.

Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011

1-1




U N D E R S T A N D I N G W A V E S

What is meant by a wavefront
An imaginary line that joins all the points on the crest of a wave.
State the direction of propagation of
waves in relation to wavefronts
The direction of propagation of a wave is perpendicular to its
wavefront.
What is transverse wave? A transverse wave is a wave in which particles of the medium
oscillate in the direction of the propagation of the waves.
Water waves and electromagnetic waves are examples of
this type of waves.
What is longitudinal wave?

A longitudinal wave is a wave which the particles of the medium
oscillate in the direction parallel to the direction in which the
wave moves
Sound waves is the example of this type of waves.

Fill in the blank with the correct answer given below

frequency period Hertz ( Hz) amplitude


1. The amplitude of an oscillation is the maximum displacement for one complete
oscillation .

2. The period of the oscillation is the time taken to complete one oscillation.

3. The frequency of the oscillation is the number of complete oscillation made in one
second. The SI unit is Hertz ( Hz)
Label the graph below and fill in the blank with correct answer.








4. In the displacement time graph as shown above, amplitude is represented by the symbol
of a and period is represented by the symbol of T



1.1
Displacement time graph
. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
1-2










5. In the displacement distance graph as shown above, amplitude is represented by the symbol of
a and wavelength is represented by the symbol of

6. Damping is occur when in an oscillating system when the system loses ( gain /
loses) energy to surrounding in the form of heat ( heat / chemical ) energy.

7. The force responsible for damping is called dissipative ( equilibrium / dissipative) forces.

8. In a simple pendulum, its natural frequency depending on its length ( length /
mass ).

9. When an oscillating systems driven at its natural frequency, the system is said to be at
reasonance ( damping / reasonance)

10. A wave travels with a speed of 3.0 x 10
8
ms
-1

(a) What is the frequency of the wave if its wave length is 1.0 m?
(b) Another wave is travelling with the same speed but has a frequency of 1.5 x 10
12
Hz.
What is the wavelength of the wave?
Solution.

(a) f = 3.0 x 10
8
(b) =v / f
1.0 = 3.0 x 10
8

1.5 x 10
12

= 3.0 x 10
8
Hz = 2.0 x 10
-4
m




Displacement distance graph

Wave speed , v = f

. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
1-3

S/c
m
2 4 6 l/cm
S/cm
t/s
2 4 6



11. The displacement time graphs and displacement distance graph describe the motion of a
particular wave. Determine the speed of the wave.
a) Displacement time graph (b) Displacement distance graph





solution :

v = f , f = 1 / T
from (a) : T = 4 s, from (b) : = 4 cm
f = 0.25 Hz

v = f
= 0.25 x 4
= 1 cm s
-1



12.




Based in the displacement-distance graph of a wave, find
(a) the amplitude (b) the wavelength of the wave
( ans : 5 cm) ( ans : 2 cm)


13. Calculate the frequency of the given wave below




f = 1/T
= 1 / 4
= 0.25 Hz.

Displacement/cm

Distance/cm

1 2
5
-5
3
. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
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Practise 1.1
1.



Diagram 1.11
Base on the diagram 1.11 above, which
distance represents the amplitude?

2. Diagram 1.12 shows how displacement
how varies with time.



Diagram 1.12
Which of the following is true?
Amplitude/ m Period / s Frequency / Hz
A 0 .1 0.50 2
B 0.2 0.50 1




4. The period of oscillations of a simple
pendulum increases when the
________________________ increases.
A length of the pendulum
B mass of the bob of the pendulum
C acceleration due to gravity

5. Diagram 1.14 shows a wavefront pattern
produces by a dipper vibrating at a frequency
of 12 Hz in a ripple tank.










Diagram 1.14

What is the speed of the waves?
A. 2 cms
-1
B. 8 cms
-1

C. 12 cms
-1
D. 18 cms
-1

E. 36 cms
-1

C 0.1 0.25 4
D 0.2 0.50 2


3. Diagram 1.13 shows the displacement-
time graph of an oscillating system






Diagram 1.13
The system which produces this graph is
having
A. a perpertual oscillation
B. a forced oscillation
C. a damped oscillation
D. a resonance




