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Resistive Load
Resistive Load
Power supplied is totally transformed into useful Power supplied is totally transformed into useful
work work
Current = Active Current (I Current = Active Current (I
A A
) )
Reactive Load
Reactive Load
Power supplied is Power supplied is NOT NOT transformed into useful transformed into useful
work work
Inductive load and capacitive load Inductive load and capacitive load
Current = Reactive Current (I Current = Reactive Current (I
R R
) )
V
V
-
-
I Vector Diagrams
I Vector Diagrams
Power
Power
Resistive Load
Resistive Load
Power
Power
Inductive Load
Inductive Load
Inductive + Resistive
Inductive + Resistive
Power
Power
Power
Power
Active Power (P)
Power actually consumed by the load
P = V I
A
(kW)
Reactive Power (Q)
Necessary power but not transformable in useful energy
Q = V I
R
(kVAR)
Apparent Power (S)
Total power that flows toward the load
S = V I (kVA)
Power Factor (PF)
Power Factor (PF)
What is PFR?
What is PFR?
A device to monitor and maintain the
A device to monitor and maintain the
required power factor of an electrical
required power factor of an electrical
network.
network.
6 switching outputs
6 switching outputs
Model PFR80
Model PFR80
8 switching outputs
8 switching outputs
Model PFR120
Model PFR120
12 switching outputs
12 switching outputs
Model PFR140
Model PFR140
14 switching outputs
14 switching outputs
Power Factor Measurement:
Power Factor Measurement:
DPF or PF?
DPF or PF?
Capacitor
Capacitor
banks
banks
are only designed to
are only designed to
compensate
compensate
the
the
reactive power
reactive power
of the
of the
fundamental frequency component.
fundamental frequency component.
Capacitor
Capacitor
banks are not designed to
banks are not designed to
correct total power factor where harmonic
correct total power factor where harmonic
currents are included.
currents are included.
DPF
DPF
measurement method is
measurement method is
more
more
suitable for power factor regulat
suitable for power factor regulat
or.
or.
How to measure DPF
How to measure DPF
Numerical
Numerical
m
m
ethod
ethod
The phase angle is computed using
The phase angle is computed using
mathematical method
mathematical method
through the regularly
through the regularly
sampled voltage and current waveforms.
sampled voltage and current waveforms.
DPF Measurement (1)
DPF Measurement (1)
DPF Measurement (2)
DPF Measurement (2)
Features of Mikro's PFR
Features of Mikro's PFR
Causes
Causes
Non
Non
-
-
linear loads draw non
linear loads draw non
-
-
sinusoidal
sinusoidal
currents.
currents.
e.g. Adjustable
e.g. Adjustable
-
-
speed motor drive &
speed motor drive &
energy saving lighting.
energy saving lighting.
Effects
Effects
Overheating and dielectric breakdown of
Overheating and dielectric breakdown of
capacitors.
capacitors.
Excessive current caused by resonance
Excessive current caused by resonance
Increase losses.
Increase losses.
Features of Mikro's PFR (2)
Features of Mikro's PFR (2)
Alarm functions
Alarm functions
Under/over voltage alarm.
Under/over voltage alarm.
Under/over load current alarm.
Under/over load current alarm.
Under/over compensate alarm.
Under/over compensate alarm.
THD alarm.
THD alarm.
Light indicator for alarm.
Light indicator for alarm.
Programmable last output
Programmable last output
step
step
as alarm
as alarm
output contact.
output contact.
Features of Mikro's PFR (6)
Features of Mikro's PFR (6)
Automatic
Automatic
current transformer (
current transformer (
CT
CT
)
)
polarity
polarity
Automatic correction of CT polarity when
Automatic correction of CT polarity when
reversed.
reversed.
Programmable re
Programmable re
-
-
connection time
connection time
Safety lockout time to prevent re
Safety lockout time to prevent re
-
-
connection
connection
of the same capacitor step before it is fully
of the same capacitor step before it is fully
discharged
discharged
Programming lock
Programming lock
To prevent inadvertent changes to the user
To prevent inadvertent changes to the user
programmed parameters.
programmed parameters.