Microwave Generation Analysis With Higher Order Dispersion Parameters in Two Cascaded Mach-Zehnder Modulators

Optik 125 (2014) 761771
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Optik
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Microwave generation analysis with higher order dispersion
parameters in two cascaded Mach-Zehnder modulators
Mandeep Singh
, S.K. Raghuwanshi
Microwave Photonics Research Laboratory, Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad 826004, India
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 10 March 2013
Accepted 6 July 2013
Keywords:
Microwave photonics
Mach-Zehnder modulator
Dispersion slope
Dispersion curvature
Fiber Bragg Grating
a b s t r a c t
Dispersion is one of the major limiting factors for microwave/millimeter wave generation in microwave
photonics. In this paper, we analyze the individual and combined effect of second order-, third order-,
fourth order and fth order dispersion parameter on microwave/millimeter wave generation. We have
used the two cascaded Mach-Zehnder modulators in our proposed model, which have been not discussed
earlier. Intensity at the output of photodetector versus modulation depth () with effects of dispersion
parameters have been discussed and it has been found that output intensity of photodetector reduces
when dispersion term up to fth order are added.
2013 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Microwave photonics (MWP) is the study of devices at microwave frequency and their application to the optical devices [13]. Research
in the eld of microwave photonics is going on in a rapid phase. Various application of MWP includes like radar, communication system,
sensor network, warfare systems [4]. Main advantages of MWP technology over conventional electrical-transmission technology include
reduced size, weight and cost, lowand constant attenuation over the entire microwave and millimeter-wave modulation frequency range,
immunitytoelectromagnetic interference, lowdispersion, noelectro-optical conversions andhighdata-transfer capacity[5]. Inthepast few
months various methods have been proposed for microwave/millimeter signal generation but simple method is beating of optical carriers
fromtwo laser sources at THz frequency, followed by photodiode (PD) [6,7]. But its disadvantage is that high phase noise is produce if phase
of two beating optical carriers are not correlated [6]. Other advance methods include optical injection locking [8,9] and optical phase
lockedloop(OPLL) [10,11]. But problemwiththis methodis that optical sources withverynarrowlinewidthmainlyinKHz are required[12].
Solution to this problemis that we can use Lithium-niobate Mach-Zehnder modulator (LiNbO
3
-MZM), which involves concept of frequency
multiplication [6]. OReilly et al. proposed a method to generate microwave/millimeter wave using MZM [13]. Mach-Zehnder modulator
(MZM) canbe operated intwo transmissionpoints: maximumtransmissionpoint (MAXTP) and minimumtransmissionpoint (MINTP) [14].
Dispersion is one of the most important limiting factors in MWP. Dispersion is spreading out of light pulses as they travel along a ber
and mainly occur due to the dependence of speed of light through the ber on the wavelength [6]. Unlike attenuation, dispersion does
not weak a signal. It only blurs the optical signal transmitted through optical ber. In this paper, we analyze the effect of higher order
dispersion term, i.e. up to fth order, dispersion parameters on microwave/millimeter wave generation using two cascaded MZMs.
Section 2 consists of the theory of proposed model for millimeter wave/microwave generation, followed by the derivation of output of
two MZM in series with higher order dispersion terms. In Section 3 we plotted various graphs of output intensity of photo detector versus
modulation depth () considering individual dispersion termand combinations of dispersion termup to fth order.
2. Proposed model
A novel approach to generate microwave/millimeter wave using two series MZMs is shown in Fig. 1. An optical carrier of 193.1THz and
an electrical drive signal of frequency 12.5GHz is applied to an rst Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM). We have used ITUs G.655 ber of
different length for calculation and simulation.
Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 9557523757.

E-mail addresses: mandeepsingh@ismu.ac.in (M. Singh), sanjeevrus@yahoo.com(S.K. Raghuwanshi).
0030-4026/$ see front matter 2013 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2013.07.038
762 M. Singh, S.K. Raghuwanshi / Optik 125 (2014) 761771
Fig. 1. Generalized diagramof millimeter wave/microwave frequency generation systemusing two series MZMs. CW: continuous wave, PC: polarization controller, MZM:
Mach-Zehnder modulator, FBG: Fiber Bragg Grating, G.655 NZ DSF: International Telecommunication Unions standardized Non Zero Dispersion Shifted Fiber, PD: photo
detector.
Consider the case when only one armof rst MZM is modulated, the phase difference become [6]:
=
n 2 L
(1)
where n is the optical refractive index change in the armof modulator, is optical wavelength, L is the modulation depth. Due to pockel
effect in LiNbO
3
MZM, Eq. (1) become [6]:
=
n
3
0
r
ij
V
RF
2 L
2 d
where r
ij
is the electro-optic coefcient of LiNbO
3
crystal, V
RF
is the amplitude of applied lowfrequency RF signal, d is the distance between
MZMarms.
As V
= d /n
3
0
r
ij
L, therefore above equation reduces to =V
RF
/V
where V
is the voltage value at which voltage induced

phase difference reaches 180
.
If the MZM is driven by a lowfrequency electrical signal and biased with a constant DC voltage then phase difference become [6]:
[V(t)] =
0
+
V
RF

