg (z)
arg ) z ( +i i+ ni- = 2nt P.V. arg (z)
MATHS
9
n iri
(i) l< z = x + iy -i x =
2
z z +
, y =
i 2
z z
(ii) z = z z i - i--l+ t
(iii) z + z = 0 z i - +i-l-+ t
(iv) nii+ ( =ni + n =--i |z|
2
= z z
(v)
z z =
(vi) ) z z (
2 1
=
1
z
2
z
(vii) ) z z (
2 1
=
1
z
2
z
(viii)
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
1
z
z
=
) z (
) z (
2
1
(z
2
= 0)
s4 : i--l+ n ii+i ini t <i =ni+i + +i-l-+ n n =ni n + n ti -
t
Proof : l< z
0
=ni+i a
0
z
n
+ a
1
z
n1
+ ...... + a
n1
z + a
n
= 0 +i (+ n n t
a
0
, a
1
, ....... a
n
e R, -i
n
0 0
z a +
1 n
0 1
z a

+ ....... + a
n1
z
0
+ a
n
= 0
n iin (vi) (vii) +i i n +-
n
0 0
z a +
1 n
0 1
z a

+ ....... +
0 1 n
z a

+ a
n
= 0
0
z ii (+ nn t
aia : l< w = f(z), -i w = f( z )
s4 : |z
1
z
2
|
2
= |z
1
|
2
+ |z
2
|
2
(z
1 2
z +
1
z z
2
)
= |z
1
|
2
+ |z
2
|
2
2 Re(z
1 2
z )
= |z
1
|
2
+ |z
2
|
2
2 |z
1
| |z
2
| cos (u
1
u
2
)
a<iri # 7 : l<
1 z
1 z
+
lzi z +i-l-+ ti . -i l=z +il( l+ | z | = 1

rn. Re |
.
|
\
|
+
1 z
1 z
= 0
1 z
1 z
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
1 z
1 z
= 0
1 z
1 z
+
+
1 z
1 z
+
= 0
z z z + z 1 + z z z + z 1 = 0
z z = 1 | z |
2
= 1 | z | = 1 Hence proved
4iu +i4
(8) l<
2 1
2 1
z z 2
z 2 z
:+i: nii+ ini ti ~i z

