Electric Current in Conductors

Chapter # 32 Electric Current in Conductors
Page # 1
manishkumarphysics.in
SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. An electron beamhas an aperture 1.0 mm
2
. Atotal of 6.0 10
16
electrons go through any perpendicular cross
section per second. Find (a) the current and (b) the current density in the beam.
Sol. (a) The total charge crossing a perpendicular crosssection in one second is
q = ne
= 6.0 10
16
1.6 10
19
C
= 9.6 10
3
C.
The current is
i =
t
q
=
s 1
C 10 6 . 9
3
= 9.6 10
3
A.
(b) The current density is
j =
S
i
=
2
3
mm 0 . 1
A 10 6 . 9

= 9.6 10
3
A/m
2
.
Ans. (a) 9.6 10
3
A. (b) 9.6 10
3
A/m
2
.
2. Calculate the drift speed of the electrons when 1Aof current exists in a copper wire of cross-section 2 mm
2
.
The number of free electrons in 1 cm
3
of copper is 8.5 10
22
.
Sol. Wehave
j = nev
d
or, v
d
=
ne
j
=
ne A
j
=
) C 10 )(1.6 m 10 10 )(8.5 m 10 (2
A 1
19 - 3 - 6 22 2 6 -

= 0.036 mm/s.
We see that the drift speed is indeed small.
Ans. 0.036 mm/s.
3. Calculate the resistance of an aluminium wire of length 50 cm and cross-sectional area 2.0 mm
2
. The
resistivity of sluminium is r = 2.6 10
8
O - m.
Sol. The resistance is R =
A
=
2 10
8
m 10 2
) m 50 . 0 ( ) m 10 6 . 2 (
O
= 0.0065 O.
Wearrivedat Ohm's (equation32.6or 32.8) bymakingseveral assumptions about theexistanceandbehaviour
of the free electrons. These assumptions are not valid for semiconductors, insulators,solutions etc. Ohm's
law cannot be applied in such cases.
Ans. 0.0065 O
4. A resistor develops 400 J of thermal energy in 10 s when a current of 2 A is passed through if. (a) Find its
resitance. (b) If the current is increased to 4 A, what will be the energy developed in 20 s.
Sol. (a) Using U = i
2
Rt,
400 J = (2A)
2
R(10 s)
or R = 10 O.
(b) The thermal energy developed, when the current is 4A, is
U = i
2
Rt
= (4A)
2
(10 O) (10 s) = 1600 J.
Ans. (a) 10 O. (b) 1600 J.
Page # 2
5. A battery of emf 2.0 V and interial resistance 0.50 O supplies a current of 100 mA. Find (a) the potential
difference across the terminals of the battery and (b) the thermal energy developed in the battery in 10 s.
Sol. The situation is the same as that shown in figure.
(a) The potential difference across the terminals is
V
A
V
B
= (V
A
V
C
) (V
B
V
C
)
= c ir
= 2.0 V (0.100 A) (0.50 O) = 1.95 V.
(b) The thermal energy developed in the battery is
U = i
2
rt = (0.100 A)
2
(0.50 O) (10 s) = 0.50 J,
Ans. (a) 1.95 V (b) 0.05 J
6. Find the equivalent resistance of the network shown in figure between the points Aand B.
Sol. The 10 Oresistor and the 30 Oresistor are connected in parallel. The equivalent resistance betweenAand
C is
R
1
=
O + O
O O
30 10
) 30 )( 10 (
= 7.5 O.
This is connected with 2.5 W in series. The equivalent resistance betweenAand B is 7.5 O + 2.5 O= 10 O.
Ans. 10 O
7. Find the value of R in figure so that there is no current in the 50 O resistor.
Sol. This is a Wheatstone bridge with the galvanometer replaced by the 50 Oresistor. There will be no current in
the 50 O resistor if the bridge is balanced.
In this case,
O
O
20
10
=
O 40
R
or R = 20 O.
Ans. R = 20 O
8. The ammeter shown in figure consists of a 480 Ocoil connected in parallel to a 20 Oshunt. Find the reading
of the ammeter.
Sol. The equivalent resistance of the ammeter is
O + O
O O
20 480
) (20 ) 480 (
= 19.2 O.
The equivalent resistance of the circuit is
140.8 + 19.2 O = 160 O.
The current is i =
O 160
V 20
= 0.125 A.
This current goes through the ammeter and hence the reading of the ammeter is 0.125A.
Ans. 0.125 A.
Page # 3
QUESTIONS FOR SHORT ANSWER
1. Suppose you have three resistors each of value 30 O. List all the different resistances you can obtain using
them.
2. A proton beam is going from east to west. Is there an electric current ? If yes, in what direction ?
3. In an electrolyte, the positive ions move fromleft to right and the negative ions fromright to left. Is there a net
current ? If yes, in what direction ?
4. In a TV tube, the electrons are accelerated from the rear to the front. What is the direction of the current ?
5. The drift speed is defined as v
d
= Al / At where Al is the distance drifted in a long time At. Why don't we
define the drift speed as the limit of Al / At as At 0 ?
6. One of your friends argues that he has read in previous chapters that there can be no electric field inside a
conductor. And hence there can be no current through it. What is the fallacy in this argument ?
7. When a current is established in a wire, the free electrons drift in the direction opposite to the current. Does
the number of free electrons in the wire continuously decrease ?
8. Afan with copper winding in its motor consumes less power as compared to an otherwise similar fan having
aluminium winding. Explain.
9. The thermal energy developed in a currentcarrying resistor is given by U = i
2
Rt and also by U= Vit. Should
we say that U is proportional to i
2
or to i ?
10. Consider a circuit containing an ideal battery connected to a resistor. Do "work done by the battery" and "the
thermal energy developed" represent two names of the same physical quantity ?
11. Is work done by a battery always equal to the thermal energy developed in electrical circuits ? What happens
if a capacitor is connected in the circuit ?
12. A nonideal battery is connected to a resistor. Is work done by the battery equal to the thermal energy
developed in the resistor ? Does your answer change if the battery is ideal ?
13. Sometimes it is said that "heat is developed" in a resistance when there is an electric current in it. Recall
that heat is defined as the energy being transferred due to the temperature difference. Is the statement under
quotes technically correct ?
14. We often say "a current is going through the wire". What goes through the wire, the charge or the current ?
15. Would you prefer a voltmeter or a potentiometer to measure the emf of a battery ?
16. Does a conductor become charged when a current is passed through it ?
17. Can the potential difference across a battery be greater than its emf ?
Objective - I
1. A metallic resistor is connected across a battery. If the number of collisions of the free electrons with the
lattice is somehow decreased in the resistor (for example, by cooling it), the current will
(A*) increase (B) decrease (C) remain constant (D) become zero
(+ iil+ l-i i+ +i (+ i = i i i-i t l< n +- :n + i -i +i in+ = ++i +i = i l-i i+ n l+=i
-t ii <i i-i t . (-<iti + ln( := ai ++ ) -i iii -
(A*) cni (B) ini (C) l-- tni (D) zi - ti i(ni
2. Two resistor Aand B have resistance R
A
and R
B
respectively with R
A
< R
B
. The resistivites of their materials
A
and =
B
.
(A)
A
<
B
(B)
A
=
B
(C)
A
>
B
(D*) The information is not sufficient to find the relation between
A
and
B
<i l-i i+i A B + l-i i +nzi R
A
R
B
t . ti R
A
< R
B
--+ <iii +i l-i i+-i
A
=
B
t -
(A)
A
<
B
(B)
A
=
B
(C)
A
>
B
(D*)
A