V
(2)
where [V(t)] is the optical phase difference caused by between the two arms of the MZM, is a constant phase shift, E
RF
is the
amplitude of the electrical drive signal. If the MZM is driven by a sinusoidal electrical signal and biased with a constant dc voltage, [V(t)],
then electric eld at the output of a lithiumniobate MZM, i.e., [6] E
out1
(t) = E
0
(t) cos
_
[V(t)]
2
_
cos(
0
t), can be approximately expressed
by: E
out1
(t) = E
in
(t) cos
_
[V(t)]
2
_
or
E
out1
(t) = E
0
(t) cos
_
[V(t)]
2
_
cos(
0
t) (3)
where E
0
(t) and
0
are, respectively, the electric eld amplitude and the angular frequency of the input optical carrier, V(t) is the applied
RF electrical drive voltage. The generalized electric eld equation at the output of modulator up to n terms can be written using Eq. (3) and
Eq. (4), as follows [14]:
E(t) = E
0
cos
_
/2
_ _
cos
_
0
t +/2
_
J
0
_
_
+
n=1
(1)
n
J
2n
_
_ _
cos
_
0
t +2n(
RF
t +) +/2
_
+cos
_
0
t 2n(
RF
t +) +/2
__
+E
0
sin
_
/2
_
_

n=1
(1)
n
J
2n1
_
_ _
cos(
0
t +(2n 1)(
RF
t +)(+/2) +cos(
0
t (2n 1)(
RF
t +) +/2)
_
(4)
where =(V
RF
/V
) (/2) is a modulation depth, is the Phase difference between the arms of the modulator and is the phase of the
electrical drive signal. The MZM can be operated at either Maximumtransmission point (MAXTP), i.e. =0 or Minimumtransmission point
(MINTP), i.e. =, [14]. Hence, by connecting two MZMs in series we get four combinations: (1) MAXTP, MAXTP; (2) MAXTP, MINTP; (3)
MINTP, MAXTP; (4) MINTP, MINTP. An FBG (Fiber Bragg Grating) is connected at the output of the MZM to remove the optical carrier and
hence act as optical lter.
2.1. MAXTP, MAXTP
As both MZMs are operating at MAXTP. Therefore, =0 for both MZMs. Expanding Eq. (4) for n=2, the electric eld (E
out1
(t)) at the
output of rst MZM is given by:
E
out1
(t) = E
0
_
J
0
(
1
). cos(
0
t) J
2
(
1
) cos(
0
t 2
RF
t 2
1
) J
2
(
1
) cos(
0
t +2
RF
t +2
1
)
_
(5)
where
1
is the initial phase of an electrical drive signal for MZM1 and
1
is the modulation depth of MZM1. If the attenuation of the Fiber
Bragg Grating at its center notch wavelength is dB. The electric eld at the output of FBG becomes:
E
out1
(t) = E
0
_
kJ
0
(
1
). cos(
0
t) J
2
(
1
) cos(
0
t 2
RF
t 2
1
) J
2
(
1
) cos(
0
t +2
RF
t +2
1
)
_
(6)
where k is the electrical eld attenuation factor and related to by =20log
10
k.
M. Singh, S.K. Raghuwanshi / Optik 125 (2014) 761771 763
As shown in Fig. 1, E
out1
(t) is input to the second MZM. Therefore, electric eld (E
out2
(t)) output of second modulator is given by:
E
out2
(t) = E
0
_
J
2
(
