CONTENTS

Sl. No Item Page No.

1. Objective

2. Introduction

3. Apparatus

4. Theory

5. Procedure

6. Observations

7. Diagrams

8. Calculations + Graphs

9. Precautions

10. Bibliography


OBJECTIVES:


To study the variation of the angle of deviation with the angle of
incidence using Hollow Glass Prism and to determine the angle of
minimum deviation.

To find out the refractive index of various liquids using a Hollow
Prism.


INTRODUCTION:

This
project is of Investigatory Type. In this project, a hollow prism has been
used to calculate the refractive index of various liquids. The hollow
prism is filled with liquid and then the experiment is performed.


APPARATUS:


Drawing Board Sheet of Paper
Hollow Glass Prism Graph Paper
Protractor Drawing Pins
All Pins Pencil


THEORY:

Refraction :

In a homogenous medium, light travels along a straight line,but
whenever it falls on a surface of another medium, a very small fraction
of it is reflected back and most of the light passes into the medium,
though with a change of direction. This phenomenon of the bending of
light at the surface of separation of the two medium is called refraction
of light.

Causes of refraction :

This phenomenon of refraction takes place when a beam of light
enters a medium in which light enters a medium in which light travels
with a different velocity.

Laws Of Refraction:

1. The incident ray, the refracted and the normal to the surface at the point
of incidence lie on the same plane.
2. For any two given media, the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence
to the angle of refraction is a constant, where it is the angle of incidence
and is the angle of refraction.
Medium: The surrounding substance through which the light travels.
For a monochromatic light, the ratio of the sine of the angle of
incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a constant for any two
given media. If `I is the angle of incidence, and `r is the angle of
refraction, then;
Sine( I)
------- = Constant
Sine( R)

the constant is called the refractive index. For most purposes it may be
assumed that the refractive index is with respect to air.

When light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, it bends
towards the normal and vice versa when it goes from a denser to a rarer
medium. It has been experimentally shown that

Velocity of light in air
Refractive index of substance = ------------------------------------
Velocity of light in substance

Refraction Through Prism:

A transparent medium bounded by two plane surface inclined to
each other at an angle is called a Prism. The angle between the two
faces is known as the angle of the prism.

[C1]Angle of deviation: The angle through which the incident ray of
light is deviated is called the angle of deviation. In fact it is the angle
between the emergent ray and the incident ray produced.

Angle of minimum deviation: As the value of the angle of incidence
(1) increases, the angle of deviation decreases till for a particular value
of the angle of incidence, it attains a minimum value m , is called the
angle of minimum deviation.

Critical angle :

It is that angle of incidence in the denser medium for which
corresponding angle of refraction in the rarer medium is 90 degree.

I
= ---------
Sin C

Where,
- Refractive Index
C- Critical angle

The four parameters on which angle of deviation depends are:

1. Angle of prism ( A )
2. Material of prism ( )
3. Angle of incidence ( I )
4. Wavelength or color of light ( )

Refraction through Prism :

Theory on refraction through Prism :

When a ray of light passes from one medium into the other, it
either bends towards the normal or away from the normal in the second
medium, depending upon whether the second medium is denser or rarer
with respect to first medium. This phenomenon is known as the
Refraction of light.

For a particular pair of two media, and for a particular wavelength
of light (colour) the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence and the
sine of the angle of refraction is a constant quantity called the Refractive
Index of the second medium with respect to the first medium. It is
represented by:

Sin i
= --------
Sin r

Therefore, the value of the angle of incidence i can be obtained in
terms of the refracting angle A of the prism and the angle of minimum
deviation m and the angle of refraction r can also be obtained in terms
of the refracting angle A of the prism.
Let ABC represent a section of the glass prism and let IP be a ray
incident at angle i on the first face AB of the prism at a point P. N
1
PN
is the normal to this face. The material of the prism is denser with
respect to air, as such the ray will refract in the direction PQ making an
angle r
1
with the normal reaching the second face AC of the prism at
the point Q making an angle r
2
with the normal N
2
QT. The ray
emerging in the direction QE bending away from the normal and making
an angle e with the normal.

If the incident ray IP be produced backwards to meet QE produced
at S, the angle KSQ is called the angle of deviation is represented by D.
Angle BAC is called the refracting angle of the prism and represented by
A.

To derive the relation:
A + D = i + e
In SPQ,
PS is produced to K.
KSQ or D is the external angle.
D = SPQ + SQP
= i-r
1
+ e-r
2

= (i + e) - (r
1
+ r
2
) .............(1)
r
1
+ r
2
+ PTQ = 180
0

r
1
+ r
2
= 180
0
- PTQ .........(2)
Taking quadrilateral APTQ
APT + AQT = 90
0
+ 90
0
= 180
0

A + PTQ = 180
0

A = 180 - PTQ ----------------(3)

From (2) and (3)
r
1
+ r
2
= A...........(4)
From (1) and (4)
D = i + e - A
A + D = i + e
When the angle of deviation D has minimum value D
m
the
following conditions are fulfilled:
i = e
and r
1
- r
2
= r (say)
Applying these conditions in Eq.(2) and (3)
A = 2 r
A
or r = ----- ...........(5)
2
and A + D
m
= 2
i

A+D
m

Or i = --------- ............(6)
2

Sin
i

Since u
2
= --------
Sin
r


We obtain on substituting the value of (i) and (r)
Sin(i)
since = ------------
Sin

(r)


Sin(A+D
m
)/2
= ------------------------ .........(7)
Sin(A/2)

Thus we find that we can use the relation (7) for determining the
refractive index. The experiment thus consists of finding of the value of
the refracting angle of minimum deviation Dm.

