UPDATING THE WIND ZONE AND DEVELOPING CONTOUR MAPS FOR THE

PHILIPPINES: ADAPTATION STRATEGIES FOR EXTREME WIND SPEEDS

T. A. DE LEOZ
1
, E. R. KAW
1
, A. QUIDILLA
1
, J .G. VALBUENA
1
AND L. E. GARCIANO
2

1
Undegraduate student, De La Salle University - Manila
2
Associate Professor, De La Salle University - Manila

ABSTRACT: It is evident that climate change will impact urban and sub-urban populations now and in the
future. Some recent extreme events that battered the country are the storm surge in Tacloban City during
super typhoon Haiyan, extreme flooding in Metro Manila during typhoon Ondoy and the massive
flooding and landslides at the height of typhoon Pablo. As an initial step in climate-proofing our
communities, the researchers updated the wind zone and developed a contour map. For this purpose, latest
extreme wind speed data from fifty-five PAGASA stations all over the county were fitted to the
Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution. The return level wind speeds from the different
distributions were used as basis in developing a wind zone and surface contour map using ArcGIS
software. The developed contour and wind zone maps with 50, 75 and 100- year return periods are then
compared with the recent wind zone map of the National Structural Code of the Philippines.

Keywords: typhoons, extreme wind speed, GEV distribution, ArcGIS.

1. INTRODUCTION

The World Risk Report 2013 ranked the Philippines as the third most disaster-prone country due
to its high exposure to natural hazards such as typhoons, earthquakes, floods, storm surge, and
volcanic eruption. Recent extreme events have highlighted the vulnerability of the countrys
urban and sub-urban areas as enumerated below:
a. Super typhoon Yolanda (2013) caused widespread damage specifically in Tacloban City due
to an unexpected storm surge from sustained extreme wind speeds. Damage to low to mid-
rise structures were also seen in other areas along the path of this typhoon. The estimated
damage caused by typhoon Yolanda was pegged at 40 billion pesos leaving more than a
million homes destroyed, infrastructure and agriculture devastated and more than 6000
casualties (NDRRMC 2013).
b. Magnitude 7.2 earthquake in Bohol (October 2013) a reverse thrust movement of a new
fault caused widespread damage to houses, bridges, schools, roads, highways, buildings,
hospitals and national cultural treasures such churches (Garciano and Taclibon 2013).
c. Typhoon Ondoy (September 2009) - Metro Manila was submerged due to extreme flooding
during this event. Damage was estimated at US$ 237 million.
d. Typhoon Pablo (December 2012) - sub-urban flooding and landslide occurred during this
event. Damaged was estimated to be around US$ 898 million with over 1000 casualties.
The Philippines is a typhoon-prone country as it is located on the west side of the pacific ocean
where strong typhoons are frequently formed (ADRC 2008). The Philippine Atmospheric,
Geophysical and Astronomical Service Administration (PAGASA) estimates an average of
twenty tropical cyclones enter the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) with an annual
intensity distribution of 4 tropical depressions, 5 to 6 tropical storms and 10 typhoons. In Table 1
below, we can see that storms account for almost 50 percent of natural disasters (2000 2012) in
the country (CRED 2013).

Table 1. Number of Natural Disasters in the Philippines
Year Drought Earthquake
(seismic activity)
Epidemic Flood Mass
movement dry
Mass
movement wet
Storm Volcano Total
2000 0 0 1 3 1 1 6 1 13
2001 0 0 0 3 0 0 6 2 11
2002 1 1 0 4 0 0 6 0 12
2003 0 0 1 1 0 1 8 0 11
2004 0 0 1 3 0 1 8 0 13
2005 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 4
2006 0 0 0 6 0 3 10 1 20
2007 1 0 0 5 0 0 9 1 16
2008 0 0 0 8 0 0 11 0 19
2009 0 1 0 8 0 0 14 1 24
2010 0 0 1 9 0 0 3 1 14
2011 0 1 3 15 0 0 12 2 33
2012 0 3 1 5 0 1 7 0 17
Total 2 6 8 72 1 7 102 9 207

Climate change is real and taking place and this is backed up by scientific evidence and real
extreme events (Kit et. al. 2010, Korndorfer et. al 2010). Figure 1 below shows
(a) the current NSCP wind zone map; and the typhoon tracks of
(b) Super typhoon Yolanda with maximum sustained winds of 235 kph near the center and
gustiness of up to 275 kph at first landfall at Guian, Eastern Samar (NDRRMC 2013)
(c) Typhoon Pablo with maximum sustained winds of 175 kph near the center and gustiness of
up to 210 kph at first landfall at Baganga, Davao Oriental (NDRRMC 2012).