B
+ n = i ai- +- + ln( = --i ~i -- t
3. The product of resistivity and conductivity of a cylindrical conductor depends on
(A) temperature (B) material (C) area of cross-section (D*) none of these
(+ n-i+i -in+ +i -in+-i ( l-i i+-i +i n i-+n l-i +-i t -
(A) -i (B) <ii (C) ~- -i +ii -i zi (D*) :-n = +i: -ti
4. As the temperature of a metallic resistor is increased, the product of its resistivity and conductivity
(A) increases (B) decreases (C*) remains constant (D) may increase or decrease
(+ iil+ l-ii +i -i ci i- :=+i -in+-i ( l-ii+-i +i n i-+n -
(A) c-i t (B) i-i t (C*) l-- t-i t (D) i ~ii c =+-i t
Page # 4
5. In an electric circuit containing a bettery, the charge (assumed positive) inside the battery
(A) always goes from the positive terminal to the negative terminal
(B*) may go from the positive terminal to the negative terminal
(C) always goes from the negative terminal to the positive terminal
(D) does not move.
(+ i in l - li n . i + ii- ~i zi - (i-in+ ni-i t ~i)
(A) tnzii i- ln-n = +i ln-n i-i t
(B*) i- ln-n = +i ln-n i =+-i t
(C) tnzii +i ln-n = i- ln-n i =+-i t
(D) nl- -ti +-i t
6. A resistor of resistance R is connected to an ideal battery. If the value of R is decreased, the power dissi-
pated in the resistor will -
(A*) increase (B) decrease (C) remain unchanged
R l-i i +i (+ l-i i+ (+ ~i<zi i = i i ni t l< R+i ni- iii i-i t . -i l-i i n l- zil+--
(A*) cni (B) ini (C) ~ll-- tni
7. A current passes through a resistor. Let K
1
and K
2
represent the average kinetic energy of the conduction
electrons and the metal ions respectively.
(A) K
1
< K
2
(B) K
1
= K
2
(C*) K
1
> K
2
(D) Any of these three may occur
(+ l-i i+ n iii ilt- ti ti t l< -in- :n + i -i ( iil+ ~i-i +i ~i =- nl- -i +nzi K
1
K
2
ti -i -
(A) K
1
< K
2
(B) K
1
= K
2
(C*) K
1
> K
2
(D) :- -i-i n = + z ii ti =+-i
8. Two resistance Rand 2Rare connected in series in an electric circuit.The thermal energy developed in Rand
2R are in the ratio
<i l-ii+ R 2R (+ l- li n ii+n n i i- t R 2Rn --- -ii -i +i ~-i- t -
(A*) 1 : 2 (B) 2 : 1 (C) 1 : 4 (D) 4 : 1
9. Two resistance R and 2R are connected in parallel in an electric circuit. The thermal energy developed in R
and 2R are in the ratio
<i l-ii R 2R (+ l - li n =ni-- +n n i i- t R 2Rn --- -ii -i +i ~-i- t -
(A) 1 : 2 (B*) 2 : 1 (C) 1 : 4 (D) 4 : 1
10. A uniform wire of resistance 50O is cut into 5 equal parts. These parts are now connected in parallel.The
equivalent resistance of the combination is
50O l-i i + (+ =n -i +i 5 =ni- iini n +ii ni t iin ~ =ni-- +n n i i- t = i - +i
- - l-i i t -
(A*) 2O (B) 10O (C) 250O (D) 6250O
11. Consider the following two statements :
(a) Kirchhoffs junction lawfollows fromconservation of charge.
(b) Kirchhoffs loop lawfollows from consevative neature of electric field.
(A*) Both Aand B are correct (B) A is correct but B is wrong
(C) B is correct but A is wrong (D) BothAand B are wrong
l--- <i +i-i l-i +il( :
(a) l+-i + +i = li l-n ~i zi + = -ii +i <zii -i t
(b) l+-i+ +i izi l-n l - -i zi +i = l-i- |l- +i <zii -i t
(A*) a b <i-i =ti t (B) a =ti t. nl+- b nn- t
(C) b =ti t. nl+- a nn- t (D) a b <i-i nn- t
12. Two non-ideal batteries are connected in series. Consider the following statements:
(a) The equivalent emf is larger either of the two emfs.
(b) The equivalent internal resistance is smaller than either of the two internal resistance.
(A) Each of A and B is correct (B*) A is correct but B is wrong
(C) B is correct but A is wrong (D) Each of Aand B is wrong.
<i ~-i<zi (non-ideal) li ii +n n i i i-i t l--- +i-i l-i +il( -
(a) - - l - it+ n <i -i n = l+=i ii l - it+ n + i<i t
(b) - - ~i -l+ l-i i <i -i n = l+=i ii ~i -l+ l-i i = +n t
Page # 5
(A) a b <i-i =ti t (B*) a =ti t. nl+- b nn- t
(C) b =ti t. nl+- a nn- t (D) a b <i-i nn- t
13. Two non-ideal batteries are connected in parallel. Consider the following statements
(a) The equivalent emf is smaller than either of the two emfs.
(b) The equivalent internal resistance is smaller than either of the two internal resistance.
(A) Both a and b are correct (B) a is correct but b is wrong
(C*) b is correct but a is wrong (D) Each of a and b is wrong [HCV_Chp_32_Obj-1_13]
<i ~-i<zi (non-ideal) li =ni-- +n n ii i-i t l--- +i-i l-i +il( -
(a) - - l - it+ n <i -i n = l+=i ii l - it+ n = +n t
(b) - - ~i -l+ l-i i <i -i n = l+=i ii ~i -l+ l-i i = +n t
(A) a b <i-i =ti t (B) a =ti t. nl+- b nn- t
(C*) b =ti t. nl+- a nn- t (D) a b <i-i nn- t
14. The net resistnace of an ammeter should be small to ensure that
(A) it does not get overheated (B) it does not draw excessive current
(C) it can measure large currents(D*) it does not appreciably change the current to be measured.
(+ ~ni +i + n l-i i ~- ti -i -ilt( -il+ -
(A) t ~li+ nn -i ti (B) t ~li+ iii - n
(C) t i iii~i +i ni =+ (D*) t nii i- ini iii n +i: lzi i l- - - +
15. The net resistance of a voltmeter should be large to ensure that
(A) it does not get overheated (B) it does not draw excessive current
(C) it can measure large potential differences
(D*) it does not appreciably change the potential difference to be measured.
(+ i -ni +i + n l-i i ~li+ ti -i -ilt -il+ -
(A) t ~li+ nn -i ti (B) t ~li+ iii -i n
(C) t lii--i +i ni =+ (D*) t ni i- in lii-- n +i : --ni-i l-- -i +
16. Consider a capacitor-charging circuit. Let Q
1
be the charge given to the capacitor in a time interval of 10 ms
and Q
2
be the charge given in the next time interval of 10 ms. Let 10 Ccharge be deposited in a time interval
t
1
and the next 10mC charge is deposited in the next time interval t
2
.
(+ = iilzi + ~i zi- li l-i +il( ni- nil( l+ 10 lnni = + + (+ =ni--in n = iilzi +i Q
1
~i zi l<i i-i t -ii 10 lnni = + + ~nn =ni--in n Q
2
~i zi l<i i-i t ni- nil( l+ t
1
=ni--in
n 10 ni:+i + nin ~izi = n lt- ti -i t -ii ~nn =ni--in t
2
n ~nni 10 ni:+i + nin ~i zi = n lt- ti-i t
(A) Q
1
> Q
2
, t
1
> t
2
. (B*) Q
1
> Q
2
, t
1
< t
2
. (C) Q
1
> Q
2
, t
1
> t
2
. (D) Q
1
< Q
2
, t
1
< t
2
.
Objective - II
1. Electrons are emitted by a hot filament and are accelerated by an elecrtic field as shown in fig. The two stops
at the left ensure that the electron beam has a uniform cross-section.
(+ nn l+nin- = :n+i- -=l- ti- t ( l-zii-=i (+ l- -izi ,ii l- ti- t ii -+ + <i
~i i t = l-lz-- +- t l+ :n+ i- +i +i -i zi =ni- t -
(A*) The speed of the electron is more at B than at A.
(B) The electric current is from left to right
(C) The magnitude of the current is larger at B than at A.
(D) The current density is more at B than at A.
(A*) The speed of the electron is more at B than at A.
(B) The electric current is from left to right
(C) The magnitude of the current is larger at B than at A.
(D) The current density is more at B than at A. i
2. A capacitor with no dielectric is connected to a battery at t = 0. Condiser a point A in the connecting wires
and a point B in between the plates.
(A) There is no current throughA
Page # 6
(B*) There is no current through b
(C*) There is a current throughAas long as the charging is not complete.
(D) There is a current through B as long the charging is not complete.
(+ = iilzi l=n +i : i - <ii -ti t . t =0 (+ i = i i i-i t = i - -ii n (+ l-< A-ii -n i
+ n (+ l-< B l-i +il( -
(A) A= +i: iii -ti n-i
(B*) B = +i: iii -ii -+ n-i t -+ ~izi- i -ti ti -i
(C*) A= iii -ii -+ n -i t -+ ~i zi- i -ti ti -i
(D) B = iii -ii -+ n-i t -+ ~i zi- i -ti ti-i
3. When no current is passed through a conductor
(A) the free electrons do not move
(B) the average speed of a free electron over a large period of time is zero
(C*) the average velocity of a free electron over a large period of time is zero
(D*) the average of the velocities of all the free electrons at an instant is zero
(+ -in+ = +i : iii ilt- -ti ti -i -
(A) n+- :n+i- nl- -ti +- t
(B) n +- :n + i- +i i =nili ~i =- -in zi - t
(C*) n +- :n + i- +i i =nili ~i =- n zi - t
(D*) =ii n +- :n + i-i + ni +i l+=i -ii ~i =- zi - t
4. Which of the following quanitites do not change when a resistor connected to a battery is heated due to the
current ?
(A) drift speed (B) resistivity (C) resistance (D*) number of free electrons
(+ i = i (+ l-i i iii + +ii nn ti-i t -i l--- n = +i -=i ilzii ll- - -ti ti -i t -
(A) ~it n (B) l-ii+-i (C) l-i i (D*) n +- :n +i-i +i =i
5. As the temperature of a conductor increases, its resistivity and conductivity change. The ratio of resistivity to
conductivity
(A*) increases (B) decreases (C) remains constant
(D) may increase or decrease depending on the actual temperature.
(+ -in+ + -i n = = lz +i i-i t :=+i -in+-i ( l-i i+-i ll- - ti -i t :=+i -in+-i (
l-ii+-i ll-- ti -i t l-ii+-i ( -in+-i +i ~- i- -
(A*) c-i t (B) i-i t (C) l-- t-i t
(D) i--l+ -i + ~- =i c ~ii i =+-i t
6. Acurrent passes through a wire of nonuniformcross-section. Which of the following quantities are indepen-
dent of the cross-section?
(A*) the charge corssing in a given time interval (B) drift speed
(C) current density (D*) free-electron density.
~=ni- ~- -i +i + (+ -i n iii ilt- ti ti t l--- n = +i -=i ilzii ~- -i +i l-i -ti +-i-
(A*) (+ l< (+ =ni--in = n- ini ~izi (B) ~it n
(C) iii i- (D*) n +- :n + i- i-
7. Mark out the correct options.
(A*) An ammeter should have small resistance (B) An ammeter should have large resistance
(C) Avoltmeter should have small rsistance (D*) Avoltmeter should have large resistance
=ti l+- - l- -
(A*) (+ ~ni +i l-ii ~- ti -i -ilt( (B) (+ ~ni +i l-i i --- ti-i -ilt(
(C) (+ i -ni +i l-i i --- ti -i -ilt( (D*) (+ i -ni +i l-i i --- ti -i -ilt(
8. Acapacitor of capacitance 500 F is connected to a battery through a 10 kOresistor. The charge stored on
the capacitor in the first 5 s is larger than the charge stored in the next
500 F iil-i +i (+ = iilzi (+ i = 10 kO l-i i ,ii i i i-i t in 5 = + n = iilzi = n lt- ~i zi
i<i tini -
(A*) 5 s (B*) 50 s (C*) 500 s (D*) 500
9. A capacitor C
1
of capacitance 1F and a capacitor C
2
of capacitance 2F are separately charged by a
common battery for a long time. The two capacitors are then separately discharged through equal resistors.
Both the discharge circuits are connected at t = 0.
Page # 7
(A) The current in each of the two discharging circuits is zero at t = 0
(B*) The currents in the two discharging circuits at t = 0 are equal but not zero.
(C) The currents in the two discharging circuits at t = 0 are unequal
(D*) C
1
loses 50% of its initial charge sooner than C
2
loses 50% of its initial charge.
1F iil-i + (+ = iilzi C
1
( 2F iil-i + (+ = iilzi C
2
+i (+ -il-a i ,ii n =n -+ ~nn~nn
~i lzi- l+i i-i t <i -i = iilzii +i l+ =ni- l-i i+i ,ii ~nn~nn l-i lzi- l+i i-i t <i -i l-i lzi-
lii +i t = 0 ii i-i t -
(A) t = 0 <i-i l-ilzi- lii n iii zi- t
(B*) t = 0 <i-i l-ilzi- lii n iii ~=ni- t
(C) t = 0 <i-i l-ilzi- lii n iii ~=ni- t
(D*) C
1
~- i li+ ~i zi +i 50%, C
2
+ i li+ ~i zi + 50%ii - = -<i ii-i t
WORKED OUT EXAMPLES
1. An electron moves in a circle of radius 10 cmwith a constant speed of 4.0 10
6
m/s. Find the electric current
at a point on the circle.
Sol. Consider a point Aon the circle. The electron crosses this point once in every revolution. In one revolution,
the electron travels 2t (10 cm) distance. Hence, the number of revolutions made by the electron in one
second is
7
2
6
10
2
m 10 20
m 10 0 . 40
t
=
t