2
:+i: nii + ini -ti ti . -i |z
1
| +i ni- ai- +il(
(9) l< z = x + iy ~i f(z) = x
2
y
2
2y + i(2x 2xy), -i <zii :( l+ f(z) =
2
z + 2iz
(10) l< x + iy =
id c
ib a
+
+
-i l=z +il (x
2
+ y
2
)
2
=
2 2
2 2
d c
b a
+
+
Answer : (8) |z
1
| = 2
MATHS
10
< t, fii t4 uf+i (Distance, Triangular Inequality)
l< z
1
= x
1
+ iy
1
, z
2
= x
2
+ iy
2
-i ~in =n-n n z
1
, z
2
+ n < i
|z
1
z
2
| =
2
2 1
2
2 1
) y y ( ) x x ( +
lzii OAC n
OC s OA + AC
OA s AC + OC
AC s OA + OC
:- ~=ln+i~i +i i n +- ||z
1
| |z
2
|| s |z
1
+ z
2
| s |z
1
| + |z
2
|
:=i +i lzii OAB =
tn i-- t l+ ||z
1
| |z
2
|| s |z
1
z
2
| s |z
1
| + |z
2
|
ai a : (a) ||z
1
| |z
2
|| = |z
1
+ z
2
|, |z
1
z
2
| = |z
1
| + |z
2
| l< ~i + n l< n n l-< . z
1
~i z
2
= i t ~i
n nl-< z
1
~i z
2
+ n t
(b) |z
1
+ z
2
| = |z
1
| + |z
2
|, ||z
1
| |z
2
|| = |z
1
z
2
| l< ~i + n l< n n l-< . z
1
~i z
2
= i t ~i
z
1
~i z
2
nn l-< = (+ ti l<zii n l-i- t
a<iri # 8 : l< |z 5 7i| = 9 -i |z 2 3i| +i nt-in ( - --n ni- ai- +il
rn. tn i-- t l+ 9 = |z (5 + 7i)| = z ~i 5 + 7i + n |1 + z + 1 z| (lzii i ~=ln+i)
|1 + z | + |1 z| > 2
(|1 + z| + |1 z|) +i - --n ni- = 2
iln-i n |z + 1| + |1 z| = |z + 1| + |z 1|
i z = 1 ~i 1 +i < li + i n +i <lzi - +-i t
t - t l+ - --n (PA + PB) = AB = 2
a<iri # 10 : l<
z
2
z
= 1 -i |z| +i nt-in ( - --n ni- ai- +il
rn.
z
2
z
= 1
z
2
| z |
s
2
2
z
s | z | +
z
2
ni-i | z | = r
r
2
r
s 1 s r +
r
2
r +
r
2
> 1 r e R
+
..............(i)
~i
r
2
r
s 1 1 s r
r
2
s 1
r e [1, 2] ..............(ii)
(i) ~i (ii) = r e [1, 2]
MATHS
11
r e [1, 2]
|z|
max
= 2, |z|
min
= 1
4iu +i4
(11) |z 3| < 1 ~i |z 4i| > M, -i M +i t i-in+ i--l+ ni- ai- +il l=+ ln( +n = +n
(+ =l-n = i z ti i <i -i =ni+ii +i =-- +
(12) l< z -i |z| = 2 l-i- t -i <zii :( l+
3 z 4 z
1
2 4
+
s
3
1
Answer : (11) M e (0, 6)
i i a (Rotation)
r-si fa+i :
(i) arg z = u. i--l+ ~-i +i i-in+ l<zii + =ii u +ii -i- ini -ii nn l-< = l-+n- ini
l+i l-i- l-<~i +i <lzi- +-i t
(ii) arg (z z
1
) = u. i--l+ ~-i +i i-in+ l<zii + =ii u +ii -i- ini -ii z
1
= l-+n- ini l+i
l-i- l-< ~i (=z
1
) +i <lzi- +-i t
a<iri # 11 : z + ln( tn +il i Arg (z 3 2i) =
6
t
~i Arg (z 3 4i) =
3
2t
+i =-- +-i t
rn. l-zii- =i t - t l+ ( =i +i : l-< -ti t i t/3 (ii) |z| = s 5 & Arg (z i 1) > t/6
rn.
MATHS
12
(i)
t
t
(ii)
t
t
4iu +i4
(13) l< n -izi +i <zii:(
(i) |Arg (z i 2)| < t/4 (ii) Arg (z + 1 i) s t/6
(14) ni-i (+ -izi |z 15i| s 10 t := -izi n t l-< ai- +il i l+
(i) max |z| (ii) min |z|
(iii) max arg (z) (iv) min arg (z)
Answers : (13) (i) (ii)
(14) (i) 25i (ii) 5 i (iii) t tan
1
2
5
(iv) tan
1
2
5
i i a s 4 (Rotation theorem)
(i) l< P(z
1
) ~i Q(z
z
) <i =l-n = i( := +i t l+ |z
1
| = |z
2
|. -i z
2
= z
1
e
iu
ti u = ZPOQ
(ii) l< P(z
1
), Q(z
2
) ~i R(z
3
) -i- =l-n = i( t ~i ZPQR = u. -i
|
|
.
|
\
|
2 1
2 3
z z
z z
=
2 1
2 3
z z
z z
e
iu
(iii) l< P(z
1
), Q(z
2
), R(z
3
) ~i S(z
4
) -i =l-n = i( t ~i ZSTQ = u. -i
2 1
4 3
z z
z z
=
2 1
4 3
z z
z z
e
iu
a<iri # 13 : l< arg
|
.
|
\
|
+
1 z
1 z
=
3
t
-i l-< i l-ii l- +il
MATHS
13
rn. arg
|
.
|
\
|
+
1 z
1 z
=
3
t
arg
|
.
|
\
|