Figure 1. Recent typhoon tracks and the current wind zone map
(b)
(a)
(c)
These strong typhoons, a year and a month apart, have exceeded the basic wind speeds of zones I
and II of the NSCP. Furthermore southern Philippines, which is rarely hit by strong typhoons, are
now experiencing the brunt of the changes in weather patterns that caused damage to life,
livelihood and infrastructure (Alonzo 2011, BBC News Asia 2009). Therefore in light of the
above discussions, the researchers make the following conjectures as shown in Figure 2 below:
(a) extreme wind speeds are increasing in magnitude but structural resistance (without
retrofitting) remains the same such that the probability of failure increases
(b) the probability density function of extreme wind speeds maybe shifting from north to south
such that the vulnerability of structures in southern areas increased due to this shift.




















Figure 2. Probability density function shift of extreme wind speeds

Analysis and design of almost all structures in the country are regulated by the National
Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP 2010). Chapter 2 provides the minimum design load
requirements for the design of buildings, towers and other vertical structures. Section 207 of the
NSCP specifies the basic wind speed v (see Figure 2a), corresponding to a 3-second gust speed at
10 m above ground in exposure category C. This v is also associated with 50-year return period
or an annual probability of 0.02 of being equaled or exceeded. Garciano et. al 2004 developed a
6-zone regional wind zone map of the Philippines using PAGASA data from 1961 to 2000.
However in this paper, the main objective is to update this map using extreme wind speed data
from 1961 up to 2013 and also propose a 4-zone map. Furthermore, contour maps with 50, 75
and 100-year return periods were also developed. In the succeeding sections, the authors discuss
the methodology, the analysis and develop the wind zone and contour maps using geographic
information technology (GIT).



(a)
(b) (source: Salazar, 2014)
2. METHODOLOGY

The development of the wind zone map and the wind contour map consists of three phases.
Data gathering and processing
In stage, data needed for the research which includes the following are obtained:
Extreme wind speed data from PAGASA, Weather Philippines, National Power
Corporation
Longitude and latitude coordinates and elevation of each PAGASA synoptic station
Digital elevation map (DEM) of the Philippines in shape file (for GIT processing)
Philippine map in shape file (for GIT processing)

Wind speed modelling and simulation
Verify if correction factors to account for topography and terrain exposure were applied
for each station. Applying correction factor is necessary since it affects the magnitude of
the wind speed.
Fit extreme wind speed data from each station to a generalized extreme value (GEV)
distribution. The parameters of the GEV distribution are estimated using Maximum
Likelihood Estimate (MLE). R-software (freeware) was used to estimate the parameters
of the GEV distribution.
Extrapolate 50, 75, and 100-year return level extreme wind speeds using the estimated
GEV parameters

Geographic information technology (GIT)
ArcGIS software is used to create the maps using Kriging interpolation method and surface
contouring package. The final outputs of the study are wind zone maps and wind contour
map of the Philippines.

Generalized extreme value (GEV) model
The GEV model is defined by the following equation:
0(x) = cxp _-j1 + e [
x-
c
[
-
1
(
_ (1)
where is the location parameter, (>0) is the scale parameter and is the shape parameter. The
shape parameter is important in extreme value modelling since it determines the rate of tail
decay. If we let =0 the Type I (Gumbel) distribution is obtained. For >0, the Type II
(Frechet) is obtained while a reversed Weibull, is obtained when <0. The parameters of the
GEV distribution is determined using maximum likelihood estimate (MLE). To obtain estimates
of return level wind speeds, the following equations are used:
x
p
= _
p - o|1 - {-log(1 - p)]
-{
]
p - olog{-log(1 - p)]
(2)
where G(x
p
=1 p and x
p
is the return level associated with the return period 1/p.
3. DATA GATHERING / PROCESSING

