Shito Ryu Karate in a historical context

by Guy Buyens


Introduction

Karate () is a Japanese (originally from Okinawa) martial art that developed from a
synthesis of indigenous Okinawan fighting methods and Chinese kenpo.

Currently, Okinawa Prefecture is Japan's southernmost prefecture, and consists of
hundreds of the Ryukyu Islands in a chain over 1,000 km long. Okinawa's capital, Naha, is
located in the southern part of the largest and most populous island, Okinawa Island


















The islands that now make up Okinawa Prefecture were originally not part of Japan, but part
of an independent nation called the Ryukyu Kingdom.



In 1372, formal trade relationships were established between the Ryukyu Islands and the
Fujian Province of China. Chinese families moved to Okinawa, where they began to share
Chinese Kenpo with the native Okinawans.

In Okinawa, Tode (Karate) underwent significant developments based on several factors,
including the policy of banning weapons following the political centralization of King Shoshin
(1477-1526) and the invasion of Ryukyu (1609) by the Satsuma clan, who controlled the
region that is now Kagoshima Prefecture in Japan.

Following this invasion, the Ryky Kingdom was
forced to enter into a tributary relationship with
Satsuma in addition to their previous tributary
relationship with China. Ryukyuan sovereignty,
however, was maintained.

The Satsuma Samurai who had occupied Okinawa
from 1609 practised Jigen Ryu (kenjutsu style)
which can be traced to Marume's Taisha Shin Kage
Ryu. Although inhabitants of Okinawa were not
allowed to use swords, influences of Jigen-ryu can
be observed throughout the development of Karate.
Especially on those inhabitants from Shuri who
practised Shuri-te but who were exposed to life around the castle, located in Shuri.

Characteristics of Jigen-ryu:

Jigen-ryu fencers prefer attacks and are ready to destroy the enemy in any
moment
Jigen-ryu fencers attach importance to train speed and power, natural fast foot
steps. Their goal is "One slash, One kill" and "Unyou no Tachi lightning slash)"
Jigen-ryu fencers use a target, a (makiwara) made of sticks to build up
strength and technique. In Edo period, the students of Jigen Ryu had to hit it
3000 - 8000 times in a day
The emblem of the Satsuma Clan was a circle with a cross

Probably one of the few Okinawa
inhabitants, master in Tode, to have
been allowed to become skilled in
Jigen-ryu kenjutsu in those days, was
Matsumura (1797-1899), a scholar
and skilled calligrapher whose literary
knowledge enabled him to become
an official in the Ryukyu government.

Matsumuras link with the great
palace of Shuri is well known and it is
said that he served as bodyguard to
three Okinawan kings (Shoko, Shoiku
and Shotai). This appointment
allowed him to make several trips to
both China (where he studied
Chinese chuan fa) and Satsuma in
Japan.
Over the years, karate would mature in 3 locations: Shuri, Tomari and Naha. However these
locations were only a few miles apart (today all part of the city of Naha, the capital of
Okinawa) and therefore numerous exchanges between their masters existed.














During the 19th century, the 3 major styles of Okinawan martial arts were:

Shuri-te: Shuri was the old capital of the Ryukyu Kingdom and the location of
the palace. The martial art was deeply influenced by North Chinese Kung-fu

Tomari-te: Tomari was a city of fishers. It also had its masters but they didn't
participate in the modernization of Karate, perhaps because they were simple
people.

Naha-te: Naha had many naturalized citizens from China, and was
prosperous as a trading port. Naha-te is closely linked to South Chinese
Kung-fu




The history of Karate: The old masters

Kung-fu and Karate history are generally traced back to Taishi
Bodhidharma Daruma (470-543 AD), founder of Zen
Buddhism in Western India

Daruma is said to have introduced Buddhism into China.
However, his spiritual and physical teaching methods were too
demanding for his students In order to provide them with greater
strength and endurance, he developed a training system, which
he recorded in the Ekkin-Kyo (Some call it the first karate book
in history).

The physical training, based on Daruma's philosophical principles, was taught in China, in
the Shaolin Temple starting from the year 500 A.D. Shaolin (Shorin) kung-fu, from northern
China, was characterized by rapid, and dynamic movements.

