Satellite Book

Satellite Communications
Sorin Adrian Barbulescu

PhD

www.escus.info

Version 1.6

Copyright 2012

This e-book gives an introduction to the Satellite Communications field with pointers towards
critical issues that should be considered in the design of a satellite system. It introduces the
basic orbital parameters, the space environment, followed by a detailed presentation of the link
budget and various satellite access schemes. The ground station architecture and requirements
are formulated. Channel coding and joint source-channel coding are introduced. The building
blocks of the satellite platform and the satellite payload are discussed, bent-pipe versus on-
board processing architectures are compared. Satellite services, installation in orbit, limitations
and solutions for TCP/IP traffic over satellite are covered. Network dimensioning and MAC
layer issues will help you in the system optimisation. Examples of how to achieve privacy at
no extra cost, protection from jamming and inter-satellite links are examined. A brief history of
Australian contributions in this area with a focus on the latest developments in satellite
communications equipment (e.g., the S-TEC
TM
codec and the Satellite Network Access Point -
SNAP) is also included.

The author is A/Prof Sorin Adrian Barbulescu with more than 20 years experience in the field
(Email: contact@escus.info). He received his PhD from the University of South Australia in
1996 and the Graduate Certificate in Management in 1999. He has been working with the
Institute for Telecommunications Research, University of South Australia, as a technical leader
and project manager in projects applying the turbo coding technology in mobile and fixed
satellite communications systems.

This e-book is a general introduction to satellite communications in .ppt format. It is intended
for those engineers and technicians working in the field who would like to get an overall
understanding of the issues. Managers who need a sound understanding of the implications of
the latest technology in improving the system efficiency and cutting costs will also benefit. It
does not require a specific background although a basic knowledge of digital communications
would be useful.

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Table of contents

Introduction (Slide 1)
Bits of history Concepts
Bits of history Technology
References

Orbits (Slide 49)
Overview
Keplers and Newtons Laws
Orbital Parameters
Inclined Orbits
Geostationary Orbit

Space Environment (Slide 121)
Mechanical Effects
Atmospheric Effects (Rain Attenuation)
Polarisation
Propagation & Channel Models

Source Coding (Slide 201)
Channel capacity
Huffman coding
Arithmetic / Ziv-Lempel coding
J PEG/MPEG

Channel Coding (Slide 229)
Block Codes
Convolutional Codes
Turbo-like Codes (STEC Codec)
J oint Source and Channel Coding
Turbo source coding
Packet Layer Coding
Network Coding

Link Analysis (Slide 305)
Received Signal Power, EIRP
Noise power
The Uplink & Downlink
Station-to-station link, Capacity curves

Satellite Access (Slide 357)
FDMA
TDMA
CDMA
OFDM
Random Access

Earth Stations (Slide 425)
Standards
Earth Stations Antennas
Radio Frequency Subsystem
Communication Subsystem
Network Interface Subsystem

The Payload (Slide 481)
Transparent Repeaters
Multibeam Satellite Repeaters
Regenerative Repeaters
Generic Payloads
Satellite Antenna Characteristics

The Platform (Slide 533)
Attitude Control
The Propulsion System
The Power Supply
Solar Power Satellites
Solar Dish Engine, Laser Power Beaming
Telemetry, Tracking and Command

Satellite Services (Slide 581)
Broadcasting Satellite Services (DBS, DVB-S2)
Fixed Satellite Services (INTELSAT, VSAT)
Navigational Satellite Services (NAVSTAR GPS)
Earth Resource Satellite Services (Radarsat, NOAA)
Mobile Satellite Services (IRIDIUM, INMARSAT)
SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition)

Satellite Installation (Slide 693)
Installation in Orbit
Launch Vehicles Options
Orbital Servicing Vehicles
Reliability Issues
Cost Issues
Space Debris Mitigation

Satellite Internet (Slide 781)
TCP/IP over satellite issues
Proposed Systems
DVB: Multi-Protocol Encapsulation
ATM connection handover in LEO networks

Satellite Network Design (Slide 865)
Satellite Network Dimensioning
Customers Requirements
Traffic Data
Examples
Cost of the Network
CONNECTS Australian satellite network

