Chemistry Review

Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. What are the building blocks of all matter?
a. forces c. magnetic fields
b. atoms d. kinetic and potential energy
____ 2. Which of the following conversion factors would you use to change 18 kilometers to meters?
a. 1000 m1 km c. 100 m1 km
b. 1 km1000 m d. 1 km100 m
____ !. What are " centimeters e#ual to?
a. "00 meters c. "0 millimeters
b.
of a millimeter
d. "00 millimeters
____ $. % substance that is made up of only one kind of atom is a&an'
a. compound. c. element.
b. homogeneous mi(ture. d. solution.
____ ). What is the symbol for aluminum?
a. %* c. %u
b. %l d. %
____ ". +he symbol for gold is
a. %u. c. ,l.
b. %l. d. ,o.
____ -. .f a material contains three elements /oined in a fi(ed proportion0 it is a&an'
a. mi(ture. c. atom.
b. solution. d. compound.
____ 8. Water is a compound because it
a. can be broken down into simpler substances.
b. always has two hydrogen atoms for each o(ygen atom.
c. is made of water atoms /oined together.
d. both a and b
____ 1. Which of the following is malleable?
a. glass c. ice
b. pottery d. gold
____ 10. Which of the following has the highest viscosity?
a. corn syrup c. water
b. milk d. orange /uice
____ 11. % substance has a melting point of 023 and a boiling point of 10023. +he substance is most likely
a. water. c. gold.
b. hydrogen. d. table salt.
____ 12. When a physical change in a sample occurs0 which of the following does 45+ change?
a. shape c. volume
b. temperature d. composition
____ 1!. % substance that has high reactivity
a. easily combines chemically with other substances.
b. burns in the presence of water.
c. displaces dissolved o(ygen.
d. has a high boiling point.
____ 1$. Which of the following is 45+ a clue that a chemical change has occurred?
a. change in color c. formation of a precipitate
b. production of a gas d. change in shape
____ 1). Which of the following is a chemical change?
a. ice melting
b. ice being carved
c. water boiling
d. water breaking down into hydrogen and o(ygen
____ 1". +he ,reek philosopher 6emocritus coined what word for a tiny piece of matter that cannot be divided?
a. element c. electron
b. atom d. molecule
____ 1-. .f 2 grams of element 7 combine with $ grams of element 8 to form compound 780 how many grams of element 8
would combine with 1$ grams of 7 to form the same compound?
a. - grams c. 21 grams
b. 1$ grams d. 28 grams
____ 18. Which of the following is 45+ part of 9ohn 6alton:s atomic theory?
a. %ll elements are composed of atoms.
b. %ll atoms of the same element have the same mass.
c. %toms contain subatomic particles.
d. % compound contains atoms of more than one element.
____ 11. 9. 9. +homson:s e(periments provided evidence that an atom
a. is the smallest particle of matter.
b. contains negatively charged particles.
c. has a negative charge.
d. has a positive charge.
Figure 4-1
____ 20. +he diagram in ;igure $<1 shows the results of =utherford:s gold foil e(periment. What caused some of the alpha
particles to bounce straight back from the gold foil?
a. electrons in the gold atoms c. other alpha particles
b. negative charges in the gold atoms d. nuclei in the gold atoms
____ 21. Who provided evidence for the e(istence of a nucleus in an atom?
a. 9ohn 6alton c. 6emocritus
b. 9. 9. +homson d. >rnest =utherford
____ 22. Which subatomic particle has a negative charge?
a. electron c. neutron
b. alpha particle d. proton
____ 2!. Which of the following is uni#ue for any given element?
a. the number of neutrons c. the number of protons
b. the charge on the electrons d. the mass of a neutron
____ 2$. +he number of protons in one atom of an element is that element:s
a. mass number. c. atomic number.
b. balanced charge. d. isotope.
____ 2). What can you assume has happened if an electron moves to a higher energy level?
a. +he atom has become more stable. c. +he electron has gained energy.
b. +he electron has lost energy. d. +he atom has lost an electron.
____ 2". ?endeleev arranged the known chemical elements in a table according to increasing
a. atomic number. c. number of protons.
b. number of electrons. d. mass.