From China, Shaolin kung-fu found its way to Okinawa, where local martial arts were already
flourishing.

A master, called TAKAHARA Peichin (1683-1760) is often referred to as "father of Okinawa
Karate (although the term KARATE was introduced much later). Takahara was born in
Southern Shuri to an upper class family of Okinawan society (the term "Peichin" stands for
"senior). An educated person, experienced in astronomy, who traveled a lot during his
lifetime and who contributed to the mapping of Okinawa, Takahara was well known as a
great fighter but he also emphasized on ethical principals like:
o "Ijo: compassion, humility and modesty
o "Fo: seriousness, devotion and dedication
o "Katsu: deep understanding and essence of techniques

A certain Kushanku (KOSHOKUN) influenced Okinawan Martial Arts very significantly.
Kushanku, a Chinese military envoy from Ming dynasty period, sent to Okinawa in 1756, was
a well known Kempo expert (Shaulin Quan-Fa).

Kushanku is believed to have taught a lot of Martial Art people in Okinawa, among them
probably Chatan Yara and Sakugawa Kanga, a student of Takahara.



Sakugawa Kanga (1733-1851) was the first to be associated with the
term TODE (Chinese hand) and therefore his is known as Tode
Sakugawa.
His first teacher was Takahara but later Sakugawa continued to study
with Kushanku (with the authorisation of his teacher).

These days, probably two fighting streams were existed in Okinawa: the
local TE (hand) and the TODE (Chinese hand). It is believed that
Sakugawa was the one who contributed most in the integration of the
two systems.

Also in that period, the system must have been influenced by master Yara (1868-1756) from
Chatan, a well skilled inhabitant from Chinese origin who also studied under Kushanku.

In the next generation, there must have been several great martial artists but the most
famous is certainly "Bushi" Matsumura.

After his teacher Sakugawa passed away he was adopted by the Royal
family (Sho family) and was authorized to study in the famous Shaolin
temple in China. Matsumura served as a personal guard of King Shoko,
King Shoku and King Shotai and in his function he came across several
martial artists who influenced his art As already mentioned in the
introduction, he was also one of the only inhabitants of Okinawa, who
was authorized to study Jigen Ryu swords fighting with the Satsumo clan,
who at that time had taken over formal control over Okinawa. Matsumura
is the first to systemize "Shuri-Te", which would later also be called
"Shorin Ryu".



While Shuri-te was becoming a well established system a lot of activity was going on in the
village Tomari. Tomari was a place in the border of Naha area and was a sort of trade way
to Shuri.

The most famous master from Tomari area were Kosaku Matsumora and Kokan
Oyadomari. They were students from the masters Kishin Teruya (1804-1864) and Giko Uku
(1800-1850).
Matsumora (and Oyadomari) also learn from several Chinese masters, including a refugee
from Annan, hosted in Tomari.

Meanwhile, in Naha, the neighboring port, excellent masters like Aragaki where setting the
basis for what would later become Naha-te.




Anko Itosu (1831-1951) is often mentioned as the father of modern karate.
Itosu, a Shuri-te master, studied under Sokon Matsumura and became
famous because he was instrumental in getting karate introduced into
Okinawa's schools. Itosu developed the systematic method of teaching that
is still in practice today. He created and introduced the Pinan forms ("Heian"
in Japanese) because he felt the other forms were too difficult for school
children to learn. Among his students where Kenwa Mabuni (later to create
Shito-ryu), Chosin Chibana (founder of Shorin-ryu) and Gichin Funakoshi.

Other important Shuri-te masters where Anko Asato (known as the first teacher of
Funakoshi), Ishimine and Chotoku Kyan.

In the meantime also Tomari-te and certainly Naha-te evolved. The latter mainly because of
the influence of a certain Higaonna.



Higaonna Kanryo (1853-1918) was born in the city of Naha in 1853. Already
a skilled martial artist, he travelled to China in 1868, where he studied for
more than ten years. He returned to Okinawa in 1881 and is considered the
true founder of Naha-te.

His most important student was Chojun Miyagi (188-1953). Miyagi, also
introduced his friend Mabuni (himself a student of Itosu) to Higaonna and
both men trained a lot together.