9. Diagram 1.15 shows the cross section of
water waves.
Diagram 1.15

Which of the following statements is true
about the water waves?
A. T and U have the same phase
B. Wave energy is transferred from position
S to U.
C. The wave length is the distance between S
and U
D. The particles at U oscillates in a direction
parallel to the direction of the wave
propagation

. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
1-5



10. The graphs show the cross-sections of
water waves. Which wave has the greatest
energy?

















11. Which graph represents a wave with
amplitude of 4.0 cm and period of 0.05 s



























11. Diagram 1.16 shows the displacement distance
graph. The frequency of the wave is 5.0 Hz.



What is the velocity of the wave?
A. 50 cms
-1
C. 100 cms
-1

B. 75 cms
-1
D. 150 cms
-1


11. Diagram 1.16 shows a silky spring being
moved left and right continuously.




Diagram 1.16
(a) Complete the sentence below by ticking
() the correct box.
The wave produced by the slinky spring
is a
Transverse wave

Longitudinal wave

b). On diagram 1.16. mark X on any of the
crest of the wave.

c) Complete the following sentence by
underlining the correct phase in the bracket.


d) What is transferred by the wave?

Energy


. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
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1.2 ANALYSING REFLECTION OF WAVES.

1. complete the diagram 1.21 below to show the reflected waves.








Diagram 1.21

2. Fill in the box with the correct answer.







3. Draw the correct pattern of reflected water waves.
wavefronts
(a)
reflector



wavefronts
(b)
reflector


Incidence ray
Reflected ray
i = incidence angle
r = reflected angle
1.2
. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
1-7


(c)






(c) Compare the following quantities before and after reflection.

(i) velocity: ____remain the same__________

(ii) frequency:_ ____remain the same__________

(iii) wavelength: ____remain the same__________

(iv) direction:_____ changes after undergoing reflection.

d) In reflection , the angle of reflection is always equal to angle of reflection
























Incident light ray
Reflected light ray
. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
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Practice 1.2

1. Which of the following characteristic of waves changes when the wave are reflected?
A. Direction of propagation
B. Wavelength
C. Frequency
D. Speed

2. What happens to the wave length and the magnitude of the velocity of water waves when it is
reflected?






3. Diagram 1.22 shows a sound wave reflected from a concrete wall.









Which statement is correct about the reflected and incident waves?
A. The speed of the reflected waves is the same as the speed of the incident waves.
B. The wavelength of the reflected waves is shorter than that of the incident waves.
C. The frequency of the reflected waves is lower than that of the incident waves.
D. The directions of the reflected waves are always at right angles to the incident waves.

4. Echo is a phenomenon caused by
A the refraction of sound waves
B the reflection of sound waves
C the diffraction of sound waves
D the polarization of sound waves

5 Diagram 1.23 shows the wavefront of a plane wave wave incident on a plane reflector.
Which comparison is correct about the reflected sound wave and the incident sound wave?







A. The wavelength of the incident wave is shorter than the reflected wave.
B. The speed of the incident wave and the reflected wave is the same.
C. The frequency of the incident wave is less than the reflected wave.
D. The angle of incident wave is greater than the angle of reflection of the reflected wave.
Wavelength Magnitude of velocity
A. Unchanged Unchanged
B. Increases Decreases
C. Decreases Increases
D. Increases unchanged
Diagram 1.23





Diagram 1.22









. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
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6. Diagram 1.24 show the apparatus is used to investigate the reflection of sound waves. At
what position of the cardboard tube is adjusted until a loud ticking sound of the stop watch is
heard?









7. Diagram 1.25 and Diagram 1.26 show the water and sound waves propagating towards a
reflector.


























ii) With reference to Diagram 1.25 and Diagram 1.26 , compare the incident and reflected angle,
wavelength, frequency, speed and direction of propagation of the reflected
Incident angle in diagram 1.25 and 1.26 is equal to reflected angle, the wavelength in diagram 1.25
and diagram 1.26 remain the same, frequency of diagram 1.25 and 1.26 remain the same, speed of
diagram 1.25 and 1.26 remain the same and direction of propagation of direction of propagation of
diagram 1.25 and diagram 1.26 is changing.