z 1
z 1
=
3
t
z
1 1 Re
2 /3 t
t/3
1m
0
ti arg
|
.
|
\
|

z 1
z 1
, 1 , z ~i 1 -ii z +i lnni- ini ii~i + n +ii +i <lzi- +-i t -l+
t +i i l-- t . z +i l-< i -i +i (+ iin ti ni ((+ ti -i i + +i i =ni- ti - t )
a<iri # 14 : l< A(2 + 3i) ~i B(3 + 4i) (+ n ABCD (ini- +n n n - ) + <i ziii t -i C D ai-
+
rn. ni-i C D +nzi z
3
z
4
= <lzi- t
ZDAB = 90 ~i AD = AB n -
tn i-- ti -i t
) i 3 2 ( ) i 4 3 (
) i 3 2 ( z
4
+ +
+
=
2
i
e
AB
AD
t
z
4
(2 + 3i) = (1 + i) i
z
4
= 2 + 3i+ i 1 = 1 + 4i
~i
) i 4 3 ( ) i 3 2 (
) i 4 3 ( z
3
+ +
+
=
2
i
e
AB
CB
t
z
3
= 3 + 4i (1 + i) (i)
z
3
= 3 + 4i + i 1 = 2 + 5i
4iu +i4
(15) l+=i n + ziii z
1
, z
2
, z
3
, z
4
ini- +n n ln( n ti. -i l=z +il( l+
2z
2
= (1 + i) z
1
+ (1 i) z
3
(16) -i nni:( l+ z
1
z
2
~i z
3
z
4
=ni - t i -ti .
ti , z
1
= 1 + i z
3
= 4 + 2i
z
2
= 2 i z
4
= 1 i
(17) ~in- =n-n +i: l-< P t i l+ -= -i l-i- t l=+i i= OP t. <i l-< Q ~i R :=
+i ln( i- t l+ ZPOQ = ZQOR = u ti l< nn l-< O ~i P, Q, R +i +nzi =l-n =i~i
z
1
, z
2
, z
3
= l-l- l+i i-i ti -i <lzi- +il( l+ z
2
2
cos 2u = z
1
z
3
cos
2
u
(18) l< a, b, c ; u, v, w <i lzii i + ziiii +i l-l- +- ini =l-n = i( := +i t l+
c = (1 r) a + rb, w = (1 r) u + rv ti r (+ =l-n = i t . -i <zii: l+ <i -i lzii =n t
Answers : (16) ~- z
1
z
2
~i z
3
z
4
=ni - -ti t
MATHS
14
< i4 s 4 (Demoivres Theorem)
fifa I
+ia :
l< n +i : ii + = i ti . -i
(i) (cos u + i sin u )
n
= cos nu + i sin nu
(ii) (cos u
1
+ i sin u
1
) (cos u
2
+ i sin u
2
) (cosu
3
+ i sin u
2
) (cos u
3
+ i sin u
3
) .....(cos u
n
+ i sin u
n
)
= cos (u
1
+ u
2
+ u
3
+ ......... u
n
) + i sin (u
1
+ u
2
+ u
3
+ ....... + u
n
)
fifa II
+ia : l< p, q e Z ( q = 0 ti . -i
(cos u + i sin u)
p/q
= cos |
|
.
|
\
| u + t
q
p k 2
+ i sin |
|
.
|
\
| u + t
q
p k 2
ti k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ......, q 1
aia : l+=i =l-n ilzi + nni + +lnni-+n +i =ni+i l=zi - +i in ++ ai- +-i -ilt(
4iu +i4
(19) l---lnli- = =ln+i~i +i l=z +il
(a) cos 5u = 16 cos
5
u 20 cos
3
u + 5 cos u; (b) (sin 5u) / (sin u) = 16 cos
4
u 12 cos
2
u + 1,
l< u = 0, t , 2t .........
(20) ==ln+i~i +i l=z +il
(a) sin
3
u =
4
3
sin u
4
1
sin 3u , (b) cos
4
u =
8
1
cos 4u +
2
1
cos 2u +
8
3
r+ir + ia n (Cube Root Of Unity)
(i) :+i: + i-n n 1,
+ 1 3
2
i
,
1 3
2
i
.
(ii) l< :+i: + +i-l-+ i-n ni n = (+ e ti . -i 1 + e + e = 0 ti -i t =ini- n