____ 2-. .n a periodic table0 a set of properties repeats from
a. element to element. c. column to column.
b. group to group. d. row to row.
Figure 5-1
____ 28. ;igure )<1 shows a portion of a blank periodic table. .dentify the segments labeled % and @.
a. % and @ are both periods. c. % and @ are both groups.
b. % is a period and @ is a group. d. % is a group and @ is a period.
____ 21. ?oving from left to right across a row of the periodic table0 which of the following values increases by e(actly one
from element to element?
a. isotope number c. atomic mass unit
b. atomic number d. mass number
____ !0. +he atomic mass of an element is
a. the sum of the protons and neutrons in one atom of the element.
b. twice the number of protons in one atom of the element.
c. a ratio based on the mass of a carbon<12 atom.
d. a weighted average of the masses of an element:s isotopes.
____ !1. +he unit for atomic mass is
a. gram c. pound
b. amu d. none of the above
____ !2. ,roup -% of the periodic table contains the
a. most reactive nonmetals. c. least reactive nonmetals.
b. most reactive metals. d. least reactive metals.
____ !!. 3ompared with ,roup 2% elements0 ,roup "% elements have
a. more atoms in the ground state. c. more isotopes.
b. more valence electrons. d. fewer valence electrons.
____ !$. +he tendency of an element to react is closely related to
a. its atomic mass.
b. attractions between its atoms.
c. the number of valence electrons in atoms of the element.
d. the ratio of protons to neutrons in atoms of the element.
____ !). Which halogen is most likely to react?
a. @r &bromine' c. . &iodine'
b. ; &fluorine' d. 3l &chlorine'
____ !". +o keep them from reacting0 some highly reactive elements are stored in
a. water. c. li#uid mercury.
b. pure o(ygen. d. argon.
____ !-. +ypically0 atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve
a. an e(change of energy.
b. ioniAation.
c. a stable electron configuration.
d. vaporiAation.
____ !8. .n an electron dot diagram0 the symbol for an element is used to represent
a. the nucleus.
b. the nucleus and all electrons.
c. the nucleus and valence electrons.
d. the nucleus and all non<valence electrons.
____ !1. .oniAation energies tend to
a. decrease from left to right across a period.
b. increase from the top of a group to the bottom.
c. increase from left to right across a period.
d. decrease from the bottom of a group to the top.
____ $0. +he formation of an ionic bond involves the
a. transfer of electrons. c. transfer of protons.
b. transfer of neutrons. d. sharing of electrons.
____ $1. Which of the following formulas represents a compound whose molecules contain a triple bond?
a. 4 4 c. 5!
b. 5= 5= d. B5!
____ $2. .n the name carbon dioxide, the prefi( of the second word indicates that a molecule of carbon dio(ide contains
a. two carbon atoms. c. a polyatomic ion.
b. two o(ygen atoms. d. an ionic bond.
____ $!. +he substances that undergo change in a chemical reaction are called
a. reactants. c. coefficients.
b. products. d. elements.
____ $$. Which of the following is a chemical e#uation that accurately represents what happens when sulfur and o(ygen react
to form sulfur trio(ide?
a. Bulfur and o(ygen react to form sulfur trio(ide.
b. B and 52 produce B5!.
c. B C 52 B5!
d. 2B C !52 2B5!
____ $). Which of the following is a balanced chemical e#uation for the synthesis of 4a@r from 4a and @r2?
a. 4a C @r2 4a@r
b. 24a C @r2 4a@r
c. 4a C @r2 24a@r
d. 24a C @r2 24a@r
____ $". ?ethane0 3D$0 burns in o(ygen gas to form water and carbon dio(ide. What is the correct balanced chemical e#uation
for this reaction?
a. 3D$ C 5 D25 C 352
b. 3D$ C $5 2D25 C 352
c. 3D$ C 52 D25 C 352
d. 3D$ C 252 2D25 C 352
____ $-. Dow many atoms are present in ! moles of chromium?
a. ".02 10
2!
atoms c. 1.80 10
2$
atoms
b. 1.80 10
2!
atoms d. )2.0 atoms
____ $8. Dow many grams of 352 are in 2.1 mol of the compound?
a. 21.0 g c. "".0 g
b. $$.0 g d. 12.$ g
____ $1. Dow many moles of De are in 1" g of the element?
a. 1.0 mol c. 8.0 mol
b. $.0 mol d. 1" mol
____ )0. +he coefficients in a balanced chemical e#uation always can e(press the ratio of
a. moles of reactants and products.
b. volume of reactants and products.
c. atoms of reactants and products.
d. mass of reactants and products.