For finding the value of D
m
a curve is plotted between the angles
of incidence(1) and their respective angles of deviation (D).
PROCEDURE:

1. Fix the sheet of white paper on Drawing board with cello tape or
drawing pins.
2. Draw a straight-line XY nearly at the center of the sheet parallel to its
length. Mark points marked as O at suitable spacing on the line XY and
draw normal to the line XY at point O. Draw straight line PQ
corresponding to the incident rays that are drawn at the angles of
incidence ranging from 30 to 60 i.e. for angles 35,40,45,50,55 & 60
using a protractor.
3. Fill the liquid from open and of prism.
4. Fix two pins P and Q about 8 cm on the incident rayline and view its
image with one eye closed from the side of BC of the prism. Fix two
pins R and S on the paper such that the tips of these pins and the tips of
these images of the incident ray pins, all lie on the same straight line.
5. Join the points (i.e. pin pricks) S & R and produce it backwards to meet
the incident ray PQ produced. Thus RS is the emergent ray
corresponding to the incident ray PQ. Draw arrow heads to show the
direction of rays.
6. Measure the angle of deviation D with Protractor.
7. Repeat at steps (4 to 8) for different liquids having different values of
angle of incidence and measure the corresponding angles of deviation
D. Take at least three values (i) from 30
0
to 40
0
.
8. Now place the prism on separate sheet of paper or on the same sheet at a
suitable place and trace its triangular boundary with a sharp pencil.
Measure the angle A, of the triangle so traced with the help of protractor.
9. Record your observation in observation table.

Plotting of graph between i & D.

Plot a graph between angle i and D for various sets of values
recorded in the observation table.

Precautions

1. A sharp pencil should be used for drawing the boundary of the prism.
2. The separation between the pins should not be less than 8 cm.
3. The angle of incidence should lie between 30-45.
4. The same and prism should be used for all observations. So an ink
mark should be placed on it to distinguish it as a refracting angle A of
the prism.
5. The pins should have sharp tips and fixed vertically and the pin pricks
should be encircled immediately after they are removed.
6. Proper arrow should be drawn to indicate the incident, the refracted and
the emergent rays.
7. A smooth curve passing practically through all the plotted points
should be drawn.
OBSERVATIONS

1) FOR H
2
O:


Sl.No. ANGLE OF
INCIDENCE
ANGLE OF
DEVIATION
1. 35
o
25
o

2. 40
o
24
o

3. 45
o
23
o

4. 50
o
25
o

5. 55
o
26
o

1) FOR SPIRIT:

Sl.No. ANGLE OF
INCIDENCE
ANGLE OF
DEVIATION
1. 35
o
29
o

2. 40
o
26
o

3. 45
o
25
o

4. 50
o
27
o

5. 55
o
28
o


1) For Glycerin:

Sl.No. ANGLE OF
INCIDENCE
ANGLE OF
DEVIATION
1. 35
o
39
o

2. 40
o
38
o

3. 45
o
35
o

4. 50
o
40
o

5. 55
o
41
o

4. FOR BENZENE:


Sl.No. ANGLE OF
INCIDENCE
ANGLE OF
DEVIATION
1. 35
o
40
o

2. 40
o
39
o

3. 45
o
41
o

4. 50
o
42
o

5. 55
o
45
o




CALCULATIONS
Formula Applied:-

Sin (A+D
m
)

=

2

-----------------------

Sin (A/2)

1. Water

Sin (60+23

)

=

2
=
Sin(41.5)
----------------------- -------------------

Sin(60/2) Sin 30


= 0.6626 = 1.33
0.5



2. Spirit

Sin (60+25

)

=

2
=
Sin(42.5)
----------------------- -------------------

Sin(60/2) Sin 30

= 0.6756 = 1.35
0.5000


3. Glycerin

Sin (60+35

)
=
2
= Sin(47.5)
------------------------- -------------------

Sin(60/2) Sin 30

= 0.7372 = 1.47
---------
0.5


4. Benzene

Sin (60+39

)

=

2
=
Sin(49.5)
----------------------- -------------------

Sin(60/2) Sin 30

= 1.52

RESULT

(i) The angle of deviation D first decrease with the increase in the
angle op-of incidence, attains a minimum value and then increase with
further increase in angle of incidence.

(ii) The refractive index of :-

i. Water = 1.33
ii. Spirit = 1.35
iii. Glycerine = 1.47
iv Benzene = 1.52