Author: James F.

Masterson
Book: The Narcissistic and Borderline Disorders An Integrated Developmental Approach
u!lished "#$" !% &outledge Ta%lor ' Francis (roup )*+ Madison Avenue Ne, -ork. N- "++"/
p. "$)
0hapter ""
The &ole o1 Master% o1 the Talionic Impulse
A most important task o1 the ,orking2through phase is the master% o1 the talionic impulse2that
deepest and most ancient o1 human impulses to e3act revenge !% taking pleasure in in1licting on
others the hurt one has e3perienced4 as as the Bible 5"")6 e3pressed it: 7an e%e 1or an e%e and a
tooth 1or a tooth.8
An understanding o1 the origin and purpose o1 this impulse helps to e3plain ,h% its master% is so
important. The small child. particularl% the !orderline child !ecause o1 the deprivation he
e3periences. 1eels helpless to protect himsel1 against emotional su11ering and stores the pain. ,hich
!rings ,ith it a resolve
5a6 never to permit this passive acceptance o1 pain again. and
5!6 to pa% !ack the real and9or imagined perpetrators o1 this and other pain ,hen he gets !ig
enough
The impulse is to overcome the childhood trauma !% repla%ing the past in the present. onl% this time
,ith the opposite result. Instead o1 !eing ,eak. small. helpless. a passive o!:ect. the individual is
strong. active and meting out :ust punishment 1or the trauma and there!% undoing the past. The
talionic impulse seeks immediate release ,ithout regard to conse;uences. particularl% its e11ect on
1uture or long2term o!:ectives.
T<= TA>I?NI0 IM@>A= AND A?0I=T-
An understanding o1 the social origins o1 the talionic impulse gives added perspective. The concept
o1 an o!:ective sense o1 the rightness or ,rongness o1 human conduct is a relative p. "$B ne,comer
in the evolution o1 civilisation and is the product o1 a long. slo, process o1 change. It did not spring
1ull2gro,n like Athena 1rom the head o1 Ceus. its evolution re1lects the struggle at a social level to
internalise ,hat NietDsche 5#"6 called the cruelt% streak.
This impulse in the individual has !een socialised. ritualised. and institutionalised over the centuries
5)+. #"6. the !ehavioural e3cesses that 1lo,ed 1rom this impulse ,ere ri1e in the Middle Ages: 7to
!ehold su11ering gave pleasure. !ut to cause another to su11er a11orded an even greater pleasure E a
ro%al ,edding or great pu!lic cele!ration ,ould have !een incomplete ,ithout e3ecutions. tortures.
or autos2da21F E there ,as scarcel% a no!le household ,ithout some person ,hose o11ice it ,as to
serve as a !utt 1or ever%oneGs malice and cruel teasing8 5#"6. It ,as literall% incorporated into the
legal s%stem: 7The creditor had the right to in1lict all manner o1 indignit% and pain on the !od% o1
the de1aulting de!tor. For e3ample. he could cut out an amount o1 1lesh proportionate to the amount
o1 the de!t. and ,e 1ind. ver% earl%. ;uite detailed legal assessments o1 the value o1 individual parts
o1 the !od%. An e;uivalence is provided !% the creditorGs receiving. in place o1 material
compensation such as mone%. land. or other possessions. a kind o1 pleasure. That pleasure is
induced !% his !eing a!le to e3ercise his po,er 1reel% upon one ,ho is po,erless8 5#"6.
NietDsche 5#"6 despaired. as ,e o1ten do toda%. o1 the talionic urge ever !eing completel% mastered
!% the individual: 7Ahould it actuall% come to pass that the :ust man remains :ust even to,ard his
despoiler 5and not simpl% cool. moderate. distant. indi11erent6 to !e :ust is a positive attitude. and
that even under the stress o1 hurt. contumel%. denigration. the no!le. penetrating %et mild o!:ectivit%
o1 the :ust 5the :udging6 e%e does not !ecome clouded. then ,e have !e1ore us an instance o1 the
rarest p. "$H accomplishment. something that. i1 ,e are ,ise. ,e ,ill neither e3pect nor !e too
easil% convinced o1. It is generall% true o1 even the most decent people that a small dose o1 insult.