The charge crossing the point Aper second is

t
2
10
7
1.6 10
19
C
=
t
2 . 3
10
12
C.
Thus, the electric current at this point is
t
2 . 3
10
12
A = 1.0 10
12
A.
2. Acurrent of 2.0Aexists in a wire of cross-sectional area 1.0 mm
2
. If each cubic metre of the wire contains 6.0
10
28
free electrons, find the drift speed.
Sol. The current density in the wire is
j =
2
mm 1
A 0 . 2
A
i
=
= 2.0 10
8
A/m
2
The drift speed is
v =
C 10 6 . 1 m 10 0 . 6
m / A 10 0 . 2
ne
i
19 3 28
2 6

=
= 2.1 10
4
m/s.
3. Find the resistance of a copper coil of total wire-length 10 m and area of cross-section 1.0 mm
2
. What would
be the resistance of a similar coil of aluminium? The resitivity of copper =1.710
8
O-mand that of aluminium
= 2.6 10
8
O-m.
Sol. The resistance of the copper coil is
2 6
8
m 10 0 . 1
m 10 ) m 10 7 . 1 (
A

O
=

= 0.17 O-m
The resistance of the similar aluminum coil will be
2 6
8
m 10 0 . 1
m 10 ) m ( 10 6 . 2 (
O
= 0.26 O.
4. A parallel-area capacitor has plates of area 10 cm
2
separated by a distance of 1mm. It is filled with the
dielectric mica and connected to a battery of emf 6 volts. Find the leakage current through the capacitor.
Resistivity of mica = 1 10
13
O-m.
Sol. The resistance of the mica between the two faces is
Page # 8
2 4
3 13
m 10 0 . 10
m 10 ) m 10 1 (
A

O
=

= 1 10
13
O.
The leakage current =
O
13
10 1
v 6
= 6 10
13
A.
5. Find the resistance of a hollowcylindrical conductor of length 1.0 mand inner and outer radii 1.0 mm and 2.0
mm respectively. The resistivity of the material is 2.0 10
8
O-m.
Sol. The area of cross-section of the conductor through which the charges will flowis
A = t(2.0 mm)
2
t(1.0 mm)
2
= 3.0 t mm
2
.
The resistance of the wire is, therefore,
R =
2 6
8
m 10 0 . 3
m 0 . 1 ) m 10 0 . 2 (
A

t
O
=

= 2.1 5 10
3
O.
6. A battery of emf 2 V and initial resistance 0.5 O is connected across a resistance 9.5 O. How many
electrons cross through a cross-section of the resistance in 1 second ?
Sol. The current in the circuit is
i =
O + O 5 . 0 5 . 9
V 2
= 0.2 A.
Thus, a net transfer of 0.2 C per second takes place across any cross-section in the circuit. The number of
electrons crossing the section in 1 second is therefore,
C 10 6 . 1
C 2 . 0
19 =
= 0.125 10
19
= 1.25 10
18
.
7. Abattery of emf 2.0 volts and internal resistance 0.10 Ois being charged with a current of 5.0A. What is the
potential difference between the terminals of the battery.
Sol.
As the battery is being charged, the current goes into the positive terminals as shown in figure.
The potential drop across the internal resistance is 5.0 A 0.10 O = 0.150 V.
Hence the potential drop across the terminals will be 2.0 V + 0.50 V = 2.5 V.
8. Figure shows n batteries connected to form a circuit. The resistances denote the internal resistance of the
batteries which are related to the emfs as r
1
= kc
i
where k is a constant. The solid dots represent the
terminals of the batteries. Find (a) the current through the circuit and (b) the potential difference between the
terminals of the ith battery.
Sol. (a) Suppose the current is i in the indicated direction. Applying Kirchoffs loop law.
E
1
ir
1
+ E
2
ir
2
+ E
3
ir
3
+ ............+E
n
ir
n
= 0
or i =
n 3 2 1
n 3 2 1
r ...... r r r
......
+ + + +
E + + E + E + E
=
) ...... ( k
......
n 3 2 1
n 3 2 1
E + + E + E + E
E + + E + E + E
=
k
1
.
(b) The potential difference between the terminals of the ith battery is
c
i
= ir
i
= c
i
k
1
(kc
i
) = 0
9. Acopper rod of length 20 cmand cross-sectional area 2 mm
2
is joined with a similar aluminumrod as shown
in figure. Find the resistance of the combination between the ends. Resistivity of copper = 1.710
8
W-m and
that of aluminum = 2.6 10
8
O-m.
Page # 9
Sol. The resistance of the copper rod
=
2 6
2 8
m 10 0 . 2
) m 10 20 ( ) m 10 7 . 1 (
A