1
) J
2
(
2
) cos(
0
t 4
RF
t 2
1
2
2
)
kJ
2
(
1
) J
0
(
2
) cos(
0
t 2
RF
t 2
1
)
J
0
(
1
) J
2
(
2
) cos(
0
t 2
RF
t 2
2
)
+J
2
(
1
) J
2
(
2
) cos(
0
t 2
1
+2
2
)
+k J
0
(
1
) J
0
(
2
) cos(
0
t)
+J
2
(
1
) J
2
(
2
) cos(
0
t +2
1
+2
2
)
J
0
(
1
) J
2
(
2
) cos(
0
t +2
RF
t +2
2
)
k J
2
(
1
) J
0
(
2
) cos(
0
t +2
RF
t +2
1
)
+ J
2
(
1
) J
2
(
2
) cos(
0
t +4
RF
t +2
1
+2
2
)
_
(7)
where
1
&
2
are the initial phases of the appliedRF electrical drive signal of MZM1 andMZM2, respectively and
1
&
2
are the modulation
depth of the MZM1 and MZM2, respectively. Considering initial phases of applied RF electrical drive signal for both the MZMs equal to
zero, i.e.
1
=
2
=0.
E
out2
(t) = E
0
_
J
2
(
1
) J
2
(
2
) [cos(
0
t 4
RF
t) +cos(
0
t +4
RF
t)]
_
k J
2
(
1
) J
0
(
2
) +J
0
(
1
) J
2
(
2
)
[cos(
0
t 2
RF
t) +cos(
0
t +2
RF
t)]
+
_
k J
0
(
1
) J
0
(
2
) +2J
2
(
1
) J
2
(
2
)
cos(
0
t)
_
(8)
The electric eld representing the optical signal at the end of the transmission over a ITU G.566 Non Zero Dispersion Shifted Fiber
(NZDSF) can be obtained by adding the transmission phase delay [(
0
2n
RF
)L] to the corresponding optical sideband shown in Eq. (8).
E
out2
(t) = E
0
__
k J
0
(
1
) J
0
(
2
) +2J
2
(
1
) J
2
(
2
)
cos
_
0
t +(
0
)L
_
_
k J
2
(
1
) J
0
(
2
) +J
0
(
1
) J
2
(
2
)
_
cos(
0
t 2
RF
t +(
0
2
RF
)L)
+cos (
0
t +2
RF
t +(
0
+2
RF
)L)
+J
2
(
1
) J
2
(
2
)
_
cos(
0
t 4
RF
t +(
0
4
RF
)L)
+ cos(
0
t +4
RF
t +(
0
+4
RF
)L)
_
(9)
Expanding the propagation constant () of the ber for each optical sideband using taylor series around the angular frequency of the
optical carrier [15].
(
0
2n
RF
) = (
0
) +
d
d
(2n
RF
) +
1
2
d
2
d
2
(2n
RF
)
2
+
1
6
d
3
d
3
(2n
RF
)
3
+
1
24
d
4
d
4
(2n
RF
)
4
+
1
120
d
5
d
5
(2n
RF
)
5
or
(
0
2n
RF
) = (
0
) +
1
(
0
)(2n
RF
) +
1
2
2
(
0
)(2n
RF
)
2
+
1
6
3
(
0
)(2n
RF
)
3
+
1
24
4
(
0
)(2n
RF
)
4
+
1
120
5
(
0
)(2n
RF
)
5
(10)
where
1
(
0
) = d/d = , the propagation delay per optical length,
The second-order dispersion parameter is given by [15]:
2
(
0
) =
d
d
=

2
2c
=

2
2c
D (11)
where D is the Group Velocity Dispersion (GVD).
The third-order dispersion parameter or Dispersion Slope is given by [15]:
3
(
0
) =
d
2
d
2
=

2
(2c)
2
_
2

2
2
+2
_
=

2
(2c)
2
_
2
D
1
+2D
(12)
where (D
1
=S) is the Dispersion slope.
The fourth-order dispersion parameter or Dispersion curvature is given by [15]:
4
(
0
) =
d
3
d
3
=

3
(2c)
3
_
3

3
3
+6
2

2
2
+6
_
=

3
(2c)
3
_
3
D
2
+6
2
D
1
+6D
(13)
The fourth-order dispersion parameter or Dispersion curvature is given by [15]
5
(
0
) =
d
4
d
4
=