Norm
al Ll
Direction of
reflected
waves
wave
Reflect
edwave
front
Incident
wavefro
nts
Diagram 1.25









i
r
E
ar
Stop
watch
Card
board
tube


Har
d
surf
ace
Diagram 1.26








Diagram 1.24









. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
1-10


Analysing refraction of waves.

Describe
refraction of
waves in terms
of the angle of
incidence, angle
of refraction,
wavelength,
frequency, speed
and direction of
propagation
1. Waves can be refracted as they move from one medium ( volume /
medium) to another.

2. When water waves travel from one area to another area of different depth, their
speed changes ( remain / changes ) and the frequency remain (remain /
changes) .

3. The wavelength of waves in deep area is longer ( shorter / longer ) than that in
the shallow area.

4. When waves travel from a denser medium to less dense medium , they refracted
towards (away / towards) to normal.

Diagram 1.30
5. Diagram 1.30 shows the incident ray is refracted ... towards ( away / towards ) to
normal.
Draw a diagram
to show
refraction of
wave
Complete the diagrams below.


1.3
. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
1-11

Why is the wave
bend according
to the shape of
the shoreline
when they are
approaching the
beach?



Diagram 1.31: the shape of shoreline when they are approaching the beach
uniform speed depth of the sea parallel shallower
reduce refraction refracted wavefront
towards

In the centre of the ocean, the water wave travel at uniform
speed as the depth of the sea water is uniform. Hence the wavefront are straight and
parallel to each other.
When the waves reach the coast, the water is shallower . Wave speed is reduce
and refraction occurs. The wavefront are refracted and become closer to
each other.
Refraction causes the wavefront to be bent towards the normal and this results
the wavefront following the shape of the coastline.




Figure 1.32 Figure 1.33

Why sound can be heard over a longer distance on a cold night compared
with a hot day as illustrated in diagram 1.32 and 1.33


Sound wave travel faster in warm air ( warm air / cool air) than in cool air ( warm air / cool air). On
hot day, the hot surface of the earth causes layer of air ( layer of air/ layer of density) near the
surface to be warmer ( colder / warmer). This causes sound waves ( light waves / sound waves)
to be refracted away ( away / closer) from the earth. During night time, the sound waves travel
slower ( slower / faster ) in the cooler layer of air near ( near / upper ) the surface of the earth than
in the upper ( near / upper ) warmer air. As a result , the wave are refracted (refracted / reflected)
towards the earth. This explain why sound can be heard over a longer distance on a cold night
compared with a hot day.



. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
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Practice 1.3

1. Diagram 1.34 shows water waves
propagating through a Perspex block in a
ripple tank.

Diagram 1.4
Which wave pattern is observed when the
waves pass through the perspex bloc.

2. Diagram 1.35 shows water waves
propagating in an area of different depths.


Diagram 1.35
Which of the following diagrams shows the
propagation of the waves correctly?





3. When water waves pass from deep water into
shallow water, how do the speed,
wavelength and frequency change?

Speed Wavelength Frequency
A Increases Decreases No change
B Decreases Increases Decreases
C Increases Increases No change
D Decreases Decreases No change

4. An observer cannot see the coin in an empty
glass as shown in figure (a). However he can
see the coin when the glass is filled with
water as shown in figure (b)
Figure (a) Figure (b)

The observer can see the coin in Figure (b) due to





A the total internal reflection of light
B the refraction of light
C the reflection of light
D the diffraction of light

4. A tilted basin contains water. Water is
dripped at a constant rate into the basin as
shown in the diagram below.



Which pattern of the wavefronts will be
observed in the basin?


. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
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5. A ray of light passes from water to air.
Which labeled arrow shows the direction of
the ray in air?