malice. insinuation is enough to send the !lood to their e%es and e;uit% out the ,indo,.8
?ne cannot read TuchmanGs 5""B6 histor% o1 the Middle Ages ,ithout marvelling at the lust% :o% o1
the knights as the% hacked each other to pieces. or at the remarka!le propensit% o1 the common
people2the usual victims2to take pleasure in overt acts o1 cruelt% such as murder. rape. cruci1i3ion.
pillage and maiming. I1 one considers 1or a moment ho, commonl% the children in those da%s ,ere
e3posed in earl% childhood to e3treme deprivations. it e3plains. as I shall ela!orate later. one o1 the
motives 1or such !ehaviour.
These sanctioned social spectacles disappeared as civilisation developed. The propensit% to act out
the talionic impulse had !een internalised. NietDsche 5#"6 stated: 7The 1ormida!le !ul,arks !%
means o1 ,hich the polit% protected itsel1 against the ancient instincts o1 1reedom 5punishment ,as
one o1 the strongest o1 these !ul,arks6 cause those ,ild. e3travagant instincts to turn in upon man.
<ostilit%. cruelt%. the delight in persecution. raids. e3citement. destruction. all turned against their
!egetter. >acking e3ternal enemies and resistances. and con1ined ,ithin an oppressive narro,ness
and regularit%. man !egan rending. persecuting. terri1%ing himsel1. like a ,ild !east hurling itsel1
against the !ars o1 its cage.8
Freud 5)+6 phrased it as 1ollo,s: 7<is aggressiveness ,as intro:ected. internalised4 it ,as. in point
o1 1act. sent !ack to ,here it came 1rom2that is. it ,as directed to,ards his o,n ego. ,hich set itsel1
over against the rest o1 the ego as superego. and ,hich no,. in the 1orm o1 7conscience.8 ,as read%
to put into action against the ego the same harsh aggressiveness that the ego ,ould have liked to
satis1% upon other. p. "$I e3traneous individuals.8Along ,ith this development came the increased
in1luence o1 conscience. guilt. dut%. la,s. religion and moralit%.
TA>I?NI0 IM@>A= AND T<= INDIJID@A>
?ntogen% 1ollo,s ph%logen% in emotional development as ,ell as in ph%sical development. The
individual repeats in his development the same stages and struggles the civilisation ,ent through. A
personGs o!:ective sense o1 the rightness or ,rongness o1 human conduct is an achievement. an end
product o1 a long. slo,. tedious process ,hich re;uires the master% o1 separation an3iet%. along
,ith the internalisation and master% o1 the talionic impulse. 1ollo,ed !% the overcoming o1
castration an3iet% and the incest ta!oo ,ith its rigid and e3tensive de1ensive prohi!itions against
instinct 5)*6.
?nl% a1ter the talionic impulse has !een su!dued and mastered and the rigid and glo!al e3tensions
o1 the incest ta!oo prohi!itions overcome can the superego !ecome emancipated during
adolescence 1rom its dependence on the intro:ected images o1 the parents. This 1rees the ps%chic
structure to ,eigh o!:ective realities and take them in to design a uni;ue personal moralit%. In the
course o1 this development. the intraps%chic structure evolves through stages into ,hole sel1 and
o!:ect representations ,ith an autonomous. e11ectivel% 1unctioning ego that allo,s the person to
perceive realit% clearl%. contain the uncom1orta!le a11ects a moral dilemma ma% raise. and use
reason as a means o1 coping or adaptation. The ape3 o1 personalit% development is to have the
capacit% to take 1ull responsi!ilit% 1or the sel1. its ,ishes. its acts. and their conse;uences. The
length and comple3it% o1 this developmental path,a% underscore its vulnera!ilit% to detours and
arrests along the ,a%. all o1 ,hich a11ect the end product. i.e.. the individualGs o!:ective sense o1 the
rightness or ,rongness o1 human conduct.
p. "$/
This process is 1acilitated and eased !% appropriate parenting. ,hich minimises and repairs the
inevita!le developmental traumata. Aince there is not so much hurt and su11ering. there is less
talionic impulse and less need 1or vengeance. The talionic impulse is. 1or the most part. overcome.
and aggression is 1reed to 1ind release in sel12assertive e11orts at master% and adaptation.