1 + e
r
+ e
2r
= 0, ti r e I n l+- r, 3 +i n i - ti
(iii) :+i: + i-nni +i ii : cos 0 + i sin 0; cos
2
3
t
+ i sin
2
3
t
, cos
4
3
t
+ i sin
4
3
t
(iv) :+i: + -i-i i-nni +i l+=i ~in =n-n n l-l- l+i i-i ti. -i (+ =nit lzii +
ziii +i l-l- +- t
(v) l---lnli- n i-ii +i i< i-i -ilt(
(a, b, c e R ~i e:+i: +i i-n n t )
a
3
b
3
= (a b) (a eb) (a eb) ; x
2
+ x + 1 = (x e) (x e
2
) ;
a
3
+ b
3
= (a + b) (a + eb) (a + e
2
b) ; a
2
+ ab + b
2
= (a bw) (a bw
2
)
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
3abc = (a + b + c) (a + eb + ec) (a + eb + ec)
MATHS
15
a<iri # 15 : e
192
+ e
194
+i ni- ai- +il(
rn. e
192
+ e
194
= 1 + e
2
= e
a<iri # 16 : l< :+i: + i-n n 1, e, e
2
ti . -i l=z +il( l+
(i) (1 e + e
2
) (1 + e e
2
) = 4
(ii) (1 e + e
2
)
5
+ (1 + e e
2
)
5
= 32
(iii) (1 e) (1 e
2
) (1 e
4
) (1 e
8
) = 9
(iv) (1 e + e
2
) (1 e
2
+ e
4
) (1 e
4
+ e
8
) .......... = 2n n i-i = 2
2n
rn. (i) (1 e + e
2
) (1 + e e
2
) = ( 2e) ( 2e
2
) = 4
4iu +i4
(21)
=
e + e +
10
0 r
r 2 r
) 1 (
+i ni- ai- +il(
(22) l<i t l+ n (+ lin ii + t i l+ -i- = i t n l+- n, 3 +i n i -ti t l=z +il
x
3
+ x
2
+ x , (x + 1)
n
x
n
1 +i (+ n i-i t
(23) l< x = a + b, y = ao + b| , z = a| + bo ti o, | :+i: + +i-l-+ i-n n t <zii : l+
xyz = a
3
+ b
3
(24) l< x
2
x + 1 = 0 -i
2
5
1 n
n
n
x
1
x
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
+i ni- ai- +il
Answers : (21) 12 (24) 8
r+ir +i n i n (n
th
Roots of Unity)
l< :+i: + n . n n n 1, o
1
, o
2
, o
3.
.... o
n 1
t
(i) n. . n t l=+i =i ~-i- e
i(2t/n)
(ii) 1
p
+ o
1
p
+ o
2
p
+.... +o
n
p
1
= 0, l< p, n +i ii + ni -ti ti
2 /n t 1
o
o
2
o
3
d kYi fud v {k
okLr fod v {k
(1, 0)
= n, l< p, n +i ii + n i ti
(iii) (1 o
1
) (1 o
2
)...... (1 o
n 1
) = n ~i
(1 + o
1
) (1 + o
2
)....... (1 + o
n 1
) = 0 l< n . =n ti ~i 1 l< n lin ti
(iv) 1. o
1.
o
2.
o
3.
........ o
n 1
= 1 i 1, n lin ~i =n ti - + ~- =i
a<iri # 17 : =ni+i z
6
+ 64 = 0 + n n ai- +il( l-+ i--l+ iin i-in+ t
rn. z
6
= 64
z
6
= z
6
. e
+ i(2n + 1)t
x e z
z = z
6
) 1 n 2 ( i
e
t
+
z = 2
6
i
e
t
, 2
2
i
e
t
, 2
6
5
i
e
t
, 2
6
7
i
e
t
, 2
2
3
i
e
t
, 2
6
11
i
e
t
i--l+ iin i-in+ ti - nn = 2
6
i
e
t
, 2
6
11
i
e
t
MATHS
16
a<iri # 18 :
=
|
.
|
\
| t
t
6
1 k
7
k 2
cos
7
k 2
sin
+i ni- ai- +il(
rn.
=
|
.
|
\
| t
6
1 k
7
k 2
sin