MAC layer optimisation (Slide 937)
Cross-layer Issues
Throughput Control
Generic stream IP encapsulation
Layer 2 Bridged Point-to-Multipoint

Specific issues (Slide 973)
Inter-satellite links (ISL)
Privacy for each of us
Protect your satellite link
Global Broadcast System
MIL-STD-3011
SAR Satellites
Dish installation

New Trends (Slide 1049)
Australian contribution: FedSat, Optus
Broadband Satellite Links
Australian Satellite Networks
Key technology trends: space segment
Key technology trends: ground segment
Policies, regulatory and standard issues

SNAP (Slide 1149)
Definition of necessity
Hidden assumptions
Most important questions to ask
Benefits of traffic aggregation
Example of a Satellite-WiFi network

Appendices:

Digital Communications (Slide 1193)
Time/Frequency representation of signals
One single pulse
A periodic signal
Random signals
Nyquist Theorems
BPSK/QPSK modulation and BER
Capacity

Digital Transmission (Slide 1249)
Antenna Cancellation
A/D & D/A
Transmitter Linearisation
Performance Degradation
Phase Noise Effects

Tutorial Questions (Slide 1283)

Link Budget Example (Slide 1325)

Glossary

1
Slide 1
SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS Copyright 2012 A/Prof Adrian Barbulescu
A/Prof Sorin Adrian Barbulescu
contact@escus.info
Slide 2
The first reference to a geostationary satellites is by
Arthur C Clarke (1917-2008) in a letter to the editor
titled Peacetime Uses for V2 published in the 1945
February issue of Wireless World (page 58).
Sir Arthur C Clarke: 90
th
Birthday Reflections
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3qLdeEjdbWE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOaZspeSBZU
&feature=related
Slide 3
The first man made satellite: Sputnik 04/10/1957
Sputnik.au
Slide 4
The geostationary orbit today
2
Slide 5
This Satellite Communications course is
a synthesis of many specific topics e.g.,
orbits, link budgets, space propagation,
which also draws from highly specialised
fields e.g., source and channel coding,
digital communications, traffic networking,
RF and optical communications, all of them
brought together from the perspective of
communication techniques that can be
achieved via satellites.
Slide 6
Application/Traffic
Digital Comms
Satellite orbits
channel & access
Satellite
platform/payload
Slide 7
Slide 8
3
Slide 9
Slide 10
Satellite Communications is about moving data or
information across large distances under some specific
resource constraints:
bandwidth
power
mass
size
speed
The system optimization depends on the application,
but it always aims towards minimizing the use of
resources in the space segment given the difficulty to
replace those resources. While mass and size are
simple to understand, power, bandwidth and speed can
always be traded off in order to achieve the target bit
error rate required by a particular application.
Slide 11
In satellite communications, bandwidth represents
the range of frequencies that is occupied by an
electromagnetic signal on a given transmission
medium. It is the difference between the highest-
frequency signal component and the lowest-frequency
signal component.
A typical voice signal has a bandwidth of
approximately 3 kHz (one Hertz is one cycle of
change per second). A high quality CD music can span
a bandwidth of 20 kHz while an analogue television
broadcast video signal has a bandwidth of 6 MHz.
All communication signals are bandwidth limited.
Every signal in time has an equivalent definition in
terms of the occupied range of frequencies.
Slide 12
The symbol rate (baud rate) is the rate at which the
signal state changes in the communications channel.
Units of symbol rate are symbols/second (baud). The
number of symbol states needed to uniquely represent
any pattern of n bits is given by the expression M= 2
n
symbol states.
The information rate is defined as the speed at which
binary information (bits) can be transferred from
source to destination. Units of information rate are
bits/second (bps).
The bandwidth efficiency of a communications link
is a measure of how well a particular modulation
format and coding scheme is making use of the
available bandwidth. Units for bandwidth efficiency
of a digital communications link are bits/second/Hz.
4
Slide 13
Slide 14
Turbo Coded Modems
Orbits
Channel modelling
Satellite Design
Applications
Slide 15
http://www.stmi.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=75&Itemid=274