Annual extreme wind speeds from 55 PAGASA stations (see Table 2) all over the country were
obtained. However, only wind speed equal or greater than 8 m/s were used in the GEV inference.
Table 2. PAGASA Station Name and ID
No. Station ID No. Station ID
1 Alabat, Quezon 435 29 Itbayat, Batanes 132
2 Ambulong, Batangas 432 30 Laoag City, Ilocos Norte 223
3 Aparri, Cagayan 232 31 Legaspi City, Albay 444
4 Baguio City, Benguet 328 32 Lumbia Airport, Misamis Oriental 747
5 Baler, Quezon 333 33 Maasin, Southern Leyte 648
6 Basco, Batanes 135 34 Mactan Airport 646
7 Butuan City, Agusan Del Norte 752 35 Malaybalay, Bukidnon 751
8 Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija 330 36 Masbate, Masbate 543
9 Cagayan de Oro, Misamis Oriental 748 37 NAIA (MIA), Pasay City 429
10 Calapan, Oriental Mindoro 431 38 Port Area (MCO), Manila 425
11 Calayan, Cagayan 133 39 Puerto Princesa, Palawan 618
12 Casiguran, Quezon 336 40 Romblon, Romblon 536
13 Catarman, Northern Samar 546 41 Roxas City, Aklan 538
14 Catbalogan, Western Samar 548 42 San Francisco, Quezon 437
15 Coron, Palawan 526 43 San J ose, Occ. Mindoro 531
16 Cotabato City, Maguindanao 746 44 Sangley Point, Cavite 428
17 Cuyo, Palawan 630 45 Science Garden, Quezon City 430
18 Daet, Camarines Norte 440 46 Surigao, Surigao del Norte 653
19 Dagupan Cit, Pangasinan 325 47 Tacloban City, Leyte 550
20 Davao City, Davao del Sur 753 48 Tagbilaran City, Bohol 644
21 Dipolog, Zamboanga del Norte 741 49 Tanay, Rizal 433
22 Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental 642 50 Tayabas, Quezon 427
23 General Santos, South Cotabato 851 51 Tuguegarao, Cagayan 233
24 Guiuan, Easter Samar 558 52 Vigan, Ilocos Sur 222
25 Hinatuan, Surigao del Sur 755 53 Virac Radar, Catanduanes 447
26 Iba, Zambales 324 54 Virac Synop, Catanduanes 446
27 Iloilo City, Iloilo 637 55 Zamboanga City, Zambo del Sur 836
28 Infanta. Quezon 434

Note that the stations did not operate simultaneously from 1961 and extreme wind speed data
were missing at random from different stations due to various sources. Figure 3 shows a time
series scatter plot of Baguio City, Benguet station where the minimum wind speed was 13 m/s in
1961 and the maximum wind speed recorded in 1974 was 46 m/s.
















Figure 3. Scatter Plot of Annual Maxima at Baguio City, Benguet Station
4. GEV MODELLING OF ANNUAL EXTREME WIND SPEEDS

To obtain the MLE of the GEV parameters for each PAGASA station extreme wind speed data,
the Extremes Toolkit of R software was used. The MLEs of the GEV parameters from Baguio
City, Benguet station are =25.91, =6.58 and =-0.25. Since the shape parameter is
negative the distribution model is classified as Type III or the reversed Weibull distribution. The
standard errors of the parameters are =0.98, =0.67 and =0.07 and the approximate 95%
confidence intervals (CI) for is [-0.09, -0.37]. The return wind speeds and CI are estimated by
substituting the MLEs into Eq. 2 and setting p =0.02 (50 years), 0.013 (75 years) and 0.01 (100
years). The results are shown in Table 3 while the return wind speed plot is shown in Figure 6.

Table 3. Return wind speeds for Baguio City Station
50-year return wind speed 75-year return wind speed 100-year return wind speed
m/s 95% CI 95% CI 95% CI
42.25 39.78 46.97 43.21 40.66 48.35 43.83 41.22 49.30


















Figure 4. Return wind speeds for Baguio City Station

The same procedure was applied to the remaining extreme wind speed data from PAGASA
stations and the results summarized in Table 4.

Table 4. GEV distribution parameters for each station
Station Name GEV Parameters Station Name GEV Parameters