6. Diagram 1.36 shows the side view of two
ripple tanks. When the motors are switched
on, water waves with the same frequency are
produced,
Diagram 1.36
Diagram 1.37 shows the waves formed on
the screens.
Diagram 1.37
a) What is the meaning of frequency?
Number of complete oscillations in one
second
b) Observe diagram 1.36 and diagram 1.37.
(i) compare the depths of the water in region X
and region Y.
The depth of region X is greater than in
region Y.
(ii) Compare the wavelength of the waves in
region X and region Y.
Wavelength of the waves in region X is
longer than region Y.
(iii) Relate the depth of water to the wave length
of the waves.
The deeper the water, the longer the
wavelength.
(iv) Name the wave phenomenon involved.
Refraction.
c) Explain why the wave front of the sea will
follow the shape of the shore when it
approaches the shore.
In the ocean, wavefronts are straight and
parallel as the wave speed is uniform.
When a wave moves towards the shore, the
depth of the sea water decreases, the
velocity of the water decreases.
Refraction occur and the sea water
refracted towards the normal. This causes
the wavefront follow the shape of the
shore.
7. Diagram 1.38 (a) shows the wave formed
without a flat piece of plastic and diagram
1.38 (b) shoes the wave with a flat piece of
plastic.


Diagram 1.38(a) Diagram 1.38(b)
a) Observe the diagram and state the difference
between diagram (a) and diagram (b).
The wavelength of diagram1.38 (a) is
uniform while wavelength in diagram
1.38(b) is shorter when passes through the
plastic .

b) Using your answer, state the relationship
between depth and wavelength
The deeper the .water, the longer the
wavelength
c) Name the wave phenomenon involve
Refraction .


. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
1-14


ANALYSING DIFFRACTION OF WAVES.

Describe
diffraction of
waves in terms
of wavelength,
frequency,
speed, direction
of propagation
and shape of
waves
1. Diffraction is the spreading out of waves when they move through a gap or
around an obstacle.

2. The narrower the gap, the more the wave spread out.

3. When the width of the gap is approximately the size of the wave length of the waves,
the diffracted waves spread out more.

4. When the gap is much wider than the wavelength of the wave, the diffraction is little.

5. After diffraction, the frequency remain unchange, the wavelength remain
unchange, and the speed remain unchange,

6. The direction of propagation of the diffracted waves changes.
Draw a diagram
to show
diffraction of
waves
Complete the diagrams below.

















1.4
. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
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Practice 1.4
1. Which of the following figure is true to
show the diffraction of a water wave?







2. Diagram 1.40 shows the bright and dark
bands of the wave patterns formed on the
screen when plane waves pass through
narrow and wide gaps.


Diagram 1.40

a) Observe Figure 1.40 compare the waves
pattern and the wavelength of the waves
after they pass through the gaps.

The wave pattern after passing
through the gaps for narrow gap
formed circular waves and for wide
gap formed plane wave
The wavelength after pass through the
gap remain the same for narrow and
wide gap.
b) Relate the size of the gaps, the waves
patterns and the wavelengths to deduce a
relevant physics concept.

Narrow gap produced circular wave
while wider gap produced plane wave
and the wavelength remain the same.



3. Diagram 1.42 shows waves moving
towards a harbour.








Diagram 1.42

a) (i) What is the meaning of diffraction?
The spreading or bending of waves
around an obstacle or small opening.

(ii) Draw the wave pattern of the waves
after passing through the entrance of the
harbour.







b) The entrance is made wider to allow
more ships to enter harbour. What is
the effect on
(i) The wave passing through the
entrance?
Less diffraction / spreading

(ii) The harbour?
More damage to the harbour







. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
1-16


ANALYSING INTERFERENCE OF WAVES
State the
principle of
superposition.
The principle of superposition state when two waves overlap, the resultant
displacement is equal to the sum of the displacements of the individual wave.


complete the diagram below.


















Constructive interference occur when a wave peak meets a wave peak.








Destructive interference. occur when a wave peak meets a wave trough.


.










1.5
2a

. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
1-17



Complete the diagram 1.51 below with the information given.







Diagram 1.51
a. Label P at a point of constructive interference.
b. Label Q at a point of destructive interference.
c. Draw the antinodal line and label it as R.
d. Draw the nodal line and label it as S.