O
=

= 1.7 10
3
O
Similarly, the resistance of the aluminium and = 2.6 10
3
O
These rods are joined in parallel so that the equivalent resistance R between the ends is given by
=
O
+
O
=
3 3
10 6 . 2
1
10 7 . 1
1
R
1
or, R =
3 . 4
6 . 2 7 . 1
10
3
O = 1.0 mO.
10. A wire of reistance 10 W is bent to form a complete circle. Find its resistance between two diametrically
opposite points.
Sol. Let ABCDAbe the resistance 10 O. We have to calculate the resistance of this loop between the diametrically
opposite point A and C. The wires ADC and ABC will have resistance 5O each. These two are joined in
parallel betweenAand C. The equivalent resistance RbetweenAand Cis, therefore, given by
R =
O + O
O O
5 5
5 5
= 2.5 O.
11. Find the currents in the different resistors shown in figure.
Sol. The two 2 O resistors are in series so that their equivalent resistance is 4O. The two 8O resistors are in
parallel and their equivalent resistance is also 4 O.
The circuit may be redrawn as in figure. Suppose the middle 4 O resistor is removed. The remaining circuit
in figure. It is easy to see that no current will go through any resistor. If we take the potential at b to be zero,
the potential at
d will be 2 V. The potential at a dn c will also be 2V. As there is no current in the 4O resistors, the potential
at e will also be 2V. Thus, there is no potential difference between d and e. When a 4O resistor is added
between d and e, no current will be drawn into it and hence no change will occur in the remaining part of the
circuit. This circuit is then the same as the given circuit. Thus, the current in all the resistors in the given
circuit is zero.
Page # 10
12. Find the current supplied by the battery in the circuit shown in figure.
Sol. All the resistors shown in the figure are connected in parallel between the terminals of the battery. The
equivalent resistance R between the terminals is, therefore given by
O
+
O
+
O
+
O
=
12
1
12
1
12
1
12
1
R
1
or, R = 3O.
The current supplied by the battery is
i =
O
=
3
V 3
R
V
= 1 A.
13. Find the equivalent resistance between the points a and b of the network shown in figure.
Sol. The two resistor 4Oand 2Oat the right end are joined in series and may be replaced by a single resistor of
6O. This 6Ois connected with the adjacent 3Oresistor in parallel. The equivalent resistance of these two is
O + O
O O
3 6
3 6
= 2O.
This is connected in series with the adjacent 4O resistor giving an equivalent resistance of 6O which is
connected i parallel with the 3Oresistor. Their equivalent resistance is 2Owhich is connected in series with
the first 4O resistor from left. Thus, the equivalent reistance between and b is 6 O.
14. Find the effective resistors between the points Aand B in figure.
Sol. The resistors AF and FE are in series. Their equivalent is 3O + 3O = 6 O. This is connected in parallel with
AE. Their equivalent betweenAand E is, therefore.
O + O
O O
3 6
3 6
= 3 O.
This 3W resistance between Aand E is the series with ED and the combination is in parallel withAD. Their
equivalent betweenAand D is again 3O.
Similarly, the equivalent of this 3O, DC andAC is 3O. This 3O is in series with CB and the combination is in
parallel withAB. The equivalent resistance betweenAand B is, therefore.
O + O
O O
3 6
3 6
= 2O.
15. Find the equivalent resistance of the network shown in figure between the points a and b when (a) the switch
S is open (b) the switch S is closed.
Page # 11
Sol. (a) When the switch is open, 6O and 12O resistors on the upper line are in series giving an equivalent of
18O. Similarly, the resistors on the lower line have equivalent resistance 18O. These two 18O resistances
are connected in parallel between a an db so that the equivalent resistance is 9O.
(b) When the switch is closed, the 6O and 12O resistors on the left are in parallel giving an equivalent
resistance of 4O. Similarly the two resistors on the right half are equivalent to 4O. These two are connected
in series between a and b so that the equivalent resistance is 8O.
16. Each resistor shown in figure has a resistance of 10O and the battery has an emf of 6V. Find the current
supplied by the battery.
Sol. Suppose a current i starts from the position terminal of the battery. By symmetry, it divides equally in the
resistors ab and fe, so that each of these carries a current i/2. The current going into the negative terminal is
also i and by symmetry, equal currents should come from ed and bc. Thus, the current in ed is also i/2 and
hence there will be no current in eb.
V
a
V
C
= (V
a
V
b
) + (V
b
V
c
)
or, 6V =
2
i
10O +
2
i
10O
giving i = 0.6 A.
This is balanced wheat stone bridge.
17. Find the equivalent resistance of the network shown in figure between the points Aand B.
Sol. Suppose an ideal battery of emf c is connected across the point Aand B. The circuit is a Wheatstone bridge
with the galvanometer replaced by a 50 Oresistance. As the bridge is balanced (R
1
/R
2
= R
3
/R
4
), there will be
no current through the 50O resistance. We can just remove the 50Oresistance without changing any
other current. The circuit is then equivalent to two resistances 30O and 60O connected in parallel. The
equivalent resistance is
R =
O =
O + O
O O
20
) 60 ( ) 30 (
) 60 ( ) 30 (
18. In the circuit shown in figure E,F,G and H are cells of emf 2,1,3 and 1V respectively. The resistances 2,1,3
and 1 Oare their respective internal resistances. Calculate (a) the potential difference between Band Dand
(b) the difference across the terminals of each of the cells G and H.
Sol. Suppose a current i
1
goes in the branch BAD and a current i
2
in the branch DCB. The current in DB will be i
1
i
2
from the junction law. The circuit with the currents shown is redrawn in figure. Applying the loop law to
BADB we get,
Page # 12
(2O)i
1
2V + 1V + (1O)i
1
+ (2O) (i
1
i
2
) = 0
or, (5O)i
1
(2O)i
2
= 1V. ............(i)
Applying the same law to the loop DCBD, we get,
3V + (3O)i
2
+ (1O)i
1
+ (2O) (i
1
i
2
) = 0
or, (2O)i
1
+ (6O)i
2
= 2V ............(ii)
From(i) and (ii)
i
1
=
13
5
A, i
2
=
13
6
A
so that i
1
i
2
=
13
1
A.
The current in BD is from B to D.
(a) V
B
V
D
= (2O)
|
.
|
\
|
A
13
1
=
13
2
V..
(b) The potential difference across the cell G is
V
C
V
D
= (3O)i
2
+ 3 V
=
|
.
|
\
|
V
13
18
V 3
=
13
21
V..
The potential difference across the cell H is
V
C
V
B
= (1O)i
2
+ 1V = (1O)
|
.
|
\
|
A
13
6
+ 1V =
13
19
V..
19. Find the equivalent resistance between the points a and bof the circuit shown in figure.
Sol. Suppose a current i enters the circuit at the point a,a part i
1
goes through the 10O resistor and the rest i i
1
through the 5Oresistor. By symmetry, the current i coming out from the point b will be composed of a part i
1
from the 10Oresistor and i i
1
from the 5Oresistor. Applying Kirchoffs junction law, we can find the current
through the middle 5Oresistor. The current distribution is shown in figure.
Wehave
V
a
V
b
= (V
a
V
b
) + (V
c
V
b
)
= (10O)i
1
+ (5O) (i i
1
)
= (5O)i + (5O)i
1
..................(i)
Also, V
a
V
b
= (V
a
V
c
) + (V
c
V
d
) + (V
d
V
b
)
= (10 O)i
1
+ (5O) (2i
1
i) + (10O)i
1
Multiplying (i) by 6 and subtracting (ii) from it,we eliminate i
1
and get,
5(V
a
V
b
) = (35O)i
or,
b a
V V
= 7 O.
Thus, the equivalent resistance between the points a and b is 7O.
20. Find the currents going through the resistors R
1
,R
2
and R
3
in the circuit of figure.
Sol. Let us take the potential of the points Ato be zero. The potential at C will be S
1
and that at D will be S
2
. Let
the potential at Bbe V. The currents through the three resistors are i
1
,i
2
and i
1
+ i
3
as shown in figure. Note that
Page # 13
the current directed towards B equals the currents directed away from B.
Applying Ohhms law to the three resistors R
1
,R
2
and R
3
we get
c
1
V = R
1
i
1
..................(i)
c
2
V = R
2
i
2
.................(ii)
and V 0 = R
3
(i
1
+ i
2
) .................(iii)
Adding (i) and (ii)
c
1
= R
1
i
1
+ R
3
(i
1
+ i
2
)
= (R
1
+ R
3
)i
1
+ R
3
i
2
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(iv)
and adding (ii) and (iii),
c
2
= R
2
i
2
+ R
3
(i
1
+ i
2
)
= (R
2
+ R
3
)i
2
+ R
3
i
1
. ...................(v)
Equations (iv) and (v) may be directly written fromKirchoffs loop lawapplied to the left and the right half of the
circuit.
Multiply (iv) by (R
2
+ R
3
), (v) by R
3
and subtract to eliminate i
2
. This gives
i = 2
3 3 3 3 1
3 2 3 2 1
R ) R R )( R R (
R ) R R (
+ +
c + c
=
1 3 2 2 1
3 2 3 2 1
R R R R R
R ) R R (
+ +
c + c
Similarly, eliminating i
1
from (iv) and (v) we obtain,
i =
1 3 3 2 2 1
3 1 3 1 2
R R R R R R
R ) R R (
+ +
c + c
And so, i
1
+ i
2
=
1 3 3 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
R R R R R R
R R
+ +
c + c
21. Find the equivalent resistance between the points a and c of the network shown in figure. Each resistance is
equal to r.
Sol. Suppose a potential difference V is applied between a and c so that a current i enters at a and the same
current leaves at c. The current i divides in three parts at a. By symmetry the part in ad and in ab will be
equal. Let each of these current be i
1
. The currents through a is i 2i
1
. Similarly, currents from dc, bc and of
combine at c to given the total current i. Since the situation at c is equivalents to that at a, by symmetry, the
currents in dc and bc will be i
1
and that in oc will be
i 2i
1
.
Applying Kichhoffs junction lawat d, we see that the current in do is zero. Similarly, the current in ob is zero.
We can remove do and ob for further analysis. It is then equivalent to three resistance, each of value 2r, in
parallel. The equivalent resistance is, therefore, 2r/3.
22. Twelve wires, each having resistance r,a re joined to form a cube as shown in figure. Find the equivalent
resistance between the ends of a face diagonal such as a and c.
Sol. Suppose a potential difference V is applied between the points a and c so that a current i enters at a and the
same current leaves at c. The current distribution is shown in figure.
Page # 14
By symmetry, the paths ad and ab are equivalent and hence will carry the same current i
1
. The path a will
carry the remaining current i 2i
1
(using Kichhoffs junction law). Similarly at junction c, currents coming
fromdc and bc will be i
1
each and fromfc will be i 2i
1
. Kirchhoffs junction lawat b and d shows that currents
through be and dg will be zero and hence we may be igonires for further analysis. Omitting these two wires,
the circuit is redrawn in figure.
The wire hef and hgf are joined in parallel and have equivalent resistance
) r 2 ( ) r 2 (
) r 2 )( r 2 (
+
= r between h and f. this
is joined in series with an and fc giving equivalent resistance r+r+r = 3r. This 3r is joined in parallel with adc
(2r) and abc (2r) between a and c.
therefore, given by
r 2
1
r 2
1
r 3
1
R
1
+ + =
,
giving R = r
4
3
.
23. Find the equivalent resistance of the circuit of the previous problem between the ends of an edge such as a
and b in figure.
Sol. Suppose a current i enters the circuit at the point a and the same current leaves the circuit at the point b. The
current distribution is shown in figure. The paths through ad and ah are equivalent and carry equal current i
1
.
The current through ab is then i 2i
1
.
The same distribution holds at the junction b. Currents in eb and cb are i
1
each. The current i
1
in ah is divided
into a part i
2
in he and i
1
i
2
in hg. Similar is the division of current i
1
in ad into dc and dg. The rest of the
currents may be written easily using Kirchhoffs junction law. The potential difference Vbetween a and b may
be written from the paths ab, aheb and ahgfcb as
V = (i 2i
1
)r
V = (i
1
+ i
2
+ i
1
)r
and V = [i
1
+ (i
1
i
2
) + 2(i
1
i
2
) + (i
1
i
2
) + i
1
]r
which may be written as
V = (i 2i
1
)r
V = (2i
1
i
2
)r
and V = (6i
1
4i
2
)r.
Eliminating i
1
and i
2
from these equations,
r
12
7
i
V
=
which is the equivalent resistance.
24. Find the equivalent resistance between the points a and b of the infinite ladder shown in figure
.
Page # 15
Sol. Let the equivalent resistance between a and b be R. As the ladder is infinite, R is also the equivalent
resistance of the ladder to the right of the point c and d. Thus, we can replace the part to the right of cd by a
resistance R and redraw the circuit as in figure
This gives
R = r +
R r
rR
+
or, rR + R
2
+ r
2
+ 2rR
or, R
2
rR r
2
= 0
or, . r
2
5 1
2
r 4 r r
R
2 2
+
=
+ +
=
25. Find the equivalent resistance of the network shown in figure, between the points a and b.
Sol. Suppose a current i enters the network at point a and the same current leaves it at point b. Suppose, the
currents in ac, ad and ae are i
1
, i
2
and i
3
respectively. Similar will be the distribution of current at b. The current
i leaving at b is composed of i
1
from db, i
2
from cb and i
3
from eb. The situation is shown in figure.
As the current in ae is equal to that in eb, the current in ce will be equal to the current in ed from the junction
law. If we assume that the branches ced and aeb do not physically touch at e, nothing will changed in the
current distribution. We can then represent the branch aeb by a single resistance of 10Oconnected between
a and b. Similarly, the branch ced may be replaced a single 5O resistor between c and d. The circuit is
redrawn in figure. Thus us same as the circuit in figure connected in parallel with a resistance of 10O. So the
network is equivalent to a parallel combination of 7Oand 10Oresistor. The equivalent resistance of the whole
network is, therefore,
O =
O + O
O O
= 1 . 4
10 7
) 10 ( ) 7 (
R
26. (A) Find the current i supplied by the battery in the network shown in figure in steady state. (B) Find the
charge on the capacitor.
Page # 16
Sol. (A) Once the capacitor is charged, no current will go through it and hence the current through the middle
branch of the circuit is zero in steady state. The 4Oresistor will have an current in it and may be omitted for
current analysis. The 2Oand 6Oresistors are, therefore, connected in series and hence
A 25 . 0
6 2
V 2
i =
O + O
=
(B) The potential drop across the 6Oresistor is 6O 0.25A= 1.5 V. As there is no current in the 4Oresistor,
there is no potential drop across it. The potential difference across the capacitor is, therefore, 1.5 V. The
charge on this capacitor is
Q = CV = 2 F 1.5 V = 3 C
27. A part of a circuit in steady state along with the currents flowing in the branches, the values of resistancess
etc, is shown in figure. Calculate the energy stored in the capacitors.
Sol. To get the energy stored the capacitor, we shall calculate the potential difference between the points P and
Q. In study state, there is no current in the capacitor branch. Applying Kirchhoffs junction law at P, the
current i the 5O 1O branch will be 3Aand hence V
P
V
S
= 6O 3A= 18V, Applying the same theorem at
Q, the current in the 2O resistor will be 1A towards Q so that
V
S
V
Q
= 2Q 1A = 2V
Thus, V
P
V
Q
= (V
P
V
S
) + (V
S
V
Q
) = 20 V
The energy stored in the capacitors =
2
1
CV
2
=
2
1
4F 400 V
2
= 800 J.
28. (A) Find the potential drops across the two resistors shown in figure. (B) Avoltmeter of resistance 600O is
used to measure the potential drop across the 300O resistor. What will be the measured potential drop ?
Sol. The current in the circuit is
O + O 200 300
V 100
= 0.2A. The potential drop across the 300 O resistor is 300 O
0.2 A = 60 V.
Similarly, the drop across the 2O resistor is 40 V.
(b) The equivalent resistance, when the voltmeter is connected across 300 O, is
R =
O + O
O O
+ O
300 600
300 600
200
= 400 O
Thus, the main current from the battery is
i =
O 400
V 100
= 0.25 AA
The potential drop across the 200 Oresistor is therefore, 200 O 0.25A= 50V and that across 300Ois also
50V. This is also the potential drop across the voltmeter and hence the reading of the voltmeter is 50 V.
29. A galvanometer has a coil of resistance 100 O showing a full-scale deflection at 50A. What resistance
should be added to use it as (a) a voltmeter of range 50V (b) an ammeter of range 10 mA ?
Page # 17
Sol. (a) When a potential difference of 50 Vis applied across the voltmeter, full-scale deflection should take place.
Thus, 50A should go through the coil. We add a resistance R in series with the given coil to achieve this
Wehave,
50A =
R 100
V 50
+ O
or, R = 10
6
O 100 O = 10
6
O.
(b) When a current of 10 mAis passed through the ammeter, 50 A should go through the coil. We add a
resistance r in parallel to the cell to achieve this (figure).
The curernt through the coil is :
50 A (10 mA)
O +100 r
r
or, r = 0.5 O.
30. The electric field between the plates of a parallelplate capacitance 2.0 F drops to one third of its initial
value in 4.4 s when the plates are connected by a thin wire. Find the reistance of the wire.
Sol. The electric field between the plates is
E =
0
A
Q
c
=
0
0
A
Q
c
e
t/RC
or, E = E
0
e
t/RC
In the given problem, E =
3
1
E
0
at t = 4.4 s.
Thus,
RC
s 4 . 4
e
3
1