JI0IAAIT@D=A ?F T<= TA>I?NI0 IM@>A= IN T<= B?&D=&>IN= ATI=NT
To !egin ,ith a clinical e3ample: Khen one hears o1 the adolescent gang that poured gasoline over
an old derelict. set him a1ire and laughed as he !urned. oneGs sense o1 human moralit% is shocked.
This shock is compounded ,hen one learns that these adolescents had no remorse or guilt 1eelings.
The% 1elt and treated the derelict like an inanimate o!:ect ,ho provided an opportunit% 1or them to
1eel pleasure !% in1licting pain2shades o1 the Middle AgesL
A second e3ample: the se3ual sadist ,ho ,rites messages on the mirror ,ith lipstick 1or someone to
restrain him !ut continues to se3uall% a!use and murder.
In man% instances. this 7,rong8 conduct is motivated !% the talionic impulse2and e%e 1or an e%e
and a tooth 1or a tooth. Khen one e3amines the past histories o1 these individuals. one 1inds
evidence o1 such cruel. !ar!arous. tortuous e3ploitation o1 their in1antile dependence and
helplessness that even their later2li1e crimes. heinous as the% are. pale !% comparison. The% seem to
!e carr%ing out that deepest and most ancient o1 human responses. the talionic impulse2an automatic
de1ensive response to in1lict in:ur% ,hen in:ured.
Kho is responsi!le here 1or ,hatM Do ,e !lame the original in1antile situation that planted the
!om! or the later adult ,ho e3ploded itM The adult cannot use his past as an e3cuse to avoid
responsi!ilit% 1or his actions in the present 5though ho, man% patients do ,e hear doing this ver%
thingM6. !ut it is highl% unlikel%. in these cases. that the present ,ould have occurred ,ithout the
past conditioning. It is all to eas% to relieve onesel1 o1 having to deal ,ith the am!iguities and
comple3ities o1 this chicken and egg dilemma !% retreating to a horri1ied condemnation o1 the act.
>et us take it a step 1urther. Aince the parents ,ho carried out the torture ,ere also compelled to
e3act talionic retri!ution. are the% more responsi!leM erhaps ,e could sa% societ%Gs institutions are
responsi!le 1or 1ailing to identi1% and treat the parents !e1ore the% could torture the child ,ho later
killed the old man. This reductio ad a!surdum argument leads to the 1ollo,ing conclusion: Terri!le
tragedies are in1licted on man% children during their earl% developmental %ears ,hich plant time
!om!s that go o11 later in li1e. =ven though the child had no control over the planting o1 the !om!.
,hen he gro,s up. he has to p. "$* take responsi!ilit% 1or its e11ects.
The ps%choanal%tic stud% o1 the arrested structures o1 the !orderline patient provides a ,indo, on
earl% developmental processes in the individual that is analogous to the ,indo, provided on ancient
civilisations !% the ruins o1 ompeii. ,hich ,as arrested and 1i3ed in *# A.D.. !% the e3plosion o1
Mt. Jesuvius. At ompeii. ,e can stud% the 1orerunners o1 man% aspects o1 current civilisation. i.e..
religion. culture. art. entertainment. In the !orderline patient. ,e can stud% in !old relie1 some o1 the
precursors in development o1 the intra2ps%chic structures that ,ill later evolve into a sense o1
moralit%.
In the !orderline patient 5$B. $/. #/6. there is a gross miscarriage o1 the earl% developmental process
,hich results in a kind o1 thro,!ack 1or the individual to an earlier stage o1 civilisation ,here the
talionic impulse ,as acted out. <o,ever. in these cases. the talionic impulse is internalised and
acted out not on others !ut on the sel12 a caricature o1 FreudGs 5)+6 and NietDscheGs 5#"6 vie,s o1
ho, civilisation developed.