____ )1. .n a chemical reaction0 an iron atom became the ion ;e
2C
. What happened to the iron atom?
a. .t lost electrons and was o(idiAed.
b. .t lost electrons and was reduced.
c. .t gained electrons and was o(idiAed.
d. .t gained electrons and was reduced.
Completion
Complete each sentence or statement.
)2. =ust forms because iron and o(ygen are highly ____________________ elements.
)!. 9ohn 6alton observed that elements always combine in the same ratio to form a particular ____________________.
)$. +he subatomic particle that 9. 9. +homson discovered has a&an' ____________________ charge.
)). Erotons and ____________________ are found in the nucleus of an atom.
)". 4eutrons and ____________________ have almost the same mass.
)-. When an atom gains or loses energy0 some of its ____________________ may move between energy levels.
)8. +he region in which an electron is most likely to be found is called a&an' ____________________.
)1. When all the electrons in an atom are in orbitals with the lowest possible energy0 the atom is in its
____________________ state.
"0. %n atom in which an electron has moved to a higher energy level is in a&an' ____________________ state.
"1. .n general0 a&an' ____________________ metal will be more reactive than an alkaline earth metal in the same period.
"2. .n an electron dot diagram0 each dot represents a&an' ____________________.
"!. +he chemical formula for calcium chloride0 3a3l20 shows that the compound contains two ____________________
ions for every ____________________ ion.
"$. .n ionic compounds0 the sum of the charges of all the cations and anions must be ____________________.
"). +he molar mass of carbon is ____________________.
"". % sample of 4a3l contains 188 g of the compound. +he sample contains ____________________ moles of 4a3l.
"-. +he element ____________________ is always present in a combustion reaction.
"8. .n a double<replacement reaction0 there are two reactants and ____________________ product&s'.
Short Answer
"1. What is a hypothesis?
-0. What is viscosity?
-1. What are three common clues that a chemical change has occurred?
-2. .f an atom has !$ protons and $0 neutrons0 what is its mass number?
-!. .f an atom of tin has a mass number of 118 and an atomic number of )00 how many neutrons are in its nucleus?
-$. .n a periodic table that included electron dot diagrams0 in which column would the diagrams contain more dotsF
,roup 2% &the alkaline metals' or ,roup "% &the o(ygen family'?
-). .n an electron dot diagram of potassium0 there is one dot. .n an electron dot diagram of silicon0 there are four dots.
Which element would you e(pect to be more reactive?
-". % student balanced the chemical e#uation ?g C 52 ?g5 by writing ?g C 52 ?g52. Was the e#uation balanced
correctly? >(plain your answer. .f the e#uation was not balanced correctly0 write the correctly balanced e#uation.
--. Dow many moles of nitrogen are contained in $.20 10
2$
atoms of nitrogen?
-8. Dow many grams of 52 are in ).0 mol of the element?
Problem
-1. @alance the following chemical e#uation.
3u C D45! 3u&45!'2 C 452 C D25
80. When iron metal reacts with o(ygen0 the reaction can form ;e25!. Write a balanced chemical e#uation for this
reaction0 and find the number of moles of o(ygen that are needed to form " mol of ;e25!.
Essy
81. % sample of calcium contains calcium<$00 calcium<$$0 calcium<$20 calcium<$80 calcium<$!0 and calcium<$" atoms.
>(plain why these atoms can have different mass numbers but must have the same atomic number.
!ther
"S#$% SC#E$CE S&#''S
Figure 1-(
82. Anly)ing *t What is the slope of the line shown in ;igure 1<2?
8!. Anly)ing *t .n ;igure 1<20 what is the relationship between mass and volume?
8$. "sing +bles n, %rphs .n ;igure 1<20 what #uantity does the slope represent?
"S#$% SC#E$CE S&#''S
Figure 5-(
8). "sing +bles n, %rphs Which of the elements shown in ;igure )<2 are in the same period?