=
or,
RC
s 4 . 4
= In 3 = 1.1
or, R =
F 0 . 2 1 . 1
s 4 . 4

= 2.0 O.
31. Acapacitor is connected to a 12 Vbattery through a resistance of 10O. It is found that the potential difference
across the capacitor rises to 4.0 V in 1s. Find the capacitances of the capacitor.
Sol. The charge on the capacitor during charging is given by Q = Q
0
(1 e
t/RC
).
Hence, the potential difference across the capacitor is V = Q/C = Q
0
/C (1 e
t/RC
).
Here, at t = 1 s, the potential difference is 4V whereas the steady potential difference is
Q
0
/C = 12V. So,
4V = 12V(1 e
t/RC
)
or, 1 e
t/RC
=
3
1
or, e
t/RC
=
3
2
or,
|
.
|
\
|
I =
2
3
n
RC
t
= 0.405
or, RC =
405 . 0
t
=
45 . 0
s 1
= 2.469 s
or, C =
O
10
s 469 . 2
= 0.25 F..
Page # 18
32. A capacitor charged to 50 V is discharged by connecting the two plates at t = 0. If the potential difference
across the plates drops to 1.0 V at t = 10 ms, what will be the potential difference at t = 20 ms ?
Sol. The potential difference at time t is given by V = Q/C = (Q
0
/C)e
t/RC
or, V = V
0
e
t/RC
According to the given data,
1V = (50 V) e
10 ms/RC
or, e
10 ms/RC
=
50
1
The potential difference at t = 20 ms is
V = V
0
e
t/RC
= (50 V) e
20 ms/RC
= (50 V)
( )
2
RC / ms 10
e
= 0.02 V
33. A5.0 F capacitor having a charge of 20 C is discharge through a wire of resistance 5.0 O. Find the that
dissipated in the wire between 25 to 50 s after the connections are made.
Sol. The charge on the capacitors at time p after the connection are made is
Q = Q
0
e
t/RC
or, i =
dt
dQ
= (Q/RC) e
t/RC
,
Heat dissipated during the time t
1
to t
2
is
U = }
2
1
t
t
2
Rdt i
= }

2
1
t
t
RC / t 2
2
2
0
dt e
RC
Q
=
|
|
.
|
\
|

RC
t 2
RC
t 2
2
0
2 1
e e
C 2
Q
. ...............(i)
The time constant RC is 5O 5F = 25 s.
Putting t
1
= 25 s, t
2
= 50 s and other values in (i),
U =
F 0 . 5 2
) C 20 (
2