The !orderline child 5$/6 e3periences the parentGs e3ploitation o1 his dependenc% and helplessness
as the grossest 1orm o1 cruelt% and torture. This leads to an a!andonment depression. an essential
part o1 ,hich is rage. @na!le to e3press his hurt and rage !ecause o1 his need 1or and 1ear o1 his
parents. he attempts to master it !% internalising it. using the mechanism o1 identi1ication ,ith the
aggressor. <e creates an internalised drama o1 a medieval spectacle. ,here the patient is !oth
attacker and victim. <e discharges the rage !% attacking himsel1. 1antas%ing revenge on the parents
and 1ul1ilment o1 his talionic impulses !% destro%ing their possession. This is at the same time a
de1ence against the underl%ing talionic. homicidal urges to,ard the e3ploiting o!:ect. There is also
a compensator% accompan%ing 1antas% that. i1 he dramatises his sorro,1ul state su11icientl%. the p.
"$$ parents ,ill provide the ,ished21or response. This results in a 1ailure to master the talionic
impulse. ,hich is destructivel% acted out on the sel1. Aggression is thus not 1ree 1or release in sel12
assertive. adaptive !ehaviour.
This d%namic has lain at the core o1 the s%mptomatolog% o1 ever% !orderline patient I have treated.
<e ,ants primaril% revenge. to get !ack2not to get !etter. The second critical crossroad comes in
treatment ,hen the patient must make a choice !et,een getting !ack or getting !etter. <e cannot
have !oth. As long as his aggression is channelled into revenge. it is not availa!le to !uild ps%chic
structure. <e must give up the idea o1 revenge. that is. he must master the talionic impulse. and 1ree
his aggression to !e used to support his sel12image. rather than to attack it. B% overcoming and
mastering his talionic urge 1or revenge. he la%s the ground,ork 1or the !eginning o1 an o!:ective
sense o1 moralit%2he puts aside the immediate !ut destructive and 1antas% pleasure o1 revenge 1or
the more long2term !ut more realistic o!:ective and enduring satis1action o1 aiding and a!etting his
o,n gro,th. <e tolerates current discom1ort in pursuit o1 1uture o!:ectives.
Khat happens. %ou ma% ,ell ask. to that rage1ul urge 1or revengeM art is discharged in intervie,s
and part is su!limated and discharged through active support o1 various social causes and groups
that come to have a personal meaning2the poor. the deprived. the handicapped. those !eing treated
un1airl% or un:ustl% !% authorities or societ%. Aometimes these are com!ined and channelled into a
career identit%2the reporter ,ho investigates the corruption o1 politicians. the la,%er ,ho de1ends
the poor and the po,erless. the la!our leader ,ho !attles the capitalists. the ,riter ,ho e3poses the
evils o1 societ%.
T,o case presentations2Fred. ,ho has !een presented earlier. and aul2illustrate the vicissitudes o1
the talionic impulse in the !orderline patient in treatment.
p. "$#
0AA= I>>@AT&ATI?NA
Fred F.
FredGs earl% developmental deprivations resulted in the 1ollo,ing d%namic: I1 Fred gave up his
individualit% . his sel1. his o,n thoughts. 1eelings and assertiveness. and su!mitted passivel%. the
1ather ,ould love him and take care o1 him. Initiative. activit%. sel12assertion and anger must !e
inhi!ited. along ,ith all associated activities such as learning. or the% ,ould induce the 1atherGs
,ithdra,al o1 approval. <o,ever. this idea o1 approval 1or su!mission derived 1rom 1antasies Fred
ela!orated 1rom the 1atherGs ver!alisations o1 love 1or him2ver!alisations ,hich ,ere empt% o1
su!stance. as in realit% the 1ather neglected Fred.
As Fred !egan ps%chotherap%. this theme ,as reproduced in the trans1erence. <is inhi!itions
produced great di11icult% in talking and associating. and he e3pected me to resonate ,ith the second
part o1 the d%namic4 that is. I should take over 1or him like a 1ather and direct him. Khen I did not.
!ut con1ronted him ,ith his !ehaviour. the underl%ing talionic rage at m% not taking care o1 him
5like a 1ather6 !urst 1orth. not ver!all%. !ut in all kinds o1 resistant !ehaviour2missing intervie,s.