=
|
.
|
\
| t
6
1 k
7
k 2
cos
=
=
t
6
0 k
7
k 2
sin

=
t
6
0 k
7
k 2
cos
+ 1
=
=
6
0 k
(:+i: + =i- 7 nni + +i-l-+ iini +i in)

=
6
0 k
(:+i: + =i- 7 n ni + i--l+ iini +i i n) + 1
= 0 0 + 1 = 1
4iu +i4
(25) z
7
1 +i i--l+ nii+i in li+ l,ii-i n i-ii n liil- +il(
(26) cos
7
2t
+ cos
7
4t
+ cos
7
6t
+i ni- ai- +il(
(27) ( 256)
1/4
+ =ii ni- ai- +il l-+i +i iln-i n +- +il
Answers : (25) (z 1)
|
.
|
\
|
+
t
1 z
7
2
cos 2 z
2
.
|
.
|
\
|
+
t
1 z
7
4
cos 2 z
2
.
|
.
|
\
|
+
t
1 z
7
6
cos 2 z
2
(26)
2
1
(27) (
t |
.
|
\
| +
+ t |
.
|
\
| +
4
1 r 2
sin i
4
1 r 2
cos 4
, r = 0, 1, 2, 3; lzii 4 ( +-< (0, 0) in -i n
l-i- n + ziii t
faafnfia fi4i + 4in +n +i 4i< iai ifry
(The Sum Of The Following Series Should Be Remembered)
(i) cos u + cos 2 u + cos 3 u +..... + cos n u =
( )
( )
sin /
sin /
nu
u
2
2
cos
n + |
\
|
.
|
1
2
u.
(ii) sin u + sin 2 u + sin 3 u +..... + sin n u =
( )
( )
sin /
sin /
nu
u
2
2
sin
n + |
\
|
.
|
1
2
u.
aia: l< u = (2t/n) ti . -i :- -i+- lii + i n+n zi - ti- t
MATHS
17
uf u 4i +i ni ni+ (Logarithm Of A Complex Quantity)
Log
e
(o + i |) =
1
2
Log
e
(o + |) + i
2
1
n t
|
o
+
|
\
|
.
|
tan
. ti n e I.
a<iri #19: Find the value of
(i) log (1 +
3
i) Ans. log2 + i(2nt +
3
t
)
(ii) log(1) Ans. it
(iii) 2
i
Ans. cos(ln2) + i sin(ln2) = e
i(ln2)
(iv) i
i
Ans.
2
). 1 n 4 (
e
t
+
(v) |(1 + i)
i
| Ans.
4
). 1 n 8 (
e
t
+
(vi) arg ((1 + i)
i
) Ans.
2
1
n(2).
rn. (i) log (1 +
3
i) = log
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
t +
t
n 2
3
i
e 2
= log 2 + i
|
.
|
\
|
t +
t
n 2
3
(iii) 2
i
= e
in 2
= [cos (n 2) + i sin (n 2)]
4iu +i4
(28) cos (1 + i) +i i--l+ iin ai- +il(
Answer :
1 cos
e 2
e 1
2
+
4ifat4 n iri (Geometrical Properties)
<t ui :
l< <i l-< ~i P ~i Q +i +nzi z
1
~i z
2
= <lzi - l+i i-i ti . -i 0
l< PQ +i l-< C , m : n n it lii- +-i ti . -i z =
n m
nz mz
1 2
aia l< -i- i--l+ = i( a, b, c := +i t l+ az

1
+ bz
2
+ cz
3
= 0 ti a + b + c = 0 ( a,b,c (+ =ii
zi - -ti ti . -i =l-n = i( z
1
, z
2
~i z
3
= ii t
(1) l< lzii + ziiii A, B ~i C +i +nzi =l-n =i~i z
1
, z
2
~i z
3
= <lzi- l+i i-i ti -ii
i i~i +i n-i: i +i a, b, c = l-l- l+i i-i ti . -i
MATHS
18
(i) lzii ABC +i + -< + =
z z z
1 2 3
3
+ +
:
(ii) AABC +i n-+-< =
( ) ( ) ( )
C sec c B sec b A sec a
z C sec c z B sec b z A sec a
3 2 1
+ +
+ +
i
C tan B tan A tan
C tan z B tan z A tan z
3 2 1
+ +
+ +
(iii) A ABC +i ~ -+ -< = (az
1
+ bz
2
+ cz
3
) (a + b + c).
(iv) A ABC +i l+ -< = (Z
1
sin 2A + Z
2
sin 2B + Z
3
sin 2C) (sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C).
(2) +iii+ (z) = u n n l-< = l-+n- ini l+i t i x ~-i = +i i u -i-i t
(3) a +i b = lnni- ini ii +i n- =nl,ii+ |z a| = |z b| t
(4) z
1
~i z
2
+i lnni- ini ii +i =ni+i, z = z
1
+ t (z
1
z
2
) ,ii l<i i-i t ti t (+ i--l+
i-n t
(5) z = z
1
(1 + it), ti t (+ i--l+ i-n t. (+ (=i ii t i z
1
~i nnl-< +i lnni- ini ii
+ n-- ti -ii z
1
= n -i ti
(6) l-< z
1
~i z
2
= n- ini ii + =ni+i +i =ili+ n
z z
z z
z z
1
1
1
1 1
2 2
= 0 <lzi- l+i i
=+-i t t -i- =l-n =i~i z, z
1
( z
2
+ =ii ti- +i l-i t -i+- =ni+i +i =n
+- o o z z r + + = 0 ti r i--l+ ( o ~zi- =l-n n i-- ti-i t
aia : l< z +i ze
iu
~i z +i
u i
e z
= l--iil- + l<i i( -i tn =n ii +i =ni+i i-- ti-i t i nn
l-< = =n ii in n( n- + i< = n-i ti ~i <i n: ii = +ii u -i-i ti
(7) +-< z
0
~i lzii in -i +i =ni+i |z z
0
| = i z z z
0
z z
0
z + z
0
z
0
= 0 t i
l+ zz z z + + o o + k = 0, + +i t k i--l+ = i t . + -< o ~i lzii = k | |
2
o
t. -i i--l+ tini. l< 0 k | |
2
> o ti
(8) z
1
~i z
2
+i lnni- in iii +i i= n+ -i( n( -i +i =ni+i
+i iii +
|
|
.
|
\
|
1
2
z z
z z
=
t
2
i (z z
1
) ( z z
2
) + (z z
2
) ( z z
1
) = 0 t
(9) l<( n( -i l-< ~i z
1
, z
2
, z
3
~i z
4
+ = -ii ti - + ln( l--i t l+ = i
z z
z z
z z
z z
3 1
3 2
4 2
4 1
.
i--l+ ti -i -ilt( ~- -i- ~=ii l-<~i z
1
, z
2
( z
3
= n - in -i + =ni+i + ln(
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
z z z z
z z z z