(e
2
e
4
) = 4.7 J.
EXERCISE
1. The amount of charge passed in time t through a cross-section of a wire is
Q(t) = At
2
+ Bt + C
(a) Write the dimensional formulae for A, B and C
(b) If the numerical values of A, B and C are 5, 3 and 1 respectively in SI units, find the value
of the current at t = 5 s.
(+ -i + +i -i zi = t =n n l--- ~i zi ilt- ti -i t
Q(t) = At
2
+ Bt + C
(a) A, B C+ lni =zi lnli(
(b) l< A, B C + ~il++ ni- 5, 3 1 (SI nizi+i n) t. -i t = 5 =+ iii +i ni- ai- +il(
2. An electron gun emits 2.0 10
16
electrons per second. What electric current does this correspond to?
(+ :n+i- n- 2.0 10
16
:n+i- l- =+ -=l- +-i t :=+ =n- l- iii +i ni- l+--i t`
Ans. 3.2 10
3
A
3. The electric current existing in a discharge tube is 2.0 A. Howmuch charge is transferred across a cross-
section of the tube in 5 minutes?
(+ l= - -ln+i n 2.0 Al - iii ilt- ti ti t -ln+i + +i -i zi = 5 lnl- n l+--i ~i zi -ii-i -l-
ti-i t`
4. The current through a wire depends on time as i = i
0
+ ot, where i
0
= 10 A and o = 4 A/s. Find the charge
crossed through a section of the wire in 10 seconds.
(+ -i n iii =n l---i-=i l-i +-i t
i = i
0
+ ot, ti i
0
= 10A o= 4A/s t -i + +i -izi = 10 =+ n ilt- ~izi ai- +il(
Ans. 300 C
Page # 19
5. A current of 1.0 A exists in a copper wire of cross-section 1.0 mm
2
. Assuming one free electron per atom
calculate the drift speed of the free electrons in the wire. The density of copper is 9000 km/m
3
.
1.0 lnni
2
+i -i zi + (+ -i + -i n 1.0 (-i +i iii ilt- ti ti t l- nii (+ n +- :n + i- ni--
t ( -i n n +- :n + i-i + ~it n +i ni-i +il( -i +i i- 9000 l+n i/ni
3
t
Ans. 0.074 mm/s
6. Awire of length 1 m and radius 0.1 mm has a resistance of 100 O. Find the resistivity of the material.
0.1 lnni lzii ( 1 ni. n-i: + (+ -i +i l-i i 100 O t -i + <ii +i l-ii+-i ai- +il(
Ans. t 10
6
O-m.
7. A uniform wire of resistance 100 O is melted and recast in a wire of length double that of the original. What
would be the resistance of the wire ?
100 O l-i i + (+=ni- -i +i lini+ :== < n-i n-i: +i (+ -i -ii i-i t := -i +i l-i i l+--i
tini
8. Consider a wire of length 4m and cross-sectional area 1 mm
2
carrying a current of 2A. If each cubic metre of
the material contains 10
29
free electrons, find the average time taken by an electrons to cross the length of
wire.
4ni. n-i: ( 1 lnni
2
+i -i zi + (+ -i n (+ (-i iii ilt- ti ti t l< :=+ <ii + l- i- ni n
10
29
n+- :n+i- ti. -i (+ :n +i- +i -i +i n-i: i +- n nni ~i =- =n ai- +il(
Ans. 3.2 10
4
s ~ 8.9 hours.
9. What length of a copper wire of cross-sectional area 0.01 mm
2
will be needed to prepare a resistance of
1kO? Resistivity of copper = 1.7 10
8
O-m.
1 l+ni ~i n + l-i i l-ni i t - 0.01 lnni
2
+i -i zi + (+ -i + -i +i n-i: l+--i ti -i -ilt( -i +i llzi
l-ii = 1.7 10
8
O-m
Ans. 0.6 km.
10. Figure shows a conductor of length having a circular cross-section. The radius of cross-section varies
linearly from a to b. The resistivity of the material is . Assuming that b a << l. find the resistance of the
conductor.
l-zi n (+ -ii+i +i -i zi in n-i: + (+ -in+ +i <zii i ni t +i -i zi +i lzii a = b -+ li+
= <n-i t <ii +i l-ii+-i t b a << l ni-- t(. -in+ +i l-ii ai- +il(
a
b
11. Acopper wire of radius 0.1 mm and resistance 1 kO is connected across a power supply of 20 V. (a) How
many electrons area transferred per second between the supply and the wire at one end? (b) Write down the
current density in the wire.
0.1 lnni lzii ( 1 kO l-i i + (+ -i + -i +i 20 V + zil+- = i - = i i i-i t (a) -i + (+ l= (
= i- + n l- =+ l+-- :n+i- -ii-i-l- ti- t (b) -i n iii i- ai- +il(
Ans. (a) 1.25 10
17
(b) 6.37 10
8
A/m
2
.
12. Calculate the electric field in a copper wire of cross-sectional area 2.0 mm
2
carrying a current of 1A. The
resistivity of copper = 1.7 10
5
O-m.
2.0 lnni
2
+i -i zi + (+ -i + -i n l - -i zi +i ni-i +il(. l+ -i n 1 (-i iii ilt- ti ti t -i
+i l-i+i+-i = 1.7 10
5
O-m
13. A wire has a length of 2.0 m and a resistance of 5.0 O. Find the electric field existing inside the wire if it
carries a current of 10 A.
(+ -i +i n-i: 2.0 ni. ( l-i i 5.0 O t l< -i n 10 (-i iii ilt- ti -i t -i -i n -l-i- l -
-i zi ai- +il(
Ans. 25 V/m.
14. The resistance of an iron wire and a copper wire at 20
0
Care3.9 Oand 4.1 Orespectively. At what temperature
will the resistances be equal ? Temperature coefficient of resistivity for iron is
5.0 10
3
K
1
and for copper it is 4.0 10
3
K
1
3
K
1
3
K
1
. Neglect any thermal expansion.
20
0
C ni t + (+ -i ( -i + (+ -i + l-i i +nzi 3.9 O 4.1 Ot l+= -i <i -i + l-i i i
tin` l-ii+-i +i -i nii+ i tin` l-ii+-i +i -i nii+ nit + ln( 5.0 10
3
K
1
-i + ln(
Page # 20
4.0 10
3
K
1
t -ni =i +i -n ni- nil(
15. The current in a conductor and the potential difference across its ends are measures by an ammeter and a
voltmeter. The meters drawnegligible currents. The ammeter is accurate but the voltmeter has a zero error
(that is , it does read zero when no potential difference is applied). Calculate the zero error if the readings for
two different conditions are 1.75 A, 14.4 V and 2.75 A, 22.4 V.
(+ -in+ n iii ( :=+ l=i + n lii-- (+ ~ni ( (+ i -ni ,ii nii i-i t ni -n iii
n - t ~ni l-+ n =ti t . n l+- i -ni n zi -i +i zi l t (~ii - +i : lii-- -ti nnii i( -i t
zi- iai+ -ti <-i t zi-i+i zil +i ni-i +il( l< <i li-- l-il-i n iai+ 1.75A, 14.4 V -ii
2.75 A, 22.4 V. t
Ans. 0.4 volt
16. Figure shows an arrangement to measure the emf c and internal resistance r of a battery. The voltmeter has
a very high resistance and the ammeter also has some resistances. The voltmeter reads 1.52 V when the
switch Sis open. When the switch is closed the voltmeter reading drops is to 1.45 V and the ammeter reads
1.0 A. Find the emf and the internal resistance of the battery ?
l-zi n (+ i + l.i.n c -ii ~i -l+ l-i i r ni- +i (+ -ii <zii : n: t i -ni +i l-i i +i+i
~li+ t -ii ~ni +i ii + z l-i i t l-- S i ni t -i i -ni +i iai +1.52 Vti -i t l--
S < l+i i-i t -i i-ni +i iai+1.45 V -+ +n ti i-i t -ii ~ni +i iai + 1.0Ati -i t i
+i l.i.n -ii ~i -l+ l-i i ai- +il(
Ans. 1.52 V, 0.07 O
17. The potential difference between the terminals of a battery of emf 6.0 V and internal resistance 1Odrops to
5.8 V when connected across an external resistor. Find the residences of the external resistor.
(+ 6.0 i - l.i.n -ii 1O~i -l+ l-i i ini i +i (+ in l-i i = i i i-i t -i :=+i ln -n
i--i 5.8 i- t i-i t in l-ii +i ni- ai- +il
Ans. 29 O
18. The potential difference between the terminals of a 6.0 V battery is 7.2 V when it is being charged by a
current of 2.0 A. What is the internal resistance of the battery ?
(+ 6.0 i - ini i +i 2.0Aiii ilt- ++ ~i lzi- l+i i-i t -i :=+ ln -ni + n lii-- 7.2
V ti i-i t i +i ~i-l+ l-i i l+--i t`
Ans. 0.6 O
19. The internal resistance of an accumulator battery of emf 6V is 10Owhen it is fully discharged. As the battery
gets charged up, its internal resistance decreases to 1O. The battery in its completely discharged state is
connected to a charger which maintains a constant potential difference of 9V. Find the current through the
battery (a) just after the connections are made and (b) after a long time when it is competitively charged.
6V l.i.n ini = -i+ i +i i -i l-i zi- +i l-il- n ~i -l+ l-i i 10Ot i ~i lzi- ti i-i
t -i ~i -l+ l-i i +n ti + 1O t i-i t i -i l-i lzi- i +i (+ -i = i i i-i t i 9Vlii--
l-- i-i t i = ilt- iii ai- +il (a) - - i - ti -ii (b) n- =n z-i- t i -i ~i lzi-
ti i-i t
Ans. (a)
10
3
A = 0.3 AA (b) 3A
20. Find the value of i
1
/i
2
in figure if (a) R= 0.1 O, (b) R = 1O(c) R= 10 O. Note from your answer that in order to
get more current froma combination of two batteries they should be joined in parallel if the external resistance
is small and in series if the external resistance is large as compared to the internal resistances.
l-zi n <lzi- li + ln i
1
/ i
2
+i ni- ai- +il. l< (a) R = 0.1 O, (b) R = 1O(c) R= 10 O.
~- --i ,ii := i- <il l+ <i li + = i - = ~li+ iii i-- +- + ln l< ~i -l+ l-i i +i
-n-i n in l-ii +n t -i :-+i =ni-i- =il- +-i tini ( l< ~i-l+ l-ii +i -n-i n in
Page # 21
l-ii ~li+ t -i :-+i ii =i l- +-i -ilt
Ans. (a)
1 . 2
2 . 1
= 0.57 (b) 1 (c)
6
5 . 10
= 1.75
21. Consider N = n
1
n
2
identical cells, each of emf c and internal resistance r. Suppose n
1
cells ar joined in series
to form a line and n
2
such lines are connected in parallel. The combination drives a current in an external
resistance R. (a) Find the current in the external resistance. (b) Assuming that n
1
and n
2
can be continuously
varies, find the relation between n
1
,n
2
R and r for which the current in R is maximum.
N= n
1
n
2
(+ = = ni n + +i l.i.n c -ii ~i -l+ l-i i r t ni-il+ n
1
= ni +i ii +n n i i i-i t
-ii (=i n
2
iii =ni-- +n n =il- +i i-i t t = i - (+ in l-i i Rn iii ilt- +-i t (a)
in l-i i n ilt- iii ai- +il (b) t ni-- t ( l+ n
1
-ii n
2
l--- ll- - l+ i =+- t R~li+-n
iii ilt- +- + ln n
1
,n
2
, R-ii r + n =i ai- +il
22. A battery of emf 100 V and a resistor of resistance 10kO are joined in series. This system is used as a
source to supply current to an external resistance Rif R not greater than 100 Othen the current through it is
constant upto two significant digits. Find its value. This is the basic principle of a constant-current source.
100 V l.i.n +i (+ i -ii 10kO ni- +i l-i i ii +n n i n t t l-+i (+ in l-ii Rn
iii ilt- +- + ln( +- l+i i-i t l< R+i ni- 100 O= ~li+ -ti t . -i :== ilt- iii <i =ii +
~ +i -+ l-- t-i t :=+i ni- ai- +il t l-- iii =i - +i nni - l=zi-- t
23. If the reading of ammeter A
1
in figure is 2.4A, what will the ammetersA
2
andA
3
read ? Neglect the resistance
of the ammeters.
l< l-zi n <lzi - ~ni A
1
+i iai + 2.4At . -i ~ni A
2
-ii A
3
+ iai + +i ti n ` ~nii + l-i i -n
ni- nil
Ans. 1.6 A, 4.0 A.
24. The resistance of the rheostat shown in figure is 30 O. Neglecting the meter resistance, find the minimum
and maximum currents through the ammeter as the rheostat is varies.
l-zi n <lzi - iii l- zi+ +i l-i i 30 O t ~ni +i l-i i -n ni-- t (. iii l- zi+ n l- - + =ii
~ni = ilt- ---n -ii ~li+-n iii( ai- +il
Ans. 0.15 A, 0.83 A
25. Three bulbs, each having a resistance of 180 O, are connected in a parallel to an ideal battery of emf 60 V.
Find the current delivered by the battery when (a) all the bulbs are switched on, (b) two of the bulbs are
switched on and (c) only one bulb is switched on.
-i- -i n + +i l-i i 180 O t . :-+i (+ 60 Vl.i.n +i ~i<zi i + =ni-- = i l- l+i ni t i
= ilt- iii ai- +il l+(a) =i - -in ti (b) <i - -in ti (c) + n (+ - -in ti
Page # 22
26. Suppose you have three resistors of 20 O, 50 Oand 100 O. What minimum and maximum resistances can