If your business has a global reach in areas with no reliable or
secure terrestrial communication infrastructure, you might need
to consider a satellite based solution. The headquarters could be
connected in a star architecture, via a hub, to all remote sites
that would use very small aperture terminals (VSAT) links.
Slide 16
http://www.stmi.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=75&Itemid=274
Depending of the type of business, a mesh architecture in which
each remote site can communicate with any other remote site as
shown here could be used. These satellite communications can be
terrestrial, maritime or aeronautical. There is wide range of
solutions for these type of satellite links which allow voice, video
and data communications across the whole network.
5
Slide 17
http://www.comtechefdata.com/articles_papers/Optimizing%20Cellular%20Solutions.pdf
Providing GSM services via satellite GSM backhaul in the
emerging markets, in geographically challenged areas, or areas
in which conventional terrestrial transmission solutions are
either not available or not appropriate could open new business
opportunities.
Slide 18
Mobile Applications:
- personal safety device
- health monitoring
which sends real time
information back to
doctors at health clinics
(wearable technologies
based on a permanent
integration of clothing
and technology).
Slide 19
For sat-talk go to:
http://www.astroexpo.com
http://www.satmagazine.com
http://www.satellitetoday.com
Slide 20
6
Slide 21
Geocentric model of the solar system:
Aristotle (384 BC 322 BC), Greek philosopher. In his work,
Metaphysics, he describes the heavens composed of 55
concentric, crystalline spheres to which the celestial objects were
attached and which rotated at different velocities, in an uniform
circular motion, with the Earth at the centre.
Ptolemy (90 168), Roman citizen. In his Almagest
astronomical treatise, planets moved on epicycles,
(circle with centre moving on concentric sphere)
It explained the retrograde movement of planets.
Later on the model evolved in epicycles on epicycles.
Bits of history - Concepts
Slide 22
Heliocentric model of the solar system:
Nicolai Copernicus (1473 - 1543), Polish astronomer. In his
book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, he proposed
that the Sun is at the centre of the Solar System. This can explain
the retrograde motion and also the variance in brightness of
planets who are not always at the same distance from Earth.
Aristarchus of Samos - island off the coast of Turkey, proposed
the same sun-centerd system in 200 BC!
Tycho Brahe (1546 1601), Danish nobleman. He devised
instruments that allowed precise measurements of the movements
of planets, Mars in particular. This allowed Kepler, his assistant,
to prove later on that the planets orbit is an ellipse, not a circle.
Slide 23
Johannes Kepler (1571 - 1630), German astronomer. He
believed in the Copernican theory and in his Astronomia nova
and Harmonices Mundi works he used Tycho Brahes
measurements to formulate his three laws of planetary motion
(1602, 1605, 1618):
Slide 24
Giordano Bruno (1548 - 1600), Italian philosopher. Catholic
Encyclopedia (1908) asserts that "Bruno was not condemned for
his defence of the Copernican system of astronomy, nor for his
doctrine of the plurality of inhabited worlds, but for his
theological errors, among which were the following: that Christ
was not God but merely an unusually skilful magician....
Galileo Galilei (1564 1642), Italian physicist, used the
telescope to observe the movements of the planets and challenged
the Church view in his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief
World Systems work published in 1632. His observations of the
phases of Venus disproved the Ptolemaic version of geocentrism.
7
Slide 25
Isaac Newton (1642 1727, Julian calendar ), English
physicist. His Philosophia Naturalis Principia Mathematica
work described among other things, the three laws of motion (an
object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in uniform motion
tends to stay in uniform motion, an applied force on an object
equals the rate of change of its momentum with time, for every
action there is an equal and opposite reaction) and the
gravitational law which is a universal law that applies to objects
on Earth as well to celestial bodies. This was confirmed by the