2 3 1
1 3 2
i--l+ t
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
z z z z
z z z z

2 3 1
1 3 2
=
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
z z z z
z z z z

2 3 1
1 3 2
MATHS
19
(10) +i ii +
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
1
z z
z z
= u
(i) (+ ii +i <lzi- +-i t l< u = t
(ii) <i l+ii + n +i <lzi- +-i t l< u = 0
(iii) (+ -i + (+ iin +i <lzi- +-i t l< 0 < u < t.
(11) l-<~i z
1
, z
2
~i z
3
= l-ln- l+=i lzii +i -izi+n
1 z z
1 z z
1 z z
i 4
1
3 3
2 2
1 1
t
(12) l-< z
0
= ii
0 r z z = + o + o
+i n-- < i
| | 2
| r z z |
0 0
o
+ o + o
t
(13) (i) ii 0 r z z = + o + o +i =l-n cin e=
o
o
t
(ii) l-< ~i z
1
~i z
2
+i lnni- ini ii +i =l-n cin e=
2 1
2 1
z z
z z
t
(iii) i--l+ ~-i = u +ii -i- ini ii +i =l-n cin = e
2iu
t
(14) f-< nia y uf<zi nia
ni-i z
1
= x
1
+ iy
1
~i z
2
= x
2
+ iy
2
<i =l-n =i( t (=l<zi) z
1
z
2
+i l-< ni- (~l<zi ni-)
l---- liili- t
z
1
z
2
= |z
1
| |z
2
| cos u = x
1
x
2
+ y
1
y
2
= Re } z z {
2 1
=
2
1
} z z z z {
2 1 2 1
+
ti u , z
1
-ii z
2
+ n +i i t i 0 t + n l-i- t
l< =l<zi z
1
, z
2
n-- t -i z
1
z
2
= 0
1
1
z
z
+
2
2
z
z
= 0.
~ii - =l-n cini +i i n = 0
z
1
z
2
+i =l<zi n i- l---- liili- t
z
1
z
2
= |z
1
| |z
2
| sin u = x
1
y
2
y
1
x
2
= Im } z z {
2 1
=
i 2
1
} z z z z {
2 1 2 1