you obtain from these resistors ?
ni-i l+ ~i+ i= 20 O, 50 O-ii 100 O ni- in -i- l-i i t :- l-i ii = ~i - --n -ii ~li+-n l+--i
l-ii i-- + =+- t `
Ans. 12.5 O, 170 O.
27. Abulb is made using two filaments. Aswitch selects whether the filaments are used individually or in parallel.
When used with a 15 Vbattery, the bulb can be operated at 5W, 10W or 15W. What should be the resitances
of the filaments ?
(+ - n <i --- t (+ l-- t l-ii l- +-i t l+ - - ~nn~nn +- ti n i =ni-- +n n 15 V+i i
+ =ii +- +- n +i -i n 5W, 10W i 15W l+i i =+-i t --- ~i + l-i ii +i ni- l+--i t
Ans. 45 O , 22.5 O
28. Figure shows a part of a circuit. If a current of 12 mAexists in the 5kO resistor, find the currents in the other
three resistors. What is the potential difference between the points Aand B ?
l-zi n l+=i li +i (+ iin <lzi- l+i ni t l< 5kO l-ii = 12 mA iii ilt- ti ti t -i ~-
l-i ii = ilt- iii( ai- +il l-< ~i A-ii B + n lii-- l+--i t ?
Ans. 4 mA in 20 kO resistor, 8 mA in 10 kW resistor and 12 mA in 100 kO resistor, 1340 V
29. An ideal battery sends a current of 5A in a resistor. When another resistor of value 10O is connected in
parallel, the current through the battery is increased to 6A. Find the resistance of the first resistor.
(+ ~i<zi i. (+ l-i i n 5Aiii ilt- +-i t :=+ =ni-- n 10Oni- +i (+ ~- l-i i nnii i-i
t -i i = ilt- iii c+ 6Ati i-i t tn in l-i i +i ni- ai- +il
30. Find the equivalent resistance of the network shown in figure between the points a and b.
l-zi n <lzi - li in +i l-< ~i a -ii b + n -n l-i i ai- +il
Ans. (a) r/3
31. Awire of rsistance of 15 Ois bent to forma regular hexagonABCDEFA. Find the equivalent resistance of the
loop between the points (a) Aand B, (b) Aand C and (c) Aand D.
(+ -i +i l-ii 15 O t . :=+i ni + (+ l-ln- ii ABCDEFA-ii ni t n +i l-i i l-< ~i -
(a) A-ii B, (b) A-ii C (c) A-ii D + n ai- +il
Ans. (a) 2.08 O (b) 3.33 O (c) 3.75 O
32. Consider the circuit shown in figure. Find the current through the 10Oresistor when the switch S is (a) open
(b) closed.
l-zi n <lzi - li + ln 10O l-i i = ilt- iii ai- +il . l+ l-- Sis (a) i ni t ~i t (b) < t
Ans. (a) 0.1 A (b) 0.3 A
33. Find the currents through the three resistors shown in figure
l-zi n <lzi - -i-i l-i ii = ilt- iii( ai- +il
Page # 23
34. Figure shows a part of an electric circuit. The potentials at the points a, b and c are 30V, 12 V and 2V
respectively. Find the currents through the three resistors.
l-zi n l+=i l - li +i (+ iin <lzi - l+i ni t l-< ~i a, b -ii c + li +nzi 30V, 12 V( 2Vt
-i-i l-i ii = ilt- iii( ai- +il
35. Each of the resistors shown in figure has a resistance of 10 Oand each of the batteries has an emf of 10 V.
Find the currents through the resistors a and b in the two circuits
l-zi n <lzi - + l-i i +i ni- 10 O-ii + i +i l.i.n 10 V t <i -i lii n l-i i a -ii b =
ilt- iii( ai- +il
36. Find the potential difference V
a
V
b
in the circuits shown in figure.
<lzi - lii n lii-- V
a
V
b
ai- +il
Ans. (a)
3 2 1
2
2
1
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R R
+ +
c
+
c
(b)
3 2 1
2
2
1
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R R
+ +
c
+
c
37. In the circuit shown in figure, c
1
= 3V. c
2
= 2V, c
3
= 1V and r
1
= r
2
= r
3
= 1O. Find the potential difference
between the points Aand B and the current through each branch.
l-zi n <lzi- li n c
1
= 3V. c
2
= 2V, c
3
= 1V -ii r
1
= r
2
= r
3
= 1O t l-<~i A-ii B + n lii-- -ii
+ ziiii = ilt- iii ai- +il
38. Find the current through the 10 O resistor shown in figure
l-zi n <lzi - 10 Ol-i i = ilt- iii ai- +il
Page # 24
Ans. zero
39. Find the current in the three resistors shown in figure
l-zi n <lzi - -i-i l-i ii = ilt- iii ai- +il
40. What should be the value of R in figure for which the current in it is zero?
l-zi n <lzi - l-i i R+i ni- l+--i ti l+ :== ilt- iii zi - ti `
41. Find the equivalent resistance of the circuits shown in figure between the points a and b. Each resistor has
a resistance r.
l-zi n <lzi - li +i l-< ~i a -ii b + n - - l-i i ai- +il + l-i i +i ni- r t -
42. Find the current measured by the ammeter in the circuit shown in figure.
l-zi n <lzi - ~ni ,ii nii ni iii ai- +il
43. Consider the circuit shown in figure (a). Find (a) the current in the circuit, (b) the potential drop across the 5O
resistor, (c) the potential drop across the 10Oresistor, (d) Assume the parts (a),(b) and (c) with reference to
figure.
l-zi (a) n <lzi - li l-i +il ai- +il (a) li n iii (b) 5O l-i i + l=i lii-- (c)
10O l-i i + l=i lii--. (d) l-zi (b) + ln( iin (a), (b) -ii (c) + --i <il
Page # 25
44. Twelve wires, each having equal resistance r, are joined to forma cube as shown in figure. Find the equivalent
resistance between the diagonally opposite points a and f.
l-i i r in it -ii +i i-i|l- -i- + ln l-zii- =i i i ni t l+i - ll- l-< ~i a -ii f + n - -
l-ii ai- +il
45. Find the equivalent resistance of the networks shown in figure between the points a and b.
l-zi n <lzi - li ini +i l-< ~i a -ii b + n - - l-i ii +i ni- ai- +il
Ans. (a)
8
5
r (b)
3
4
r (c) r (d)
4
1
r (e) r
46. An infinite ladder is constructed with 1Oand 2Oresistors as shown in figure. (a) Find the effective resistance
between the points Aand B. (b) Find the current that passes through the 2O resistor nearest to the battery.
=i l+ l-zi n <lzi - l+i ni t 1O-ii 2Oni- in l-i ii = (+ ~- - =ici -ii ni t (a) l-< ~i A-ii
B + n iii l-i i ai- +il (b) i + =ni l-i- 2Ol-i i = ilt- iii ai- +il
47. The emf c and the internal resistance r of the battery shown in figure are 4.3 V and 1.0 O respectively. The
external resistance Ris 50 O. The resistances of the ammeter and voltmeter are 2.0 Oand 200 Orespectively.
(a) Find the readings of the two meters. (b) The switch is thrown to the other side. What will be the readings
of the two meters now ? HCV_Ch-32_Ex._47
l+=i i +i lcicn c -ii ~i--l+ vl-ii r l-zii-=i +nzi 4.3 V ~i 1.0 Ot in vl-ii R, 50 Ot
~ni -ii i -ni +i vl-i i +nzi 2.0 O-ii 200 Ot (a) <i -i nii +i iai + -i:( (b) ~ l--
+i < =i -+ nnii i-i t. ~ <i -i nii +i iai+ -i:( ?
Ans. : (a) 0.1 A, 4.0 V (b) 0.08 A, 4.2 V
Page # 26
48. A voltmeter of resistance 400 Ois used to measure the potential difference across the 100 Oresistor in the
circuit shown in figure. (a) What will be the reading of the voltmeter ? (d) What was the potential differences
across 100 Obefore the voltmeter was connected ?
l-zi n <lzi - 100 O l-i i + l=i lii-- ni- + ln +- l+ n i -ni +i l-i i 400 Ot (a)
i-ni +i iai+ +i t` (d) i-ni =il- +- = 100 O l-ii + l=i lii-- l+--i ii`
Ans. (a) 24 V (b) 28 V
49. The voltmeter shown in figure reads 18 V across the 50 O resistor. Find the resistance of the voltmeter.
l-zi n <lzi- 50O l-i i + l=i nn i -ni +i iai+ 18 V t i -ni +i l-i i ai- +il
Ans. 130 O
50. A voltmeter consists of a 25 O coil connected in series with a 575 O resistor. The coil takes 10mA for full
scale deflection. What maximum potential difference can be measured on this voltmeter?
25 O l-i i ini + ni = -i t ~i (+ i -ni. 575 O l-i i + ii+n n nni t ~i t ni- l-i +
ln + ni = ilt- iii 10mAti -i -ilt := i -ni ,ii nii i =+- ini ~li+-n lii-- l+--i ti
=+-i t
Ans. 6 V
51. An ammeter is to be constructed which can read currents upto 2.0A. If the coil has a resistance of 25O and
takes 1mA for full-scale deflection, what should be the resistance of the shunt used?
(+ ( =i ~ni -i-i t l== ~li+-n 2.0Aiiinii i =+ l< + ni +i l-i i 25O -ii ni- l-i
+ ln iii 1mA t . -i +- l+ n zi -i +i l-i i l+--i ti ni
Ans. 1.25 10
2
O.
52. A voltmeter coil has resistance 50.0 Oand a resistor of 1.15 kO is connected in series. It can read potential
deference upto 12 volts. If this same coil is used to construct an ammeter which can measure currents upto
2.0 A, what should be the resistance of the shunt used ?
(+ i-ni +i +ni +i l-ii 50.0 O-ii :=+ ii+n n 1.15 kO l-ii i t~i t t 12 i- +
lii-- +i ni- + =+-i t l< ( =i ti + ni +- ++ (+ ~ni -ii i i 2.0A-+ iii ni =+
-i nni n zi -i +i l-ii l+--i tini`
53. The potentiometer wireABshown in figure is 40 cm long. Where should the free end of the galvanometer be
connected on AB so that the galvanometer may show zero deflection ?
l-zi n <lzi - linii +i -i 40 = ni n-i t -i AB iiinii +i n +- l=i +ti = i l- l+i i -il+
iiinii n zi - l-i i-- ti `
Ans. 16 cm fromA.
54. The potentiometer wire AB shown in figure is 50 cm long. When AD = 30 cm, no deflection occurs in the
galvanometer. Find R.
l-zi n <lzi - linii +i -i AB, 50 = ni n-i t AD= 30 = ni t . iiinii n zi - l-i i-- ti -i t R+i
ni- ai- +il
Page # 27
55. A6 volt battery of negligible internal resistance is connected across a uniformwireAB of length 100 cm. The
positive terminal of another battery of emf 4V and internal resistance 1Ois joined to the point Aas shown in
figure. Take the potential at Bto be zero. (a) What are the potentials at the pointsAand C? (b) At which point
D of the wireAB, the potential is equal to the potential at C. (c) If the point C and D are connected by a wire,
what will be the current through it ? (d) If the 4V battery is replaced by 7.5 V battery, what would be the
answers of parts (a) and (b) ? [HCV_Chp_32_Exer_55]
100 = ni n- (+ =n -i + l=i -n ~i -l+ l-i i ini 6 v +i i nni t : t l-zii- =i 4Vl.i.
n -ii 1O~i -l+ l-i i ini (+ ~- i +i i- ln -n l-< A i t ~i t B li zi - ni- nil
(a) l-< ~i A -ii C li + ni- +i t ` (b) -i AB+ l+= l-< D li. C li + i t ` (c) l<
l-< ~i C-ii D+i (+ -i = i l<i i -i :== l+--i iii ilt- ti ni` (d) l< 4V+i i +i 7.5 Vini
i = l--iil- + l<i i -i iin (~) -ii () + --i +i ti n `
Ans. (a) 6 V, 2 V (b) AD = 66.7 cm (c) zero (d) 6 V, 1.5 V, 1.5 V, no such point D exists.
56. Consider the potentiometer circuit arranged as in figure. The potentiometer wire is 600 cm long. (a) At what
distance from the point. Ashould the jockey touch the wire to get zero deflection in the galvanometer ? (b) If
the jockey touches the wire at a distance of 560 cm fromA, what will be the current in the galvanometer ?
l-zi n = i l- linii l-i +il linii +i -i 600 = ni n-i t (a) A= l+--i < i l=i + i
+i =+ l+i i l+ iiinii n zi- l-i i-- ti (b) l< l=i + i A= 560 = ni <i -zi +-i t -i
iiinii = l+--i iii ilt- ti ni`
c
A
R = 15r
B
c/2
r
C
r
G
Sol. (a) When Jockey is not connected. i +i i t : -ti t
I =
r 16
E
................(i)
Resistance per unit length (+i+ n-i: +i l-ii
=
600
r 15
O/cm
Let be the length when we get zero deflection.
ni-i zi- l-i +i l-il- n n-i: t.
|
.
|
\
|
2
E
= ( )
=
600
r 15
r 16
E
2
E
= 320 cm
(b) Let potential at Ais zero ni-i A li zi - t
Then apply Kirchoffs Ist lawl+-i + + l-n =
Page # 28
r 14
0 x
+
r
0
2
x
c
+
r 2
) 0 x ( c