4
(2c)
4
_
4

4
4
+12
3

3
3
+36
2

2
2
+24
_
=

4
(2c)
4
_
4
D
3
+12
3
D
2
+36
2
D
1
+24D
(14)
where
d
d
= D,
d
2
d
2
= D
1
,
d
3
d
3
= D
2
,
d
4
d
4
= D
3
. We have neglected the dispersion parameter
1
(
0
) =d/d=, because it produces only a
phase delay of the carrier signal and has no inuence on distortion of the signal. Inserting dispersion parameter in Eq. (9) up to fth order
with the help of Eqs. (10)(14) i.e. the electric eld at the output of MZM2 with dispersion is given by:
E
out2
(t) = E
0
__
k J
0
(
1
) J
0
(
2
) +2J
2
(
1
) J
2
(
2
)
cos(
0
t +(
0
)L)
_
2. k J
2
(
1
) J
0
(
2
) +J
0
(
1
) J
2
(
2
)
cos
_
0
t +(
0
)L +
1
2
2
(
0
)(2
RF
)
2
L +
1
24
4
(
0
)(2
RF
)
4
L
_
cos
_
2
RF
t +
1
(
0
)(2
RF
L) +
1
6
3
(
0
)(2
RF
)
3
L +
1
120
5
(
0
)(2
RF
)
5
L
_
+2 J
2
(
1
) J
2
(
2
) cos
_
0
t +(
0
)L +
1
2
2
(
0
)(4
RF
)
2
L +
1
24
4
(
0
)(4
RF
)
4
L
_
cos
_
4
RF
t +
1
(
0
)(4
RF
L) +
1
6
3
(
0
)(4
RF
)
3
L +
1
120
5
(
0
)(4
RF
)
5
L
__
At the end of the ber, z =L, the output intensity of photo detector is given by:
I
PD
(t) = E
out2
E
out2
(15)
2.2. MINTP, MINTP
As both MZMs are operating at MINTP. Therefore, = for both MZMs. Expanding Eq. (4) for n=2, the electric eld (E
out1
(t)) at the
output of rst MZM is given by:
E
out1
(t) = E
0
__
J
1
(
1
) sin((
0
RF
)t
1
) +J
1
(
1
) sin(
0
t +
RF
t +
1
))
_
J
3
(
1
) sin((
0
3
RF
)t 3
1
) +J
3
(
1
) sin(
0
t +3
RF
t +3
1
)
_
where
1
is the initial phase of the electrical drive signal for MZM1 and
1
is the modulation depth of MZM1.
out1
(t) is input to the MZM2. Therefore, electric eld (E
out2
(t)) output of MZM2 is given by:
E
out2
(t) = E
0
_
J
1
(
1
) J
1
(
2
) cos(
0
t 2
RF
t
1
2
)
+J
1
(
1
) J
1
(
2
) cos(
0
t
1
+
2
)
J
1
(
1
) J
3
(
2
) cos(
0
t 4
RF
t
1
3
2
)
J
1
(
1
) J
3
(
2
) cos(
0
t +2
RF
t
1
+3
2
)
+J
1
(
1
) J
1
(
2
) cos(
0
t +
1
2
)
+J
1
(
1
) J
1
(
2
) cos(
0
t +2
RF
t +
1
+
2
)
J
1
(
1
) J
3
(
2
) cos(
0
t 2
RF
t +
1
3
2
)
J
1
(
1
) J
3
(
2
) cos(
0
t +4
RF
t +
1
+3
2
)
J
3
(
1
) J
1
(
2
) cos(
0
t 4
RF
t 3
1
2
)
J
3
(
1
) J
1
(
2
) cos(
0
t 2
RF
t 3
1
+
2
)
+J
3
(
1
) J
3
(
2
) cos(
0
t 6
RF
t 3
1
3
2
)
+J
3
(
1
) J
3
(
2
) cos(
0
t 3
1
+3
2
)
J
3
(
1
).J
1
(
2
) cos(
0
t +2
RF
t +3
1
2
)
J
3
(
1
) J
1
(
2
) cos(
0
t +4
RF
t +3
1
+
2
)
+J
3
(
1
) J
3
(
2
) cos(
0
t +3
1
3
2
)
+ J
3
(
1
) J
3
(
2
) cos(
0
t +6
RF
t +3
1
+3
2
)
_
(16)
where
1
&
2
are the initial phases of the applied RF electrical drive signal of MZM1 and MZM2, respectively and
1
&
2