Alabat, Quezon 17.79 7.74 0.24 Iba, Zambales 22.80 7.46 -0.01
Ambulong, Quezon 18.31 6.39 0.36 Iloilo City, Iloilo 18.94 4.07 0.17
Aparri, Cagayan 18.50 6.18 0.23 Infanta, Quezon 17.84 5.55 0.14
Baguio City, Benguet 25.91 6.58 -0.25 Itbayat, Batanes 28.98 9.90 -0.11
Baler, Quezon 26.02 9.04 -0.06 Laoag City, Ilocos Norte 23.87 5.46 -0.13
Basco, Batanes 34.07 8.13 0.13 Legaspi City, Albay 22.22 6.07 0.28
Butuan City, Agu 14.86 2.77 0.43 Lumbia Airport, 14.68 4.50 0.13
Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija 16.71 5.30 0.32 Maasin, Southern Leyte 16.42 4.39 0.22
Cagayan de Oro, Misamis O. 10.99 2.16 0.12 Mactan International Airport 18.33 3.90 0.30
Calapan, Oriental Mindoro 19.55 7.56 -0.06 Malaybalay, Bukidnon 12.73 3.46 0.04
Calayan, Cagayan 20.20 8.59 0.08 Masbate, Masbate 18.10 6.62 0.18
Casiguran, Quezon 23.40 10.55 0.00 NAIA (MIA), Pasay City 20.83 5.06 0.05
Catarman, Northern Samar 19.57 4.96 0.19 Port Area (MCO), Manila 21.85 6.74 0.05
Catbalogan, Western Samar 16.94 5.07 0.32 Puerto Princesa, Palawan 13.81 3.89 0.15
Coron, Palawan 14.75 5.27 0.18 Romblon, Romblon 22.27 8.40 0.00
Calayan, Cagayan 20.20 8.59 0.08 Roxas City, Aklan 20.52 4.80 0.21
Casiguran, Quezon 23.40 10.55 0.00 San Francisco, Quezon 15.36 3.77 0.08
Catarman, Northern Samar 19.57 4.96 0.19 San J ose, Occidental Mindoro 23.05 5.72 -0.07
Catbalogan, Western Samar 16.94 5.07 0.32 Sangley Point, Cavite 22.05 5.60 0.19
Coron, Palawan 14.75 5.27 0.18 Science Garden, Quezon City 19.27 6.45 -0.05
Cotabato City, Maguindanao 18.77 5.18 -0.44 Surigao, Surigao del Norte 18.91 6.05 0.11
Cuyo, Palawan 17.01 4.58 0.03 Tacloban City, Leyte 20.47 5.15 0.27
Daet, Camarines Norte 20.35 7.02 0.19 Tagbilaran City, Bohol 14.03 3.95 0.01
Dagupan City, Pangasinan 19.86 6.87 0.01 Tanay, Rizal Radar 16.87 4.39 0.27
Davao City, Davao 13.65 2.55 0.07 Tayabas, Quezon 16.18 5.16 0.10
Dipolog, Zamboanga 17.66 5.43 -0.24 Tuguegarao, Cagayan 22.46 9.35 -0.13
Dumaguete City, 15.75 4.04 -0.10 Vigan, Ilocos Sur 20.82 7.95 0.04
General Santos City 12.58 3.55 -0.11 Virac Radar, Catarman 30.91 14.12 0.05
Guiuan, Eastern Samar 27.09 11.08 0.08 Virac Synop, Catarman 25.13 11.63 0.21
Hinatuan, Surigao del Sur 15.31 3.94 0.03 Zamboanga City, Zamboanga 15.97 3.61 0.17


5. KRIGING INTERPOLATION AND SURFACE CONTOUR IN ArcGIS

The Philippine map with regional boundaries (Figure 5a) in shape file format was stored in
ArcGIS as well as a digital elevation map (Figure 5b). The PAGASA stations were likewise
stored in the map with the following attributes: latitude, longitude and elevation as shown in
black dots in Figure 5c.




















Figure 5. Philippine map
(a) (b) (c)
These black dots (stations) also store the 50, 75 and 100-year return wind speeds attributes.
Using Geostatistical Analyst (of ArcGIS), a 2D wind zone and contour map is generated using
Kriging interpolation method.

5.1 PROPOSED WIND ZONE MAPS

The maps produced using kriging method are shown in Figure 6. Four zones were also derived
from the initial results consisting of Zone 1 (v =300 kph), Zone 2 (v =250 kph), Zone 3 (v =
200 kph) and Zone 4 (v =150 kph) for the 50-year return period. Fo the 75 and 100-year return
periods, the basic wind speeds for each zone are shown in Figure 6.
