slow down of Saturn upon passing Jupiter, the shape of the Earth
being an oblate spheroidal, the correctly predicted return of
Halleys Comet and the explanation of tides and lunar motion.
Slide 26
The Earth moves around the sun:
James Bradley (1693 1762), English astronomer. In 1728,
James Bradley, while searching for the elusive stellar parallax,
detected the motion of the star Gamma Draconis over the course
of the year caused by the yearly rotation of the Earth. This
finding was the first direct evidence for the revolution of the
Earth around the Sun. Aristarchus, Copernicus and Galileo were
vindicated: eppur si muove...
Friedrich Bessel (1784 1846), German
scientist. In 1838 he was the first to use
parallax in calculating the distance to a star
(as you move, nearer objects will seem to
move relative to more distant objects).
Slide 27
The Earth moves around its axis:
Leon Foucault (1819- 1868), French
physicist. In 1851 he used long and
heavy pendulum suspended from the
ceiling of the Panthon in Paris to
demonstrate the spinning of the Earth.
He also named the gyroscope in 1852.
Slide 28
Pierre Maurice Marie Duhem(1861 1916), French, and
Willard Van Orman Quine (1908 2000), American, produced
the Duhem-Quine thesis: empirical evidence cannot force the
choice of a theory or its revision, or in other words, for any
collection of empirical evidence, there would always be many
theories able to account for it. In practice it is difficult to ever test
a theory independently of other theories or assumptions. This
means that when an experiment 'proves' a theory false it is really
just proving the collection of theories and assumptions false, not
necessarily the theory itself. Given that one cannot determine
which theory is refuted by unexpected data, scientists must use
judgements made according to the outcomes of the statistical
hypothesis tests about which theories to accept or to reject.
8
Slide 29
Albert Einstein (1879 1955), German physicist. In 1916 he
published the general theory of relativity. The source of gravity
for Newton was mass. Einsteins field equations show the source
of gravity as the energy-momentum tensor which includes
matter, radiation and other force fields. Gravity corresponds to
changes in the properties of space and time, which in turn
changes the straightest-possible paths that objects will naturally
follow:
spacetime tells matter how to move;
matter tells spacetime how to curve
The orbit is akin to an ellipse that rotates on its
focus; a binary system will emit gravitational
waves, so it loses energy, the orbital period will
decrease too small effect for the solar system.
Slide 30
Some tests of general relativity theory:
the perihelion precession of Mercury: there is a 43
seconds of arc per century deviation from Newtons theory
which is explained by gravitation being mediated by the
curvature of spacetime.
frame dragging - rotating
bodies drag spacetime around
themselves - was demonstrated
by the launch in 2004 of the
Gravity Probe B satellite, see
also the 1997 LAGEOS satellite
experiment.
Slide 31
1749, American Benjamin Franklin invented the lightning rod
which proved that lightning is a form of electricity which can
move through air.
1819, Danish Hans Christian Oersted discovered that there is a
relationship between electricity and magnetism( a compass
needle would move in the presence of an electric field).
1832, English Michael Faraday (& American Joseph Henry)
invented the electromagnet based on the law of induction (a
variable magnetic field produces an electromotive force).
1837, English Charles Wheatstone invented the telegraph in
which a letter was literally pointed out by the current deflecting
two of the needles towards it.
Bits of history - Technology
Slide 32
1843 American Samuel Morse built a telegraph line from
Washington to Baltimore and sent the first dots and dashes over
the line.
1864 Scottish James Maxwell showed in A Dynamical Theory
of the Electromagnetic Field that light is an electromagnetic
disturbance propagated through the field at a velocity of 310,740
m/s.
1873 Maxwells A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism
defines the four mathematical equations which describe the
relationship between electricity and magnetism.
1876 American Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.
9
Slide 33
Bells claim is disputed by the Italian Antonio Meucci who in 1860