are the
modulation depth of the MZM1 and MZM2, respectively.
Considering initial phases of applied RF electrical drive signal for both the MZMs equal to zero, i.e.
1
=
2
=0.
E
out2
(t) = E
0
__
2 J
1
_
1
_
J
1
_
2
_
+2 J
3
_
1
_
J
3
_
2
_
cos (
0
t)
+
_
J
1
_
1
_
J
1
_
2
_
J
1
_
1
_
J
3
_
2
_
J
3
_
1
_
J
3
_
1
_
[cos (
0
t 2
RF
t) +cos (
0
t +2
RF
t)]
_
J
1
_
1
_
J
3
_
2
_
+J
3
_
1
_
J
1
_
2
_
[cos (
0
t 4
RF
t) +cos (
0
t +4
RF
t)]
+J
3
_
1
_
J
3
_
2
_
[cos (
0
t 6
RF
t) +cos (
0
t 6
RF
t)]
_
(17)
The electric eld representing the optical signal at the end of the transmission over an ITU G.566 Non Zero Dispersion Shifted Fiber
(NZDSF) can be obtained by adding the transmission phase delay [(
0
2n
RF
)L] to the corresponding optical sideband shown in Eq. (17).
E
out2
(t) = E
0
__
2.J
1
_
1
_
.J
1
_
2
_
+2.J
3
_
1
_
.J
3
_
2
_
cos
_
0
t +(
0
) L
_
+
_
J
1
_
1
_
.J
1
_
2
_
J
1
_
1
_
.J
3
_
2
_
J
3
_
1
_
.J
3
_
1
_
_
cos
_
0
t 2
RF
t +(
0
2
RF
) L
_
+cos
_
0
t +2
RF
t +(
0
+2
RF
) L
_
_
J
1
_
1
_
.J
3
_
2
_
+J
3
_
1
_
.J
1
_
2
_
_
cos
_
0
t 4
RF
t +(
0
4
RF
) L
_
+cos
_
0
t +4
RF
t +(
0
+4
RF
) L
_
+J
3
_
1
_
.J
3
_
2
_ _
cos
_
0
t 6
RF
t +(
0
6
RF
) L
_
+cos (
0
t 6
RF
t) +(
0
+4
RF
) L
_
(18)
Inserting dispersion parameter in Eq. (18) up to fth order with the help of Eqs. (10)(14) i.e. the electric eld at the output of MZM2
with dispersion is given by:
E
out2
(t) = E
0
__
2.J
1
_
1
_
.J
1
_
2
_
+2.J
3
_
1
_
.J
3
_
2
_
cos
_
0
t +(
0
) L
_
+2.
_
J
1
_
1
_
.J
1
_
2
_
J
1
_
1
_
.J
3
_
2
_
J
3
_
1
_
.J
3
_
1
_
cos
_
0
t +(
0
) L +
1
2
2
(
0
) (2
RF
)
2
L +
1
24
4
(
0
) (2
RF
)
4
L
_
cos
_
2
RF
t +
1
(
0
) (2
RF
L) +
1
6
3
(
0
) (2
RF
)
3
L +
1
120
5
(
0
) (2
RF
)
5
L
_
_
J
1
_
1
_
.J
3
_
2
_
+J
3
_
1
_
.J
1
_
2
_
cos
_
0
t +(
0
) L +
1
2
2
(
0
) (4
RF
)
2
L +
1
24
4
(
0
) (4
RF
)
4
L
_
cos
_
4
RF
t +
1
(
0
) (4
RF
L) +
1
6
3
(
0
) (4
RF
)
3
L +
1
120
5
(
0
) (4
RF
)
5
L
_
+J
3
_
1
_
.J
3
_
2
_
cos
_
0
t +(
0
) L +
1
2
2
(
0
) (6
RF
)
2
L +
1
24
4
(
0
) (6
RF
)
4
L
_
cos
_
6
RF
t +
1
(
0
) (6
RF
L) +
1
6
3
(
0
) (6
RF
)
3
L +
1
120
5
(
0
) (6
RF
)
5
L
__
(19)
At the end of the ber, z=L, the output intensity of photo detector is given by:
I
PD
(t) = E
out2
.E
out2
2.3. MINTP, MAXTP
As the MZM1 is biased at the MINTP and MZM2 is biased at MAXTP. Therefore,
1
=&
2
=0 for MZM1 and MZM2, respectively.
Expanding Eq. (4) for n=2, the electric eld (E
out1
(t)) at the output of MZM1 is given by:
E
out1
(t) = E
0
__
J
1
_
1
_
. sin((
0