!eing late 1or intervie,s. !locking. etc. Fred e3pressed it in t%pical 1ashion !% actions destructive to
himsel1. Khen the resistance ,as dealt ,ith !% con1rontation. Fred !ecame a,are o1 the sel12
destructive nature o1 his !ehaviour. controlled it and !egan to investigate the underl%ing
ps%chod%namics: ,hat he called his li1elong search 1or a 1ather that 7had prevented me 1rom getting
involved in doing m% o,n thing4 m% sel1 ,ants to come out. !ut m% need 1or a 1ather overrides it.8
p. "#+
As Fred ventilated and e3plored his depression and anger. the inhi!itions li1ted and he resumed
school. <o,ever. at crucial points. as he again and again came to the point o1 1acing his 1eelings o1
hopelessness and his homicidal talionic rage a!out the 1ather. his need to de1end ,ould produce
severe !locking in sessions and the learning inhi!ition ,ould return.
Khen I pointed out the relationship !et,een these t,o. Fred e3ploded ,ith: 7I donGt ,ant to get
!etter. I donGt ,ant to do it m%sel1. I ,ant a 1ather. I ,ant to get ,hat I ,as deprived o1 in
childhood.8 Khen I underlined the con1lict !et,een this de1ensive ,ish and his o,n gro,th. Fred
responded: 7I 1elt a responsi!ilit% to m% 1ather not to !e angr%. so I had to put the anger on m%sel1.
I1 I make m%sel1 hopeless enough. he ,ill have to take care o1 me. I am killing m%sel1 to keep 1rom
killing m% 1ather.8 As Fred ,orked though this talionic rage. he !egan to master it. ,hich 1reed his
aggression to support his sel12assertive attempts to adapt to realit%.
A ke% shi1t in momentum had taken place in the treatment 1rom the acting2out o1 revenge to the
control o1 these impulses in the service o1 gro,th. 0oncomitantl%. FredGs intellectual po,ers ,ere
1reed to attend to the task o1 learning. and he eventuall% completed treatment and graduated college
,ith honours. <is o!:ective had !een to !ecome an architect. The aggression ,as 1reed not onl% to
!ecome invested in the act o1 learning !ut eventuall% to !e su!limated and e3pressed through his
identit% as an architect ,ho ,orks as a cit% planner to !etter the ,el1are o1 the poor.
Paul H.
aul. age )B. had a long histor%. !eginning in high school. o1 depression. passive2aggressive acting2
out and o!sessive thinking. <e had !arel% managed to get through high school. and it took him si3
%ears to complete college !ecause o1 his avoidance. passive2aggressive acting2out and drug p. "#"
ingestion. <e sa, a therapist 1rom once to three times a ,eek all si3 %ears o1 college. Khen he
1inall% graduated. his depression mounted. he couldnGt 1unction. so he returned home to live and
came to me 1or treatment. 1urious at his therapist that he ,asnGt an% !etter.
aulGs !rother. ,ho had minimal !rain disorder. ,as the motherGs 1avourite. The mother. 1earing that
aul ,ould outshine the !rother. attacked all o1 aulGs e11orts at individuation ,hile indulging his
avoidance and passivit% and inappropriatel% se3uall% stimulating him. The 1ather. on the other hand.
apparentl% sho,ed a narcissistic disorder. <e re;uired that aul sacri1ice his individuation in order
to provide a mirroring o!:ect 1or the 1ather. The 1ather seemed to take delight in e3posing aul to
humiliation.
The resulting d%namic ,as similar to FredGs. aul reproduced in the trans1erence the interaction
,ith his 1ather. <e ,ould attack his o,n assertive coping e11orts. retreat into depression and
passivit% and e3pect me to take over 1or him. as his previous therapist had no dou!t done. Khen.
rather than take over 1or him. I con1ronted aul ,ith this !ehaviour. he e3pressed his talionic rage
5not unlike Fred !% !locking or missing intervie,s6 !% giving up an% attempt at therapeutic
investigation and plunging into passive reveries that revolved around 1antasies either o1 !eing taken
care o1 or o1 his o,n grandiosit%. aul ,as acting out his talionic rage on himsel1 in the trans1erence
to get revenge on me 5them6 and coerce me 5them6 to take care o1 him.