Figure 6. Proposed wind zone maps for different return periods

For the proposed wind zone map, Zone 1 has a basic wind speed of 300 kph and the provinces of
Albay, Batanes, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Eastern Samar and Sorsogon fall in this zone.
Zone 2 has a basic wind speed of 250 kph, and some provinces in Zones 1 and 2 of the NSCP
were included in this zone as shown in table 4. In the NSCP 2010 wind zone map, the provinces
of Mindanao have a basic wind speed of 150 and 200 kph. However, in the proposed wind zone
map, there were three provinces from Mindanao that increased their basic wind speed from 200
kph to 250 kph. In Luzon, the basic wind speed of the provinces of Nueva Ecija and Nueva
Vizcaya increased from 200 to 250 kph. While in the Visayas their basic wind speed in Leyte,
Southern Leyte and Masbate also an increased.
(a) 50-year return period (b) 75-year return period (c) 100-year return period
Zone 3 has a basic wind speed of 200 kph, and the provinces are the same with Zone 2 of NSCP
2010 with Northern Palawan as an addition. For Zone 4 with a basic wind speed of 150 kph, the
provinces are the same with Zone 3 of the 2010 except of the additional provinces of Camiguin,
Misamis Oriental and Siquijor were the basic wind speed was reduced from 200 kph to 150 kph.
The zonings in 50, 75 and 100 year return period were maintain as much as possible in ArcGIS
so that the provinces fall under each wind zone classification were the same for all the wind zone
map with three different return periods. Tables 6, 7 and 8 give the basic wind speeds of the four
wind zones for 50, 75 and 100- year return periods.

Table 5. Changes in the basic wind speeds between NSCP and proposed wind zone map
Provinces Island Group
Basic Wind Speed, v (in kph)
NSCP 2010 Wind
Zone Map
proposed wind
zone map
Albay, Batanes, Camarines Sur and Catanduanes, Sorsogon Luzon 250 300
Nueva Ecija and Nueva Vizcaya Luzon 200 250
Northern Palawan Luzon 150 200
Eastern Samar Visayas 250 300
Leyte, Southern Leyte and Masbate Visayas 200 250
Agusan del Sur, Surigao del Norte and Surigao del Sur Mindanao 200 250
Camiguin, Misamis Oriental and Siquijor Mindanao 200 150

Table 6. Wind Zone classification of the different provinces (NSCP 2010)
Zone Classification
(Basic Wind Speed)
Provinces
Zone 1
(V =250 kph)
Albay, Aurora, Batanes, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Eastern
Samar, Isabela, Northern Samar, Quezon, Quirino, Samar, Sorgoson


Zone 2
(V =200 kph)
Abra, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Aklan, Antique, Apayao, Bataan, Batangas,
Benguet, Biliran, Bohol, Bulacan, Camiguin, Capiz, Cavite, Cebu, Compostela Valley, Davao
Oriental, Guimaras, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Kalinga, La Union, Laguna,
Leyte, Marinduque, Masbate, Misamis Oriental, Mountain Province, National Capital
Region, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Viscaya, Occidental
Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Rizal, Romblon, Siquijor, Southern
Leyte, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Tarlac, Zambales

Zone 3
(V =150 kph)
Basilan, Bukidnon, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur,
Maguindanao, Misamis Occidental, North Cotabato, Palawan, Sarangani, South Cotabato,
Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Tawi-tawi, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga
Sibugay

Table 7. Proposed basic wind speeds for a 50-year return period
Zone Classification
(Basic Wind Speed)
Provinces
Zone 1
(V =300 kph)
Albay, Batanes, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Eastern Samar, Sorsogon
Zone 2
(V =250 kph)
Agusan del Sur, Aurora, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Isabela, Leyte, Masbate, Northern
Samar, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Quirino, Southern Leyte, Surigao del Norte,
Surigao del Sur, Western Samar
Zone 3
(V =200 kph)
Abra, Agusan del Norte, Aklan, Antique, Apayao, Bataaan, Batangas, Benguet, Biliran,
Bohol, Bulacan, Capiz, Cavite, Cebu, Compostella Valley, Davao Oriental, Guimaras,
Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Kalinga, La Union, Laguna, Marinduque, Mountain
Province, National Capital Region, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, Northern Palawan,
Northen Samar, Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Rizal,
Romblon, Tarlac, Zambales
Zone 4
(V =150 kph)
Basilan, Bukidnon, Camiguin, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del
Sur, Maguindanao, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, North Cotabato, Palawan,
Sarangani, Siquijor, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Tawi-tawi, Zamboanga del Norte,
Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay


Table 8. Proposed basic wind speeds for a 75-year return period
Zone Classification
(Basic Wind Speed)
Provinces
Zone 1
(V =340 kph)
Albay, Batanes, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Eastern Samar, Sorsogon
Zone 2
(V =280 kph)
Agusan del Sur, Aurora, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Isabela, Leyte, Masbate, Northern
Samar, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Quirino, Southern Leyte, Surigao del Norte,
Surigao del Sur, Western Samar
Zone 3
(V =220 kph)
Abra, Agusan del Norte, Aklan, Antique, Apayao, Bataaan, Batangas, Benguet, Biliran,
Bohol, Bulacan, Capiz, Cavite, Cebu, Compostella Valley, Davao Oriental, Guimaras,
Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Kalinga, La Union, Laguna, Marinduque, Mountain
Province, National Capital Region, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, Northern Palawan,
Northen Samar, Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Rizal,
Romblon, Tarlac, Zambales
Zone 4
(V =160 kph)
Basilan, Bukidnon, Camiguin, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del
Sur, Maguindanao, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, North Cotabato, Palawan,
Sarangani, Siquijor, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Tawi-tawi, Zamboanga del Norte,
Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay

Table 9. Proposed basic wind speeds for a 100-year return period
Zone Classification
(Basic Wind Speed)
Provinces
Zone 1
(V =365 kph)
Albay, Batanes, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Eastern Samar, Sorsogon
Zone 2
(V =300 kph)
Agusan del Sur, Aurora, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Isabela, Leyte, Masbate, Northern
Samar, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Quirino, Southern Leyte, Surigao del Norte,
Surigao del Sur, Western Samar
Zone 3
(V =235 kph)
Abra, Agusan del Norte, Aklan, Antique, Apayao, Bataaan, Batangas, Benguet, Biliran,
Bohol, Bulacan, Capiz, Cavite, Cebu, Compostella Valley, Davao Oriental, Guimaras,
Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Kalinga, La Union, Laguna, Marinduque, Mountain
Province, National Capital Region, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, Northern Palawan,
Northen Samar, Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Rizal,
Romblon, Tarlac, Zambales
Zone 4
(V =170 kph)
Basilan, Bukidnon, Camiguin, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del
Sur, Maguindanao, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, North Cotabato, Palawan,
Sarangani, Siquijor, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Tawi-tawi, Zamboanga del Norte,
Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay

5.2 PROPOSED WIND CONTOUR MAPS

Wind contour maps were also produced using 50, 75 and 100 return level wind speeds. Using the
surface contour method in Arcmap, different contour lines of interval 20 kph were drawn in the
map. The minimum contour line was the same, 100 kph, while the maximum contour lines were
320, 340 and 360 for three wind contour maps with 50, 75 and 100-year return period,
respectively. The return wind speed value also has the same pattern compared to the wind zone
map. Very strong wind speeds are located in the extreme eastern part of the country specifically
in the places of Samar and Catanduanes in Visayas. Moderate wind speed ranging from 160 to
220 kph are assgined to provinces that fall under zone 3 of the proposed wind zone map.
Provinces with low wind speeds ranging from 100 to 140 kph are located mostly in Mindanao
and the western and southern part of Visayas. Figure 7 show the proposed wind contour maps
with 50, 75 and 100-year return periods.




















Figure 7. Proposed Wind Contour Map of the Philippines


6. CONCLUSIONS

Climate change patterns that increases in rainfall, typhoon strength etc will certainly affect our
communities. As an initial step in climate proofing our communities, the researches updated the
wind zone map using latest extreme wind speed data from PAGASA. Three wind zone maps
each with four zones were developed. These maps were compared with the NSCP 2010 wind
zone map and the following were observed: eight provinces in Luzon, four provinces in the
Visayas and six provinces from Mindanao have changes in the basic wind speed. A wind contour
map was also developed in this paper. This shows a more detailed design wind speeds for all
regions. Both maps can be used as reference for basic design wind speed of 50, 75 and 100-year
return periods.




(a) 50-year return period (b) 75-year return period (c) 100-year return period
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Lessandro Estelito Garciano is an associate professor of the Department of Civil Engineering, De La Salle
University - Manila. He received his Doctor of Engineering degree (Civil Engineering) from Tokyo City
University. His research interests include wind hazard mapping, Monte Carlo simulation, reliability
theory and stochastic filtering techniques in civil engineering. He may be contacted by e-mail at
lessandro.garciano@dlsu.edu.ph.
Tamara Beatrice de Leoz, Eldrich Kaw, Aaron Quidilla and J anssen Valbuena are undergraduate students
of the Department of Civil Engineering, De La Salle University - Manila.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors would like to thank the staff of PAGASA for providing the necessary extreme wind speed
data used in this research.