RF
) t
1
) +J
1
_
1
_
sin(
0
t +
RF
t +
1
)
_
J
3
_
1
_
. sin((
0
3
RF
) t 3
1
) +J
3
_
1
_
sin(
0
t +3
RF
t +3
1
)
_ (20)
where
1
is the initial phase of the electrical drive signal for MZM1 and
1
is the modulation depth of MZM1.
out1
(t) is input to the MZM2. Therefore, electric eld (E
out2
(t)) output of MZM2 is given by:
E
out2
(t) = E
0
__
J
1
_
1
_
.J
2
_
2
_
k.J
1
_
1
_
.J
0
_
2
_
[sin(
0
t
RF
t) +sin(
0
t +
RF
t)]
+J
1
_
1
_
.J
2
_
2
_
[sin(
0
t 3
RF
t) +sin(
0
t +3
RF
t)]
_
(21)
Considering
1
=
2
=0 which are the initial phases of the applied RF electrical drive signal of MZM1 and MZM2, respectively and
1
&
2
are the modulation depth of the MZM1 and MZM2, respectively. The electric eld representing the optical signal at the end of the
transmission over an ITU G.566 can be obtained by adding the transmission phase delay [(
0
2n
RF
)L] to the corresponding optical
sideband shown in Eq. (21).
E
out2
(t) = E
0
__
J
1
_
1
_
.J
2
_
2
_
k.J
1
_
1
_
.J
0
_
2
_
_
sin
_
0
t
RF
t +(
0
RF
) L
_
+sin
_
0
t +
RF
t +(
0
+
RF
) L
_
+J
1
_
1
_
.J
2
_
2
_
_
sin
_
0
t 3
RF
t +(
0
3
RF
) L
_
+sin
_
0
t +3
RF
t +(
0
+3
RF
) L
__
(22)
Inserting dispersion parameter in Eq. (22) up to fth order with the help of Eq. (10), Eq. (11), Eq. (12), Eq. (13) and Eq. (14) i.e. the electric
eld at the output of MZM2 with dispersion is given by:
E
out2
(t) = 2.E
0
__
J
1
(
1
) J
2
(
2
) k J
1
(
1
) J
0
(
2
)
sin
_
0
t +(
0
)L +
1
2
2
(
0
)(
RF
)
2
L +
1
24
4
(
0
)(
RF
)
4
L
_
cos
_
RF
t +
1
(
0
)(4
RF
L) +
1
6
3
(
0
)(
RF
)
3
L +
1
120
5
(
0
)(
RF
)
5
L
_
+2 J
1
(
1
) J
2
(
2
) sin
_
0
t +(
0
)L +
1
2
2
(
0
)(3
RF
)
2
L +
1
24
4
(
0
)(3
RF
)
4
L
_
cos
_
3
RF
t +
1
(
0
)(3
RF
L) +
1
6
3
(
0
)(3
RF
)
3
L +
1
120
5
(
0
)(3
RF
)
5
L
_
At the end of the ber, z =L, the output intensity of photo detector is given by:
I
PD
(t) = E
out2
E
out2
(23)
2.4. MAXTP, MINTP
As the MZM1 is biased at the MAXTP and MZM2 is biased at MINTP. Therefore,
1
=0&
2
= for MZM1 and MZM2, respectively.
Expanding Eq. (4) for n=2, the electric eld (E
out1
(t)) at the output of MZM1 is given by:
E
out1
(t) = E
0
_
J
0
(
1
) cos(
0
t) J
2
(
1
) cos(
0
t 2
RF
t 2
1
) J
2
(
1
) cos(
0
t +2
RF
t +2
1
)
_
(24)
where
1
is initial phase of an electrical drive signal for MZM1 and
1
is the modulation depth of MZM1. If the attenuation of the Fiber
Bragg Grating at its center notch wavelength is dB then the electric eld at the output of FBG becomes:
E
out1
(t) = E
0
_
k J
0
(
1
) cos(
0
t) J
2
(
1
) cos(
0
t 2
RF
t 2
1
) J
2
(
1
) cos(
0
t +2
RF
t +2
1
)
_
(25)
where k is the electrical eld attenuation factor and related to by =20log
10
k.
out1
(t) is input to the second MZM. Therefore, following the similar procedure as done in the above three cases. The
electric eld (E
out2
(t)) output of MZM2 by considering dispersion parameters up to fth order is given by:
E
out2
(t) = 2.E
0
__
J
1
_
2
_
.J
2
_
1
_
J
1
_
2
_
.J
0
_
1
_
sin
_
0
t +(
0
) L +
1
2
2
(
0
) (
RF
)
2
L +
1
24
4
(
0
) (
RF
)
4
L
_
cos
_
RF
t +
1
(
0
) (4
RF
L) +
1
6
3
(
0
) (
RF
)
3
L +
1
120
5
(
0
) (
RF
)
5
L
_
+2.J
1
_
2
_
.J
2
_
1
_
sin
_
0
t +(
0
) L +
1
2
2
(
0
) (3
RF
)
2
L +
1
24
4
(
0
) (3
RF
)
4
L
_
cos
_
3
RF
t +
1
(
0
) (3
RF
L) +
1
6
3
(
0
) (3.
RF
)
3
L +
1
120
5
(
0
) (3
RF
)
5
L
_
At the end of the ber, z=L, the output intensity of photo detector is given by:
I
PD
(t) = E
out2
.E
out2
(26)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
Modulation depth ()
I
P
D