aul also ,as a ver% talented pianist !ut had !een !locked !% the need to e3press aggression against
himsel1. Khen piano practice ,as going ,ell. he ,ould respond as he did in intervie,s. <e ,ould
!lock out all 1eeling. give up practice 5individuation6 and retreat into de1ensive reveries. =3tensive
con1rontation o1 the destructiveness o1 this !ehaviour led aul to control it and to investigate the
underl%ing a!andonment depression ,ith its talionic rage. <e reported: 7I had to !e misera!le to get
m% parentsG attention. I have to !e in a state o1 intolera!le su11ering. helpless. po,erless. a!andoned.
to please them. The evil o1 it is staggering.8
aul 1ramed his childhood memories in Korld Kar II prison2camp metaphors ,ith himsel1 as the
helpless prisoner and his parents as the !rutal (erman guards. <e envisioned onl% t,o options 1or
himsel1: to !e passive. the tortured prisoner. or to assert himsel1 and !ecome the !rutal guard. ,hich
,ould make his parents the tortured inmates. There ,as no ,a% out.
In therap% his talionic rage graduall% emerged: 7IGd get violentl% angr% and ,ant to strike out
ph%sicall% at them. kick their heads in. kill them. This 1rightened me. I ,ould !e ,ithout them.8 <e
then suddenl% reported: 7I :ust had this terri1%ing realisation. I am possessed !% a passion to torture
m%sel1 to hurt them. to get !ack at them. I1 the% sa, me in a horri!le2enough condition. it ,ould p.
"#) pa% them !ack. But it does no good. ItGs hopeless. The% donGt care.8
aulGs 1antasies o1 talionic revenge ,ere graduall% ventilated and ,orked through. <is aggression
,as 1reed to 1ind release in sel12assertive adaptation. <e !ecame a!le to practice the piano 1reel%.
and his skill improved dramaticall%. <is o!sessive preoccupation ,ith prison2camp metaphors
diminished and ,as replaced !% a ne, and a!sor!ing interest in his o,n sel12assertion. As his de!ut
as a concert pianist approached. he suddenl% in1ormed me emphaticall% that he ,ould start his
career as an 7orthodo3 Je,. %armulke and all.8 I asked ,h%. <e replied de1iantl%: 7The NaDis had
their games. no, ,eGll see.8
aul had mastered his talionic impulse and made an adaptive su!limation o1 his aggression ,hich
,as accompanied !% a dramatic. constructive trans1ormation o1 his sel12image into a sel12assertive
concert pianist. The 1reeing o1 his aggression ena!led him to shi1t his identi1ication.
A@MMA&-
s%chotherapeutic ,ork ,ith patients ,ith developmental arrests provides a uni;ue ,indo, 1rom
,hich to o!serve and stud% the earl% emotional struggles that precede and are a prelude to the
1ormation o1 mature intraps%chic structures. ,hich themselves 1orm the !asis 1or such mature
human capacities as a sense o1 moralit%.
An analog% is dra,n !et,een the role o1 the master% o1 the talionic impulse in the development o1
moralit% in civilisation and in the development o1 moralit% in the individual. T,o clinical
illustrations ,ere presented ,hich descri!e ho, the talionic impulse ,hich ,as acted out against
the sel1 is mastered and the underl%ing aggression is 1reed to 1ind release in constructive. sel12
assertive e11orts at coping and adaptation.
A theor% is presented that a true sense o1 p. "#B moralit% cannot !e achieved until the talionic
impulse is mastered. The acute stage o1 this !attle takes place earl% in development. the 1irst three
%ears. and success leads to the second important struggle2the resolution o1 castration an3iet%.
Auccess1ul master% o1 these t,o developmental struggles 1orms t,o o1 the essential roots o1 an
adult sense o1 moralit%.
The other patients presented in this volume sho, the same theme. Ann e3pressed her rage through
somatic s%mptoms. <er resultant helplessness coerced the environment into 1ul1illing her 1antas% o1
!eing taken care o1. >eslieGs resort to e3tremel% ela!orate and revenge1ul se3ual 1antasies threatened
to de1eat her treatment.
The 1irst critical turning point o1 treatment. ,hich results in the consolidation o1 the therapeutic
alliance. is the patientGs recognition o1 the alien ;ualit% o1 the de1ences o1 his pathologic ego. The
second critical turning point is the patientGs recognition o1 the venge1ul and utterl% sel12destructive
nature o1 his talionic needs. 1ollo,ed !% the decision to give up revenge in order to get !etter.
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