published in a New Yorks Italian language newspaper his
invention of a paired electro-magnetic transmitter and receiver,
where the motion of a diaphragm modulated a signal in a coil by
moving an electromagnet.
1887 German Heinrich Rudolf Hertz demonstrated the
existence of electromagnetic waves can travel a distance.
1895, Italian Guglielmo Marconi invented the first radio
transmitter which was demonstrated across the English Channel
and in 1901 across the Atlantic Ocean. In 1943 the US Supreme
Court overturned Marconis patents in favour of Serbian Nikola
Teslas patents (1891), credited now with the invention of radio.
Slide 34
1900 Russian Constantin Perskyi introduces the word
television at the World Fair in Paris.
1906 Russian Boris Rosing builds the first mechanical
television combining a cathode ray tube with Paul Nipkows
invention which sends images over wires using a rotating metal
disk calling it the electric telescope with 18 lines of resolution.
1927 American Philo Farnsworth, files for a patent on the first
complete electronic television system, which he called the Image
Dissector.
1929 Russian Vladimir Zvorykin shows the first practical
electronic system for both the transmission and reception of
images using his new kinescope tube.
Slide 35
1937 BBC begins high definition broadcasting.
4 Oct 1957 first artificial satellite launched: Sputnik 1
meaning Travelling companion, ~100 kg, T = 96 min, a radio
beacon and a thermometer. Solved legal challenges with respect to
crossing the air space of a sovereign country.
1957 Sputnik 2 carried a dog named Laika.
1958 Explorer 1, first US successful launch; NASA established
Apr. 1960, US launched the first weather satellite, Tiros I, it
sent pictures of clouds to the Earth.
Aug. 1960, US launched Echo I, which reflected radio signals
back to Earth.
Slide 36
Apr. 1961, Yuri Gagarin, the first man in space, for 1h48min.
Feb. 1962, John Glen circled the earth 3 times.
1962, Telstar, first LEO communication satellite.
1963, Syncom1 - Hughes, 240 telephone calls, first GEO
communication satellite.
1964, Syncom3, first live TV transmission (Olympic Games).
More than 100 satellites were placed in orbit every year.
July 1969, first man on the moon; there are around 600
satellites in Earth orbit and around 8,000 man-made objects.
1969 first TV broadcasting from the moon!
10
Slide 37
The Internet was originally developed by the Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency in US; Paul Baran of RAND
was assigned the task of creating a decentralized communication
network that could survive a nuclear attack. The concept was
developed starting in 1964, and the first messages passed were
between UCLA and the Stanford Research Institute in 1969 over a
link built by Larry G. Roberts. (Leonard Kleinrock of MIT had
published the first paper on packet switching theory in 1961.)
The transmission communications protocol, (TCP), was
developed by Vint Cerf and Robert Kahn in 1972.
Robert Metcalfe is credited with Ethernet which is the basic
communication standard in networked computers.
Slide 38
1979 IBM introduced a 'store and forward' network, now
known as email.
1990 Tim Berners-Lee specified the linguistic construction of
HTML while working at CERN, which meant that graphical
websites started appearing and the world-wide-web became a
reality. TCP/IP over satellite took off in early 00s.
February 10, 2009, the first ever satellite collision in space
between the U.S. Iridium 33 satellite (560 kg) launched in 1997
collided with Russia's Cosmos 2251 satellite (960 kg), launched
in 1993 and non-operational for a decade, at an altitude of ~800
km over Siberia, producing debris which flies at 7.8 km/s and
will remain there for decades to come.
Slide 39
Mobile phones took off in late 80s and satellites are now used
to provide backhaul connectivity for any location on earth.
Slide 40
According to the US Defense Departments Cheyenne Mountain
Operation Center, since the launch of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union
in 1957, around 8000 satellites have made it to orbit.
There are over 2,500 satellites, ~1,000 operative, orbiting the Earth.
About 24,000 pieces of significant space junk are flying around,
bigger than the size of a laptop. Another ~600,000 objects larger
than 1 cm are hurtling round the earth at some 24,000 km/hour.