(
d
B
)

10 Km
15 Km
20 Km
25 Km
Fig. 2. Plot of intensity (IPD) at the output of photo detector
versus modulation depth () for the MAXTP, MAXTP at different
values of distances under the combinedeffect of
2
+
3
+
4
+
5
MAXTP: maximumtransmission point.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
Modulation depth ()
I
P
D

(
d
B
)
10 Km
15 Km
20 Km
25 Km
versus modulation depth () for the MAXTP, MAXTP at differ-
ent values of distances under the effect of
4
only. MAXTP:
maximumtransmission point.
3. Results and discussion
In our calculation, we have used the electrical drive signal frequency nearly equal to 12.5GHz, optical carrier of 193.1THz, modulation
depth () range of 02 for both the MZMs and assumed the initial phase of the electrical drive signal for both the MZMs equal to zero.
Referring to ITUs G.655 ber [16].
Fiber chromatic dispersion =
d
d
= D = 0.5ps/kmnm;
Dispersion Slope =
d
2
d
2
= D
1
= S = 0.085ps/km nm
2
;
Dispersion curvature
d
3
d
3
= D
2
= 2.3776 10
4
ps/km nm
3
;
Dispersion curvature =
d
4
d
4
= D
3
= 7.0647 10
6
ps/km nm
4
and
Electrical eld attenuation factor ==100dB.
3.1. MAXTP, MAXTP
In Fig. 2, we have shown the combine effect of
2
+
3
+
4
+
5
dispersion parameters on the microwave generation using two cascaded
MZMs operating in MAXTP, MAXTP condition, respectively. We also plot output photo detector intensity versus different combination
cases of
4
and
5
as shown in Figs. 3 and 4.
Table 1
Comparison of intensity (IPD) at the output of photo detector at different modulation index () with combined effect of dispersion parameters for MAXTP, MAXTP case.
Dispersion parameters Length of ber in Km IPD (dB) with =1.8 IPD (dB) with =2
2
+
3
+
4
+
5
10 32.18 25.1
15 48.68 43.26
20 28.37 17.95
25 19.04 19.61
4
only 10 15.33 8.496
15 35.15 34.29
20 28.19 14.99
25 24.78 16.58
5
only 10 26.02 18.18
15 42.58 13.31
20 17.28 26.57
25 16.01 17.23
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
Modulation depth ()
I
P
D

(
d
B
)

10 Km
15 Km
20 Km
25 Km
versus modulation depth () for the MAXTP, MAXTP at different
values of distances under the effect of
5
only. MAXTP: Maxi-
mumTransmission Point.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Modulation depth ()
I
P
D

(
d
B
)
10 km
15 Km
20 Km
25 Km
Fig. 5. Plot of intensity (IPD) at the output of photo detec-
tor versus modulation depth () for the MAXTP, MINTP at
different values of distances under the combined effect of
2
+
3
+
4
+
5
. MAXTP: maximumtransmission point, MINTP:
minimumtransmission point.
Table 2
Comparison of intensity (IPD)at the output of photo detector at different modulation index () with combined effect of dispersion parameters for MAXTP, MINTP case.
2
+
3
+
4
+
5
10 21.04 11.12
15 12.43 12.99
20 55.56 28.46
25 10.23 42.24
4
only 10 22.82 8.342
15 7.91 5.407
20 23.2 10.78
25 11.6 13.95
Summary of result for different dispersion parameters for MAXTP, MAXTP condition is shown in Table 1. It is found that the Output
intensity of photo detector reduces by the combined effect of
2
+
3
+
4
+
5
.
3.2. MAXTP, MINTP
2
+
3
+
4
+
5
MZMs operating in MAXTP, MINTP condition, respectively. We also plot the graph of output photo detector intensity versus modulation
depth with consideration of
4
termonly as shown in Fig. 6.
Summary of result for different dispersion parameters for MAXTP, MINTP condition is shown in Table 2. It is found that the Output
2
+
3
+
4
+
5
3.3. MINTP, MAXTP
2
+
3
+
4
+
5
MZMs operating in MINTP, MAXTP condition, respectively. We also plot the graph of output photo detector intensity versus modulation
depth with consideration of
4
termonly as shown in Fig. 8.
Summary of result for different dispersion parameters for MINTP, MAXTP condition is shown in Table 3. It is found that the Output
2
+
3
+
4
+
5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
X: 2
Y: -13.95
Modulation depth ()
I
P
D

(
d
B
)
versus modulation depth () for the MAXTP, MINTP at different
4
only. MAXTP: maxi-
mumtransmission point, MINTP: minimumtransmission point.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
Modulation depth ()
I
P
D