5. In constructive interference, the resultant wave is at maximum amplitude.

6. In destructive interference, the resultant wave is at minimun amplitude.

7. An antinodes line is a line joining all the points where constructive interference takes place.
8. An nodes line is a line joining all the points where destructive interference takes place.








Diagram 1.52 Diagram 1.53



Node line

Node line
Node
line
Node
line
P
R
Q
S
. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
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Question 9,10 and 11 based on diagram 1.52 and diagram 1.53.
9. The distance between consecutive antinodal lines ; x , in diagram 1.52 is shorter compare to
diagram 1.53
10. The distance of between two coherent source; a, in diagram 1.52 is longer compare to
diagram 1.53.
11. When the x is shorter ( longer / shorter ) , the a is longer ( longer/ shorter.
12. The light interference experiment is also known as Youngs double slit experiment. .
13. Diagram 1.54 show the interference pattern of a light wave.




Diagram 1.54
Bright fringes in diagram 1.54 correspond to constructive interference

Dark fringes in diagram 1.54 correspond to destructive interference

14. In the experiment set-up for the interference of sound wave, two loud speaker are connected to
the common audio signal generator to produce coherent source

15. Diagram 1.55 show two loud speakers placed apart from each other. A person hears alternating
loud and soft sounds as he walks along XY.








Diagram 1.55
The alternating loud and soft sounds is caused by interference of the sound waves, wher the loud
sound corresponds to the constructive interference and the soft sound corresponds to the
destructive interference

Interference pattern
. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
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= ax
D

= wavelength,
a = distance between two coherent source
x = distance between two consercutive nodes ( or antinodes)
D = perpendicular distance from the source and the position where x is measured.

Worked example.

In a Youngs double-slit experiment, a light of wavelength 633 nm passes through two slits which are
0.5 mm apart. Vertical fringes are observed on a screen placed 4 m from the slits.

a) Calculate the distance between two adjacent bright fringes.

Solution;
Answer : 5.1 mm








Two loudspeakers placed 2 m apart are connected to an audio signal generator that
is adjusted to produce sound wave of frequency 550 Hz. The figure shows the detection of loud and
soft sound as a person moves along a line, 4.0 m from the loud speakers.










Calculate the :
(a) Wavelength ( ans : 0.6 m) information :
(b) Speed ( ans : 330 m s
-1
) a = 2 m, D = 4.0 m,
of the sound wave. x = 4.8 / 4 = 1.2 m
f = 550 Hz
Solution :
(a) = ax /D b) v = f ,
= 2 x 1.2 = 550 x 0.6
= 0.6 m = 330 m s
-1










Loud sound
Soft sound
2.0 m

4.0 m

4.8 m

. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
1-20



1. Diagram 1.56 shows the interference pattern
for water waves from two coherent source,
S
1
and S
2
.



Diagram 1.56
Which of the following shows the
superposition of the waves at point Y?










2. In which diagram will destructive
interference occur when the wave meet?












3. Diagram 1.57 shows two coherent wave
propagate towards each other.




Diagram 1.57
Which diagram is correct when both waves
meet?









4. Diagram1.54 shows two loudspeakers
connected to an audio generator. Students
are standing at position where loud sounds
can be heard.

Diagram 1.54

(a) What type of wave is the sound waves?
Longitudinal wave

(b) Why are loud sounds heard by the students at
that positions?
Constructive interference takes place

(c) The distance between the two loudspeakers is
1.5 m. At 10.0 m from the loudspeakers, the
distance between two adjacent rows of student
is 4.0 m.
Calculate the wavelength of this sound wave.
= ax /D
= 1.5 x 4 = 0.6 m
10
A
C
. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
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5. Diagram 1.43 shows another modification to
the harbour to overcome the heavy sea
traffic problem. The wave pattern produced
at the entrances is shown in diagram 1.43




Diagram 1.43


(i) The wave pattern formed is caused by the
superposition of waves from two coherent
sources. What is the meaning of coherent
sources?
Source that produded wave of the same
freqyency and that in the same phase


(ii) Describe a movement of two similar ship
that are located at A and B.
Explain your answer

Ship at location A moves up and down
with high amplitude
Constructive interference occurs at A.
The ship at B remain calm.
Destructive interference occurs at B.