l< =l<zi z
1
, z
2
=ni-- t -i z
1
z
2
= 0
1
1
z
z
=
2
2
z
z
.
~ii - =l-n cin =ni- t
ai a : e
1
~i e
2
 |z
1
z
2
| ti . -i z +i l-< i (+ ( =i <ii -i t l=+i -ilii
z
1
~i z
2
t
MATHS
20
(16) l< |z z
0
| =
| | 2
r z z
o
+ o + o
ti . -i z +i l-< i (+ ( =i n t . l=+i -ili z
0
t ~i
l--i
0
z o +
0
z o + r = 0 (l<i t
0
z o +
0
z o + r = 0 )
(17) l<
2
1
z z
z z
= k = 1, 0 ti . -i z +i l-< i (+ -i t
(18) l< ||z z
1
| |z z
2
|| = K < |z
1
z
2
| ti. -i z +i l-<i (+ (=i ~l-n t l=+i -ilii
+nzi z
1
~i z
2
t
faafnfia +i fnia +tf4 :
ai - I ai - II
(i) l< | z 3+2i | | z + i | = 0 ti . -i (i) -i
- z +i l-< i <lzi - +-i t
(ii) l< +i ii +
|
.
|
\
|
+
1 z
1 z
=
4
t
ti . (ii) =n ii
-i z +i l-< i <lzi - +-i t
(iii) l< | z 8 2i | + | z 5 6i | = 5 (iii) <ii -i
ti . -i z +i l-< i <lzi - +-i t
(iv) l< +i ii + |
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
i 5 2 z
i 4 3 z
=
6
5t
(iv) ~l-n
ti . -i z +i l-< i <lzi - +-i t
(v) l< | z 1 | + | z + i | = 10 ti . -i (v) <ii ~-i
z +i l-< i <lzi - +-i t
(vi) | z 3 + i | | z + 2 i | = 1 (vi) ni ~-i
ti . -i z +i l-< i <lzi - +-i t
(vii) | z 3i | = 25 (vii) ii +i n- =nl,ii+
(viii) +i ii + |
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
i z
i 5 3 z
= t (viii) iii
Ans. I (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii)
II (vii) (v) (viii) (vi) (iii) (iv) (i) (viii)
(a) un ii + fny sfaf f-< :
<i l-< P ( Q (+ <i n: =n ii + ln( l-l- l-< ti - t l< <i n: ii PQ +i n-
=nl,ii+ ti l< <i -i l-< =l-n = i z
1
~i z
2
,ii <lzi - t - z
1
-ii z
2
ii
o o z z r + + = 0 + l-l- l-< ti- t l< ~i + n l< o o z z r
1 2
0 + + = , ti r i--l+
t -ii o ~zi- =l-n ~- t
(b) -i + uis+i sfani f-<
<i l-< P( Ql+=i -i l=+i + -< O( lzii t. + =i-i l-nin +tni- t . l<
(i) l-< O, P ( Q =ii t ~i P, Q +-< O + (+ ti ~i l-i- t
(ii) OP. OQ =
2
.
MATHS
21
ai a : <i l-< z
1
~i z
2
-i z z z z r + + + = o o 0 + =i -i l-ni n l-< ti n l< ~i + n l<
z z z z r
1 2 1 2
0 + + + = o o .
sint s 4 (Ptolemys Theorem)
t n -i-i t l+ l+=i -i + ~-< ii - n ~-n -- i + l+ii +i n-i: i +i n i-+n. -=+i =-ni
i i~i +i n-i: i + n i-+n + i n+n + i ti-i t ~ii -
|z
1
z
3
| |z
2
z
4
| = |z
1
z
2
| |z
3
z
4
| + |z
1
z
4
| |z
2
z
3
|.
MI SCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES
a<iri # 20 : l< z
1
~i z
2
 0, -i l=z +
|z
1
+ z
2
|
2
s (1 + c) |z
1
|
2
+ (1 + c
1
) |z
2
|
2
rn. tn l=z +-i t
|z
1
+ z
2
|
2
s (1 + c) |z
1
|
2
+ (1 + c
1
) |z
2
|
2
~ii - |z
1
|
2
+ |z
2
|
2
+ z
1
z
2
+ z
1
z
2
s (1 + c) |z
1
|
2
+ (1 +c
1
) |z
2
|
3
i z
1
z
2
+ z
2
z
2
s c|z
1
|
2
+ c
1
|z
2
|
2
i c|z
1
|
2
+
c
1
|z
2
|
2
z
1
z
2
z
2
z
2
> 0
(Re (z
1
z
2
) s |z
1
z
2
| +i in +- )
i
2
2 1
| z |
c
1
z c
|
|
.
|
\
|
> 0 i l+ tn zii = t
a<iri #21: l
4
3
rn. l<i t
cosu
1
. z
4
+ cosu
2
. z
3
+ cosu
3
. z
2
+ cosu
4
. z + cosu
5
= 2\3
i |cosu
1
. z
4
+ cosu
2
. z
3
+ cosu
3
. z
2
+ cosu
4
. z + cosu
5
| = 2\3
2\3 s |cosu
1
. z
4
| + |cosu
2
. z
3
| + |cosu
3
. z
2
| + cosu
4
. z| + |cosu
5
|
u
i
e [t/6, t/3]
2
1
s cosu
i
s
2
3
3 2
s
2
3
|z|
4
+
2
3
|z|
3
+
2
3
|z|
2
+
2
3
|z| +
2
3
3 s |z|
4
+ |z|
3
+ |z|
2
+ |z|
l-il-I : l< |z| > 1 -i -i+- l-+i -- ti = t
l-il-II : l< |z| < 1 -i
3 < |z| + |z|
2
+ |z|
3
+ |z|
4
+|z|
5
+ .........
3 <
| z | 1
| z |
3 3 |z| < |z| |z| >