(
d
B
)
10 Km
15 Km
20 Km
25 Km
versus modulation depth () for the MINTP, MAXTP at different
2
+
3
+
4
+
5
MAXTP: maximumtransmissionpoint, MINTP: minimumtrans-
mission point.
3.4. MINTP, MINTP
2
+
3
+
4
+
5
MZMs operating in MINTP, MINTP condition, respectively. We also plot output photo detector intensity versus different combination cases
of
4
and
5
as shown in Figs. 10 and 11 .
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-150
-100
-50
0
Modulation depth ()
I
P
D

(
d
B
)
10 Km
15 Km
20 Km
25 Km
versus modulation depth () for the MINTP, MAXTP at different
4
only. MAXTP: maxi-
mum transmission point, MINTP: minimumtransmission point.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
Modulation depth
I
P
D
(
d
B
)
10 Km
15 Km
20 Km
25 Km
versus modulation depth () for the MINTP, MINTP at different
2
+
3
+
4
+
5
MINTP: minimumtransmission point.
Table 3
Comparison of intensity (IPD)at the output of photo detector at different modulation index () with combined effect of dispersion parameters for MINTP, MAXTP case.
2
+
3
+
4
+
5
10 23.48 11.39
15 28.79 16.7
20 39.54 27.44
25 33.38 21.28
4
only 10 20.22 8.126
15 14.44 2.343
20 22.59 10.5
25 24.65 12.56
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
Modulation depth
I
P
D
(
d
B
)

10 Km
15 Km
20 Km
25 Km
4
only. MINTP: minimum
transmission point.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
Modulation depth
I
P
D
(
d
B
)

10 Km
15 Km
20 Km
25 Km
5
only. MINTP: minimum
transmission point.
Table 4
Comparison of Intensity (IPD) at the output of photo detector at different modulation index () with combined effect of dispersion parameters for MINTP, MINTP case.
2
+
3
+
4
+
5
10 31 51.11
15 48.75 39.7
20 26.86 32.14
25 19.02 18.28
4
only 10 9.59 15.73
15 41.73 35.33
20 27.65 26.27
25 11.47 17.06
5
only 10 26.51 19.36
15 35.73 18.09
20 16.79 22.63
25 15.98 16.63
Summary of result for different dispersion parameters for MINTP, MINTP condition is shown in Table 4. It is found that the Output
2
+
3
+
4
+
5
4. Conclusion
In this paper, the detailed theoretical analysis of inuence of higher order dispersion,
2
+
3
+
4
+
5
, on microwave generation
using two cascaded MZMs is discussed. It is observed that higher order dispersion parameters have signicant impact on millime-
ter wave/microwave generation. The impact decreases as the order of dispersion term increases. The effect of higher order dispersion
parameters is larger in case of MAXTP, MINTP and MINT, MAXTP condition. Also effect of dispersion can be reduced by increasing the
modulation depth from 1 to 2. According to the theory and simulation in the paper, harmonics at the output of the photo detector is
dependent on the frequency and the combined effect of dispersion parameters up to fth- order dispersion parameter, which is relevant
to the ber length.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thanks Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Govt. of India, NewDelhi, for the nancial support
during project work.
References
[1] A. Seeds, C.H. Lee, E. Funk, M. Nagamura, Microwave Guest editorial: Microwave photonics, J. Lightwave Technol. 21 (2003) 29592960.
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[3] A.J. Seeds, Proc. IEEE Int. Topical Meeting Microwave Photon. 1619 (2004), Oqunquit, Maine, USA.
[4] J.P. Yoa, Microwave photonics, J. Lightwave Technol. 27 (February (3)) (2009) 314335.
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semiconductor laser as a local oscillator comb for channelizing broad-band RF signals, IEEE Trans. Microwe. Theory Tech. 47 (7) (1999 Jul) 12251232.
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[12] F.N. Timofeev, S. Bennett, R. Grifn, P. BayveL, A.J. Seeds, R. Wyatt, R. Kashyap, M. Robertson, High spectral purity millimeter-wave modulated optical signal generation
using ber grating lasers, Electron. Lett. 34 (7) (1998 Apr) 668669.
[13] J.J. OReilly, P.M. Lane, R. Heidemann, R. Hofstetter, Optical generation of very narrowlinewidth millimeter wave signals, Electron. Lett. 28 (25) (1992) 23092311.
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Microwave Generation Analysis With Higher Order Dispersion Parameters in Two Cascaded Mach-Zehnder Modulators

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is the voltage value at which voltage induced

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