= 0 x =
22
14c
I
g
=
r
2
x
c
=
r
2 22
14 c
|
.
|
\
| c
=
r 22
3c
(b) When = 560 cm
r = (560)
600
r 15
r = 14r
Using KVL in loop (i) n (i) n KVL =
E I
1
.14r Ir Ir = 0 ................(i)
and in loop (2) -ii n (2) n
I
1
14r + (I I
1
)r +
2
E
= 0 ...............(ii)
Solving equation (i) and (ii) we have
=ni+i (1) (2) +i tn +-
(30.I
1
r E) = (E 14I
1
r)
I
1
=
r 44
E 2
I
1
=
r 22
E
and -ii I =
r 22
E 4
So current in galvanometer
Branch ~- iiinii ziiii n iii = (I I
1
) =
r 22
E
r 22
E 4
I
g
=
r 22
E 3
Ans. (a) 320 cm (b)
r 22
3c
57. Find the charge on the capacitor shown in figure.
l-zi n <lzi - = iilzi ~i zi ai- +il
58. (a) Find the current in the 20 O resistor shown in figure. (b) If a capacitor of capacitance 4F is joined
between the points A and B, what would be the electrostatic energy stored in it in steady state ?
(a) l-zi n <lzi - 20 O l-i i = ilt- iii ai- +il (b) l< l-< ~i A-ii B+ i- 4F iil-i +i = iilzi
i l<i i . -i -iii l-il- n l+--i l-i - -i = l-- tini`
59. Find the charges on the four capacitor of capacitance 1F, 2F, 3F and 4F shown in figure.
l-zi n <lzi - -i = iilzii +i iil-i( 1F, 2F, 3F -ii 4F t . :- ~i zi ai- +il
Page # 29
60. Find the potential difference between the points Aand B and between the points B and Cof figure in steady
state.
l-zi n <lzi - li n -iii l-il- l-< ~i A-ii B+ n ( l-< ~i B-ii C+ n lii-- ai- +il
61. A capacitance C, a resistance R and an emf c are connected in series at t = 0. What is the maximum value
of (a) the potential difference across the resistor, (b) the current in the circuit, (c) the the potential difference
across the capacitor, (d) the energy stored in the capacitors. (e) the power delivered by the battery and (f) the
power converted into heat.
=n t = 0 (+ = iilzi C, (+ l-ii R( (+ c l.i.n ii+n n i n :-+ ~li+-n ni- +i ti n -
(a) l-i i + l=i lii--, (b) li n iii , (c) = iilzi + l=i lii-- , (d) = iilzi + l=i lii--
(e) i ,ii <i- +i n: zil+- -ii (f) -ni n ll-- zil+-
62. Aparallel-plate capacitor with plate area 20 cm
2
and plate separation 1.0 mm is connected to a battery. The
resistance of the circuit is 10 kO. Find the time constant of the circuit.
(+ i = i n =ni-i-- = iilzi +i -n +i -i zi+n 20 = ni
2
-ii -n i +i ~ -in 1.0 lnni t li
+i l-ii 10 kO t li +i =n l-ii+ ai- +il
63. A capacitor of capacitance 10 F is connected to a battery of emf 2V.It is found that it takes 50 ms for the
charge on the capacitor to become 12.6 c. Find the resistance of the circuit.
10 F iil-i +i = iilzi. 2Vl.i.n +i i = i i ni t t l-i- l+i ni t l+ 50 lnni = + n = iilzi
~i zi 12.6 c ti i-i t lli +i l-i i ai- +il
64. A20 F capacitor is joined to a battery of emf 6.0 V through a resistance of 100 O. Find the charge on the
capacitor 2.0 ms after the connections are made.
20 F iil-i ini = iilzi 100 Ol-i i + =ii (+ 6.0 V l.i.n ini i = i i ni t =i - +- +
2.0 lnni = + z-i- = iilzi ~i zi ai- +il
65. The plates of a capacitor of capacitance 10 F, charged to 60 C, are joined together by a wire of resistance
10 O at t = 0. Find the charge on the capacitor in the circuit at (a) t = 0, (b) t = 30 s, (c) t = 120 s and (d)
t = 1.0 ms.
10 F iil-i in = iilzi +i -n 60 C~i zi -+ ~i lzi- +- + z-i- =n t = 0 10W l-i i in -i =
~i= n i <i n: t li n = iilzi ~i zi ai- +il (a) t = 0, (b) t = 30 s , (c) t = 120 s -ii
(d) t = 1.0 ms.
66. Acapacitor of capacitance 8.0 F is connected to a battery of emf 6.0 V through a resistance of 24 O. Find
thecurrent in the circuit (a) just after the connections aremadeand(b) one timeconstant after theconnections
are made.
(+ 8.0 F iil-i +i = iilzi 24 O l-i i + =ii 6.0 Vl.i.n ini i = i l<i ni t li n iii ai-
+il (a) =i - + - - z-i- -ii (b) =i - = (+ =n l-ii+ + -- =n + z-i-
67. Aparallel-plate capacitor of plate area 40 cm
2
and separation between the plates 0.10 mm is connected to a
battery of emf 2.0 V through a 16 Oresistor. Find the electric field in the capacitor 10 ns after the connecting
are made.
Page # 30
(+ =ni-i- =iilzi +i -n +i -i zi+n 40 = ni
2
-ii -n ~ -in 0.10 lnni t. :=+i 16 Ol-ii ,ii (+
2.0 V l.i.n ini i = i ini t = i - = 10 ns z-i- = iilzi n l - -i zi ai- +il
68. A parallel-plate capacitor has plate area 20 cm
2
, plate separation 1.0 mm and a dielectric slab of dielectric
constant 5.0 filling up the space between the plates. This capacitor is joined to a battery of emf 6.0 Vthrough
a 100 kO resistor. Find the energy of the capacitor 8.9 s after the connections are made.
(+ =ni-i- =iilzi +i -n +i -izi+n 20 =ni
2
, -ii -n ~-in 1.0 lnni t. :=+i -ni + ~-in n
i-i + 5.0 t := = iilzi +i 100 kO l-ii ,ii (+ 6.0 V l.i.n ini i = ii ni t = i - +
8.9 s z-i- = iilzi +i -i ai- +il
69. A100 F capacitor is joined to a 24 V battery through a 1.0 MOresistor. Plot qualitative graphs (a) between
current and time for the first 10 minutes and (b) between charge and time for the same period.
(+ 100 F iil-i +i = iilzi 1.0 MO l-i i ,ii 24 V+i i = i i ni t n iin+ n iil-zi -i: (a) in
10 lnl- + ln iii -ii =n + i- -ii (b) :=i =n + ln ~i zi -ii =n + i-
70. How many time constants will elapse before the current in a charging RC circuit drops to half of its initial
value ?Answer the same question for a discharging RC circuit.
RCli n ~i zi-+in n iii +i ni- il-i+ ni- +i ~iii ti - -+ l+-- =n l-ii + n - t ` :=i z- +i
--i RCli + l=- +in + ln ii <il
71. Howmany time constants will elapse before the charge on a capacitor falls to 0.1%of its maximum value in
a discharging RC circuit ?
RC li + l=- +in n =iilzi ~izi ~li+-n +i 0.1%ti - -+ l+-- =nl-ii+ n- t `
72. Howmany time constant will elapse before the energy stored in the capacitor reaches half of its equilibrium
value in a charging RC circuit ?
RCli n ~i zi- +in n = iilzi n = l-- -i +i ni- -iii l-il- +i -i +i ~iii ti - -+ l+-- =n l-ii +
-i- ti in`
73. Howmany time constants will elapse before the power delivered by the battery drops to half of its maximum
value in an RC circuit ?
RCli n i ,ii <i- +i i- ini zil+- +i ni-. ~li+-n ni- +i ~iii t i- -+ l+-- =n l-ii + -i-
ti in`
74. A capacitor of capacitance C is connected to a battery of emf c at t = 0 through a resistancsd R. Find the
maximum rate at which energy is stored in the capacitor. When does the rate has this maximum value
=n t =0 iil-i +i (+ = iilzi. l-i i R,ii l - it+ n +i i = i i i-i t = iilzi n -i = -
+i ~li+-n < ai- +il t ~li+-n < + ti ni`
75. A capacitor of capacitances 12.0 F is connected to a battery of emf 6.00 V and internal resistance 1.00 O
through resistanceless leads. 12.0 s after the connections are made, what will be (a) the current in the
circuit, (b) the power delievered by the battery, (c) the power dissipated in heat and (d) The rate at which
energy stored in the capacitor is increasing.
12.0 F iil-i +i (+ = iilzi. 6.00 Vl.i.n -ii 1.00 O~i -l+ l-i i ini i = l-i i lt- = i - -ii
+i =ti-i = i i i-i t = i - +- + 12.0 s z-i- . l+--i ti ni (a) li n iii (b) i ,ii <-i zil+-,
(c) -ni + n l- zil+- -ii (d) = iilzi n c ti =l-- -i +i <
76. AcapacitanceCchargedto apotential differenceVis discharged byconnectingits plates througharesistance
R. Find the heat dissipated in one time constant after the connections are made. Do this by calculating
}
R i
2
dt at and also by finding the decrease in the energy stored in the capacitor..
V lii-- -+ ~i lzi- Ciil-i in = iilzi +i -n i = l-i i R+i i + l=l - l+i i-i t = i - +- +
(+ =n l-ii + n -ni til- ai- +il :=+i
}
R i
2
dt +i ni-i +- t ( +il ( =ii ti = iilzi n = l-- -i
n +ni ai- ++ ii +il
77. By evaluating
}
R i
2
dt, showthat when a capacitor is charged by connecting it to a battery through a resistor
the energy dissipated as heat equals the energy stored in the capacitor.
= iilzi +i l-i i ,ii i = i -
}
R i
2
dt, +i ni-i ++ +- +il l+ -ni + n -i til-. = iilzi
Page # 31
n =l-- -i + i ti-i t
78. A parallel-plate capacitor is filled with a dielectric material having resistivity and dielectric constant K. The
capacitor is charged and disconnected fromthe charging source. The capacitor is slowly discharged through
the dielectric. Showthat the time constant of the discharge is independent of all geometrical parameters like
the plate area or separation between the plates. Find this time constant.
(+ =ni-i - = iilzi n i - <ii ii t ~i t . :=+i l-i i+-i -ii i -i +K t = iilzi +i ~i lzi-
++ ~i zi- = i - = i+ + lni i-i t = iilzi ii ii i -i + <ii ,ii l=l - ti -i t +- +il
l+ l= - =n-- iln-i ilzii l-i -ti +-i t ~ii- -n -i zi+n -ii -n i + n <i :=+i =n
l-ii+ ai- +il
79. Find the charge on each of the capacitors 0.20 ms after the switch S is closed in figure.
+ i S+i < +- + 0.20 ms z-i- + = iilzi ~i zi ai- +il
80. The switch S shown in figure is kept closed for a long time and then opened at t = 0. Find the current in the
middle 10 O resistor at t = 1.0 ms.
l-zi n <lzi - l-- S n- =n -+ < ii i-i t. :=+ z-i- := t = 0 iin l<i i-i t t = 1.0 ms
n in 10 Ol-ii n iii ai- +il
81. A capacitor of capacitance 100 F is connected across a battery of emf 6.0 V through a resistance of 20 kO
for 4.0 s. The battery is then replaced by a thick wire. What will be the charge on the capacitor 4.0 s after the
battery is disconnected ?
100 F iil-i +i (+ = iilzi 20 kO l-i i ,ii (+ i + l=i 4.0 = + + ln i l<i i-i t :=+
z-i- i +i (+ ni -i = l--iil- + l<i i-i t i ti- + 4.0 = + z-i- = iilzi ~i zi l+--i
tini`
82. Consider the situation shown in figure. The switch is closed at t = 0 when the capacitors are uncharged. Find
the charge on the capacitor C
1
as a function of time t.
l-zi n <lzi - l-il- l-i +il = iilzi ~-i lzi- t . t = 0 l-- < l+i i-i t = iilzi C
1
=n
+ +n- + n ~i zi ai- +il
83. A capacitors of capacitance C is given a charge Q. At t = 0, it is connected to an uncharged capacitor of
equal capacitance through a resistance R. Find the charge on the capacitor as a function of time.
C iil-i in (+ =iilzi +i Q~i zi <i- l+i i-i t t = 0, :=+i (+ l-i i R +i =ti-i = (+ =ni-
= (+ =ni- iil-i in = iilzi = i l<i i-i t < = = iilzi =n + +n- + n ~i zi ai- +il
84. Acapacitor of capacitance Cis given a charge Q. At t = 0, it is connected to an ideal battery of emf c through
a resistance R. Find the charge on the capacitor at time t.
C iil-i in (+ = iilzi +i Q~i zi <i- l+i i-i t t = 0 :=+i (+ c l.i.n ini ~i<zi i = (+
l-i i ,ii i l<i i-i t =iilzi =n t ~izi ai- +il

Electric Current in Conductors

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Electric Current in Conductors

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Chapter # 32 Electric Current in Conductors

The charge crossing the point Aper second is

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