4
3
~- <i-i l-il-i = |z| >
4
3
MATHS
22
a<iri #22: <i li-- ~=ni-- ii( -i |z| = r +i l-<~i a, b, c, d +i-i t l=z +il l+ ii( z
lnn-i t l= z =
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
d c b a
d c b a

+
,ii +- l+i i-i t
rn. -l+ l-< P, A, B =i t
1 b b
1 a a
1 z z
= 0 z ( ) b a z (a b) + ( ) b a b a = 0 (i)
:=i +i l-< P, C, D =i t. :=ln(
z ( ) d c z (c d) + ( ) d c d c = 0 (ii)
=ni+i (i) (c d) (ii) (a b) +-
z ( ) b a (c d) z ( ) d c (a b) = ( ) d c d c (a b) ( ) b a b a (c d) (iii)
z z
= r
2
= k (say)
a
=
a
k
,
b
=
b
k
,
c
=
c
k
:il<
=ni+i (iii) =
z
|
.
|
\
|

b
k
a
k
(c d) z
|
.
|
\
|

d
k
c
k
(a b) =
|
.
|
\
|

c
kd
d
ck
(a b)
|
.
|
\
|

a
bk
b
ak
(c d)
z =
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
d c b a
d c b a

+
a<iri #23: l< z
1
= a + ib ~i z
2
= c + id =l-n =i( := +i t l+ |z
1
| = |z
2
| = 1 ~i Re ) z z (
2 1
= 0 -i
<zii: l+ =l-n =i~i + n w
1
= a + ic ~i w
2
= b + id l---lnli- +i =-- +-i t
(i) |w
1
| = 1 (ii) |w
2
| = 1 (iii) Re ) w w (
2 1
rn. a = cos u , b = sin u
c = cos |, d = sin |
Re ) z z (
2 1
= 0 u | =
2
nt
n = 1
c = sin u, d = cos u
w
1
= cos u + i sin u
w
2
= sin u i cos u
|w
1
| = 1, |w
2
| = 1
w
1 2
w = cosu sinu sinu cosu + i(sin
2
u cos
2
u) = i cos 2u
Re ) w w (
2 1
= 0
MATHS
23
a<iri # 24 : ni-i z
1
~i z
2
=l-n = i( := +i t l+ z
1
= z
2
~i |z
1
| = |z
2
|. l< z
1
+i i--l+ iin
i-in+ ( z
2
+i +i-l-+ iin +iin+ ti -i l=z +il
2 1
2 1
z z
z z
+
i - +i-l-+ t
rn. z
1
= r (cosu + i sin u),
2
t
< u <
2
t
z
2
= r (cos| + i sin |), t < | < 0
2 1
2 1
z z
z z
+
= i cot
|
.
|
\
| | u
2
,
4
t
<
2
| u
<
4
3t
~- i- +i-l-+ t
a<iri # 25 : l< z
1
, z
2
z
3
+nzi -i- l-< ~i A, B C +i <lzi - +- t ~i l--i
|z
1
z
2
| = |z
1
| + |z
2
| ~i |(2 - i) z
1
+ iz
3
| = |z
1
| + |(1 i) z
1
+ iz
3
| +i = - +- t -i l=z
+il AABC (+ =n+iii lzii t
rn. |z
1
z
2
| = |z
1
| + |z
2
|
z
1
, z
2
~i n n l-< = i ti n ~i z
1
, z
2
n n l-< +i li- l<zii n ti n
:=i +i |(2 - i) z
1
+ iz
3
| = |z
1
| + |(1 i) z
1
+ iz
3
|
z
1
~i (1 i) z
1
+ iz
3
= z
4
(ni-i) nnl-< + =ii = i t ~i n nl-< + (+ ti ~i l-i-
t
ni-i z
4
= z
1
, (i--l+)
-i (1 i) z
1
+ iz
3
= z
1
i (z
3
z
1
) = ( 1) z
1
1
1 3
z
) z z (
= ( 1) i
1
1 3
z 0
z z
= me
it/2
, m = 1
z
3
z
1
=l<zi 0 z
1
+ n-- t
~ii - z
2
ii nn l-< ( z
1
+i lnni- ini ii t
~- tn +t =+- t l+ lzii i l+ z
1,
z
2
~i z
3
= -i t (+ =n+iii lzii t

Comple Number Theory - H

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Comple Number Theory - H

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MATHS

lzi z +i-l-+ ti . -i l=z +il( l+ | z | = 1

:+i: nii+ ini ti ~i z

aia l< -i- i--l+ = i( a, b, c := +i t l+ az

3 3 |z| < |z| |z| >

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