6. Diagram 1.43 shows the arrangement of
apparatus for Youngs double slit. A white
light source is passed through a coloured
filter to produce a monochromatic light.
Diagram 1.44 shows the pattern of the
fringe formed on the screen when a red
filter is used
The experiment is repeated by using a blue
filter and the fringes formed are shown in
diagram 1.45






.



White light
source
Single slit
Coloured
filter
White
screen
Double slit

Diagram 1.43
Diagram 1.45
Diagram 1.44
a) What is meant by monochromatic light?
Light with only one colour

b) Using the pattern of the fringes in figure
1.44 and 1.45, state two observation about
the distance between consecutive fringes
for the red light and blue light.
The distance between two consecutive
fringes for the same light is equal.
The distance between two consecutive
fringes for red light is longet than blue light.
c) Compare the wavelengths of red light to
blue light
The wavelengths of red light is longer
compare to blue light.

d) Compare the wavelengths of red light and
blue light with the distances between
consecutive fringes in (b)
The greater the wavelengths the greater the
distance between consecutive fringes.

. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
1-22



ANALYSING SOUND WAVES


Describe sound
waves
Sound waves are produced by vibration.
Sound waves are .longitudinal waves. ( tranverse wave s/ longitudinal waves).
Sound cannot be transmitted through a vacuum..

Loudness of a sound is dependent on its amplitude
The louder the sound, the bigger the amplitude

The pitch of a sound heard depends on the frequency
The higher the pitch of the sound, the higher the frequency.

1. Sound with frequency lower than 20 Hz is called infrasound

2. Sound with frequency higher than 20 000 Hz is called ultrasound.

3. Depth of the sea can be determine by using ultrasonic wave . The wave is sent by
from the boat to the seabed. are detected by hydrophone next to
the transmitter. The time is measured and the depth will be calculated.

Depth of sea , d = v x

Worked example
In an expedition to determine the depth of a freshwater lake using an ultrasonic ruler, a pulse of
ultrasonic sound is generated and travels to the bottom of the lake and reflected by it. The time taken
by the pulse to travel to the bottom of the lake and return to the ruler is 0.35 s. If the speed of sound
in the freshwater is 1482 ms
-1
, calculate the depth of the lake.

Information : v = 1482 ms
-1
, t = 0.35 s


d = v x

= 1482 x (0.35/2)
= 259.35 m








1.6
. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
1-23



1. A thin guitar string is strummed hard. It will
produce a loud and high pitch sound.
The most suitable graph to represent the
above situation is
4











2. Diagram 1.63 shows a submarine
transmitting ultrasonic waves directed at a
big rock on the sea bed. After 10 seconds, the
subimarine detects the reflected wave.







Diagram 1.63
Calculate the distance of the submarine from
the big rock.
[ velocity of ultrasonic wave = 1 560 ms
-1
]
A. 3.9 km D. 31.2 km
B. 7.8 km E. 156.6 km
C. 15.6 km
3. A radar transmits a signal towards an
aeroplane. The velocity if the signal is
3.0 x 10
8
ms
-1
. After 4.0 x 10
-3
s, the radar
detects the reflected signal. What is the
distance of the aeroplane from the radar?
A. 2.4 x 10
6
m C. 6.0 x 10
5
m
B. 1.2 x 10
6
m D. 1.5 x 10
5
m

3. Diagram 1.64 shows a stretched steel wire
which produces a loud sound when the wire
is plucked.




Diagram 1.64
A loud sound means
A. a high speed C. a high frequency
B. a large amplitude D. a large wavelength

4. Which of the following corresponds to the
highest pitch of sound?



















5. Two notes are played on a guitar. The second
is louder and has a higher pitch. The second
note is

A higher in amplitude and lower in frequency
B higher in both amplitude in frequency
C lower in amplitude and higher in frequency
D lower in both amplitude and frequency



. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
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6. Diagram 1.65 shows an ultrasonic waves
transmitted from a boat to the seabed to
determine the depth, D, of the sea. The speed
of the ultrasonic waves in water is 1 500 ms
-1
.
The echo of the waves is received 2.0 s after
the transmission.