The definition of a satellite has changed: Surrey Satellite
Technology Ltd (SSTL) is now building a prototype palm-sat
about the size of a Walkman and is developing credit card size
satellites. They will fly as a cloud, or swarm, talking to each other.
11
Slide 41
Number of satellites launched since 1957
Russia/USSR: 1335
USA: 878
Japan: 72
Intelsat: 60
Globalstar: 52
Orbcom: 35
China: 32
European Space Agency: 32
Slide 42
Number of satellites launched since 1957:
France 31 Brazil 10
India 22 Sweden 10
UK 21 Indonesia 9
Eur Telecom 20 Arab Sat Com 7
Germany 19 Australia 7
Canada 17 South Korea 7
Luxemburg 13 Spain 6
Italy 11 Mexico 6
Slide 43
1. G. Maral and M. Bousquet, Satellite Communications
Systems, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 4
th
Edition, 2002.
2. P. Fortescue, Spacecraft Systems Engineering, 3
rd
Ed, 2002.
3. M. J. Miller, B. Vucetic and L. Berry, (Eds.), Satellite
communications: Mobile and Fixed Services, Kluver Academic
Publishers, Boston, 1993.
4. D. Roddy, Satellite Communications, McGraw-Hill
TELECOM Engineering, 3
rd
Edition, 2001.
5. M. E. Long, The Digital Satellite TV Handbook, Newnes,
1999
6. Edited by P. A. Swan and C. L. Devieux, Jr, Global mobile
satellite systems : a systems overview, Kluwer Academic
Publishers, 2003.
References
Slide 44
7. T. Pratt, C. W. Bostian and J. Allnutt, Satellite
Communications, [New York, NY] : Wiley, c2003.
8. S. Lin and D. Costello Jr, Error Control Coding:
fundamentals and applications, Prentice-Hall, 1983/2005
9. D. C. Palter, Satellites and the Internet, SatNews Publishers,
2003.
10. F. G. Stremler, Introduction to Communication Systems,
Reading, Mass. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co, 3
rd
Edition, 1990.
11. J. G. Proakis and M. Salehi, Communication system
engineering, N.J. : Prentice Hall ; London : Pearson
Education, c2002.
12. J. G. Proakis, Digital Communications, McGraw-Hill,
Edition 2005.
References
12
Slide 45
13. International Telecommunication Union, Handbook on
Satellite Communications, New York, NY : Wiley-
Interscience ; Geneva , c2002.
14. M. R. Soleymani, Yingzi Gao and U. Vilaipornsawai, Turbo
coding for satellite and wireless communications, Kluwer
Publishers, c2002.
15. R. E. Sheriff and Y. F. Hu, Mobile satellite communication
networks, New York ; Chichester : Wiley, 2001.
16. J. R. Schott, Remote Sensing, Oxford University Press, 1997.
17. http://www.escus.info/Technology (e-book on turbo codes)
18. Ed. Keattisak Sripimanwat, Turbo Code Applications: a
journey from a paper to realization, Springer, 2005
References
Slide 46
19. Giovanni Giambene Editor, Resource Management in Satellite
Networks Optimization and Cross-Layer Design, Springer
2007.
20. E. Del Re, M. Ruggieri Editors, Satellite Communications and
Navigation Systems, Springer 2008
21. http://www.engnetbase.com/books/786/0967_fm.pdf
22. http://www.engnetbase.com/books/1525/dke581 fm.pdf
23. Global Mobile Satellite Communications
http://www.springerlink.com/content/u6142m/?p=72022998798
6473181848cf04ce0ebb7&pi=0
24. A. Nejat Ince Editor, Digital Satellite Communications
Systems and Technologies Military and Civil Applications
Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992
25. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
References
Slide 47
26. IEEE Communications Magazine
27. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials
28. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking
29. International Journal on Satellite Communications and
Networking
30. http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Electrical-Engineering-and-
Computer-Science/6-450Fall-2006/CourseHome/index.htm
(Principles of Digital Communications 1 Robert Gallager)
31. http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Electrical-Engineering-and-
Computer-Science/6-451Spring-2005/CourseHome/index.htm
(Principles of Digital Communications 2 David Forney)
References
Slide 48
References
32. https://directory.eoportal.org
33. http://www.esa.int/
34. http://www.intelsat.com/
35. http://www.eutelsat.com/
36. http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/basics
37. http://www.satellitetoday.com/viaonline/
38. http://www.gilat.com
39. http://www.comtechefdata.com
40. http://www.hughespace.com/
41. http://www.itu.int/
42. http://www.allaboutsatellites.com

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