8". Clssi-ying Which element in ;igure )<2 is a transition metal? Which is a noble gas?
8-. "sing +bles n, %rphs Which elements in ;igure )<2 have the same number of valence electrons? Dow do you
know?
88. Compring n, Contrsting @ased on what you know about elements and the periodic table0 compare and contrast
the elements beryllium0 @e0 and iodine0 .0 which are shown in ;igure )<2.
81. #n-erring ;ind the block labeled ? in ;igure )<2. What is its atomic number? Dow many valence electrons does it
have? Which of the elements shown in ;igure )<2 will it most resemble?
Figure 5-.
10. #n-erring .dentify the most reactive element shown in ;igure )<!. >(plain your answer.
"S#$% SC#E$CE S&#''S
Figure /-(
11. "sing +bles n, %rphs Write a description to place in bo( &2' in ;igure "<2.
12. "sing +bles n, %rphs What compound name belongs in bo( &1' in ;igure "<2?
1!. Clssi-ying What type of bond belongs in bo( &!' in ;igure "<2?
1$. Clssi-ying What type of bond belongs in bo( &$' in ;igure "<2?
Substnces Compoun, Remr0s
A potssium1 &1 n, &# #o,ine is member o- the hlogen group2
io,ine1 # potssium is n l0li metl3
4 crbon1 C1 n,
o5ygen1 !
C!( Crbon n, o5ygen re both nonmetls3
C Al1 !1 n, 6 Al7!68. !6
-
7hy,ro5i,e8 is polytomic ion3
Figure /-.
1). Applying Concepts Dow does the saying G5pposites attractH apply to the bonding in the compound shown in row %
of ;igure "<!?
1". Compring n, Contrsting What kind of bond forms between the elements in row @ of ;igure "<!? Dow is this
type of bond different from the type of bond that forms between the elements in row %?
Chemistry Review
Answer Section
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S6!R+ A$S9ER
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-0. %4BI
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-1. %4BI
a change in color0 the production of a gas0 and the formation of a precipitate
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-$
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"8
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,roup "%0 the o(ygen family
-). %4BI
potassium
-". %4BI
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coefficients. +he correctly balanced e#uation is 2?g C 52 2?g5.
--. %4BI
".18 mol
-8. %4BI
+he molar mass of 52 is 1" gmol0 so ).0 mol of 52 have a mass of 80 g.
PR!4'EM
-1. %4BI
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80. %4BI
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ESSA:
81. %4BI
%ll the atoms of an element have the same atomic number because the atomic number e#uals the number of protons in
an atom. .f one of the atoms had a different number of protons0 the atom would not be a calcium atom. +he mass
number can vary because it is the sum of the protons and neutrons0 and isotopes of an element can have different
numbers of neutrons.
!+6ER
82. %4BI
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a direct proportion
8$. %4BI
the density of the fluid
8). %4BI
@e0 30 40 and ;
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8-. %4BI
; and .K they are in the same group in the periodic table.
88. %4BI
@eryllium is a reactive metal with two valence electrons. .odine is a highly reactive nonmetal with seven valence
electrons.
81. %4BI
12K 2K beryllium
10. %4BI
=b is the most reactive element shown. ,roup 1% alkali metals are the most reactive metals0 and the reactivity of
elements in ,roup 1% increases from top to bottom.
11. %4BI
+he atoms of a metal lose one or more valence electrons and form cations. +he atoms of a nonmetal gain one or more
electrons and form anions. +here is an attraction between the oppositely charged ions.
12. %4BI
sodium chloride
1!. %4BI
covalent
1$. %4BI
metallic
1). %4BI
Eotassium is a highly reactive metal with one valence electron. .odine is a highly reactive nonmetal with seven
valence electrons. When electrons are transferred from potassium atoms to iodine atoms0 there is an attraction between
the oppositely charged ions that form. +hus0 opposites do attract in an ionic bond.
1". %4BI
3ovalent bonds form between the nonmetals carbon and o(ygen. .n a covalent bond0 atoms share electrons. When
potassium and iodine react0 electrons are transferred from potassium atoms to iodine atoms. .onic bonds form between
potassium cations and iodide anions. +here is no sharing of electrons in an ionic bond.