Diagram 1.65

What is the value of D?
A. 375 m D. 3 000 m
B. 750 m E. 6 000 m
C. 1 500 m

7. Diagram 1.65 shows an audio frequency
generator connected to a speaker and placed
near the corner of a wall. Three students, A,B
and C are standing around the next corner.
The generator and speaker can produce sound
with the same speed but different pitch.
. Diagram 1.65

a) State the physical quantity that affects the
pitch of the sound.
Frequency

(a) When a high pitch sound is generated, only
student C can hear the sound clearly. When
a low pitch sound is generated, all the three
students can hear the sound clearly. Explain
this situation.
High pitch sound has high frequency and
short wavelength.
Frequency inversely proportional to
wavelength.
Sound is not diffracted to student A and
B.
Low pitch sound has low frequency and
longer wavelength.
The sound will diffracted better by the
corner and all student can hear the sound
clearly.

(b) The depth of a sea is 90 m. A ship transmits
an ultrasonic wave of frequency 50 kHz to
the seabed and receives an echo 0.12 s later.
Calculate:
i) The speed of the ultrasonic wave in the
water.
d = v x

90 = v x (0.12/2)
V = 1500 ms
-1

(ii) The wavelength of the ultrasonic wave in
the water.
v = f
= v / f
= 1.5x 10
3

5 x 10
4

= 3 x 10
-2
m

8. Diagram 1.66 shows an airport radar
transmitting microwave signals. Microwave
are transmitted to determine the position of
aeroplane.


Diagram 1.66
a) Microwave are a type of electromagnetic
wave.
. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
1-25

b) The radar transmits a signal at a velocity of
3.0 x 10
8
ms
-1
towards the aeroplane P and
detects the reflected signal 4.0 x 10
-4
s later.
Calculate the distance of P from the radar
transmitter at that time.

d = vt
2
d = 3.0 x 10
8
(4.0 x 10
-4
)
2
= 60 000 m

c) The radar detects the same signal after
reflection by another aeroplane Q. The
signal from Q arrives later than the signal
from P.

(i) Compare the distance of P and Q from
the radar.
The distance of Q is further from radar
compare to P.

(ii) State how the difference of the distance of
P and Q from the radar is determine any
time.
Determine the shortest distance from P to
radar and from Q to radar.

9. The diagram below shows a fishing boat is
detecting a shoal of fish by using a sonar
system which has a high frequency sound
wave.




.

(a) State the sound wave phenomenon
for detecting the shoal of fish.

Reflection .

(b) Explain why sonar used a high frequency
sound wave.

Ultrasonic waves can transfer more energy
(c) If the time to detect the shoal of fish is 1/15
seconds, calculate the distance of the fishes
from the boat if the speed of the sound waves
in water is 1500 ms
-1
.

d = vt
2
= 1 500 x (1/15)
2
= 50 m

(d) Explain why does the speed of sound
in water is greater than the speed of
sound in air? [2 m]
because water is denser than air. The
molecules are closer in water and it will
travel faster.

(e) Name one application of sonar.

ultra sound.
















. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
1-26



ANALYSING ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES.
Describe the
electromagnetic
spectrum.
Electromagnetic spectrum consists of a group of waves with similar and arranged in
increasing frequencies and decreasing wavelengths.
list sources of
electromagnetic
waves
Radio waves : radio and television transmitter
Microwaves : radar transmitter and microwaves oven.
Infrared rays : sun
Visible light : sun, LED, electric bulbs..
Ultraviolet rays : sun, sparks, mercury lamps.....
X-rays : x-ray tubes
Gamma rays : radioactive substance, cosmic rays.
describe the
properties of
electromagnetic
waves


Fill in the box / blank with the correct answer.
Long waves short waves micro waves infra red Ultra violet X rays gamma rays

t
1.




1. Electromagnetic spectrum consist of a group of waves with similar natures.
3. It is arranged in increasing frequencies and decreasing wavelengths .
4. Radio wave have the longest ( longest / shortest ) wavelength and low ( low / high)
frequency waves.
5. Gamma rays have the shortest ( longest / shortest) wavelength and high ( low / high)
frequency waves.
6. Electromagnetic waves consist of combination of oscillating ( interaction / oscillating)
electric and magnetic ( force / magnetic) field perpendicular
7. Electromagnetic wave is a transverse ( transverse / longitudinal ) wave.

1.7
Long waves
gamma
rays
X
rays
short waves
Ultra violet
infrared
micro waves
. Physics Module Form 5 chapter 1 : Waves GCKL 2011
1-27



8. INFRARED RAY MICROWAVES RADIO WAVES VISIBLE LIGHT

ULTRAVIOLET RAYS X-RAY S GAMMA RAY

Longest wavelength ( 10
6
10
-1
m)
Used for broadcasting and communication RADIO WAVES
Carries along wit it audio, video and other
encoded information.


Have shorter wavelength . ( 10
-1
10
-3
m)
Suitable for satellite- based communication systems,
mobile phone networks
Military uses it for spying and surveillance. MICROWAVES



The range of wavelength is between 10
-3
10
-6
m.
Ordinary ovens,grills and toaster use this wave to
cook food.
Can transmit information through the air to operate
televisions and video recorders by remote control.
Also used in night vision devices. INFRARED RAY


Easily detected by human and animal eyes.
Used in photography and can be transmitted through VISIBLE LIGHT
optical fibre

The range of wavelength is between 10
-6
10
-9
m.
Can cause skin to tan and may result in skin cancer.
Can kill living cells,bacteria and germs. ULTRAVIOLET RAYS

The range of wavelength is between 10
-8
10
-12
m.
Widely used in the medical field.
Used to inspect metal castings and welded joints for hidden X-RAY S
faults.

Shortest wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum.
Used in radiotheraphy to treat cancer
Used sterillisation process GAMMA RAY

Physics Module Form 5 GCKL 2010

28

1. Which of the following statements is true
about electromagnetic waves?
A. They are longitudinal waves.
B. They are waves that require a medium to
travel.
C. The velocity of the waves is influenced by
the wavelength
D. They consist of both magnetic field and
electric field.

2. What is the correct relationship between the
wave length of an electromagnetic radiation
and the energy it carries.

Wave length Energy carried
A. Short High
B. Short Low
C. Long High
D. Long Low
3. Diagram 1.7 shows an electromagnet
spectrum.

Diagram 1.7
The waves at P,Q,R and S are
A B C D
P
Ultraviolet X ray Microwave X ray
Q
X ray Ultraviolet Infrared Microwave
R
Microwave Infrared Ultraviolet x-ray
S
infrared Microwave X ray microwave

4. At an airport, a passengers bag is placed in
the baggage scanner.











The content in the bag are examined by using
A. X-ray C. Ultraviolet ray
B. Gamma rays D. Infrared rays


5. Which is the correct arrangement of
electromagnetic waves in order of increasing
frequency?
A. Infrared rays, Microwaves, Gamma rays,
Ultraviolet rays.
B. Gamma rays,, Ultraviolet rays, Infrared
rays, Microwaves.
C. Microwaves, Infrared rays, Ultraviolet
rays, Gamma rays.
D. Ultraviolet rays, Gamma rays,
Microwaves, Infrared rays.


6. Figure 1.8 (a) shows the x-rays film of a
patient. Figure 1.8 (b) shows the microwave
from the satellite used in communication.




Figure 1.8 (a) Figure 1.8
a) Observe the figures and state two similarities
between the waves.
Both are transverse waves/They transfer
energy from one place to another/
They can travel through vacuum with the
speed of light.

Physics Module Form 5 GCKL 2010

29

b) Which group does these two waves belong to?
Electromagnetic waves

c) Name one other wave that has the same
properties.
Radio waves / gamma rays / ultra violet /
visible light / infra red

d) Microwaves travel at a speed of 3.0 x 10
8
ms
-1
in a
vacuum and have a frequency of 15 x 10
10
Hz.

i) Calculate the wavelength of these
microwaves.
= v/f
=3.0 x 10
8
ms
-1

15 x 10
10
Hz.
= 2.0 x 10
-3
m.