After the death of his master, Miyagi also travelled to Fujian Province (China). In 1929 he
created the system called Goju-ryu (meaning "hard soft style"), which apart from the original
naha-te also had influences from Shaolin (described as a hard linear/external form) and Pa
Kua (soft circular/internal form), two forms of Chinese boxing that he also studied in China.



The history of Karate: from Okinawa to mainland Japan

Although Karate originated from Okinawa (based on Chinese arts, influenced by local
techniques), most influential teachers of the island would migrate to mainland Japan where
Karate continued to develop Into its existing form.

Funakoshi was the first to introduce karate in Japan. Later, others like. Kenwa Mabuni,
Chojun Miyagi and Motobu Choki would follow.

Gichin Funakoshi (SHOTOKAN) formally introduced karate to the Japanese
mainland in 1921. He built the first Shotokan dojo in Tokyo In 1936. Shotokan is
named after Gichin Funakoshi's pen name, Shoto, which means pine waves or
wind in the pines.

Kenwa Mabuni (SHITO RYU) moved permanently to Osaka in 1928. The name
of his dojo in Japan, was Yoshinkan (), House for Cultivating the Spirit.
Among his students were his two sons, Kenei Mabuni and Kenzo Mabuni, Chojiro
Tani (founder of Tani-ha SHUKOKAI), Ryusho Sakagami (continued Itosu-ha),
Abe Hachiro (Abe ha Shito-ryu), Yoshiaki Tsujikawa, Ken Sakio, Jun-ichi Inoue
and Manzo Iwata.

Chojun Miyagi (GOJU RYU) worked hard to spread karate throughout Okinawa
and mainland Japan. He travelled frequently to mainland Japan and was invited to
teach karate at Kyoto University, Kansai University and Ritsumei Kan University.

Motobu Choki (MOTOBU RYU) was probably the strongest Okinawa master of
that time. His style is continued by his son, Chosei Motobu, who is also the 14
th

soke of Motobu Udun Ti (particular imperial style of the Motobu family, from which
his uncle was a grandmaster but his father not).





Until 1935, "karate" was written as "" (Chinese hand, pronounced Tode in Okinawa
dialect). In 1935, and for political reasons, the masters of Okinawa karate decided to call
their art "Karate" written in Japanese characters as "" (empty hand).

Funakoshi, who was teaching Karate in University circles, didnt like participation in
tournaments. It would not take long before mainland Japanese students redirected the art as
practiced by the Okinawa teachers into something that would suit them better.

Hironori Ohtsuka (WADO RYU) studied Shindo Yoshin Ryu Jujutsu before he became a
student of Gichin Funakoshi but also took advice from teachers like Mabuni. Ohtsuka Sensei
believed that kata techniques as such did not work in realistic fighting situations so he started
to develop Kumite training and later he even decided to leave Funakoshi Sensei to
concentrate on developing a more dynamic and fluid type of Karate.

In the 1950s, the first tournaments were organized in Japan. The rest of the world would
follow.

In 1963, the Federation of All Japan Karatedo Organizations or FAJKO (the original name of
the national organization for Karate in Japan, later Japan Karate Federation) was created.
Apart from Shotokan (created by Funakoshi), Shito-ryu (created by Mabuni) and Goju-ryu
(created by Miyagi), the FAJKO also recognized Wado-ryu (created by Otsuka).






Somewhat different from most other Karate styles, but certainly worth mentioning is
Kyokushinkai. This kind of full contact karate style was founded in 1964 by Korean-
Japanese karate master, Masutatsu Oyama. Oyama initially studied Karate under Gichin
Funakoshi but later he studied Goju-ryu (obtaining 8
th
dan). He also trained in Daito-ryu Aiki-
jujutsu and judo.
The history of Karate: later developments in Okinawa

Although many important teachers moved to mainland Japan, the development of Karate in
Okinawa also continued. Modern-day Okinawan karate has several styles or schools.

The most important school in Okinawa today is certainly Shorin-ryu, a school that originated
from the Shuri-te legacy that was left behind by Anko Itosu.

Itosu's students included Gichin Funakoshi, Kentsu Yabu, Chomo Hanashiro, Kenyu
Kudeken, Chotoku Kyan, Choki Motobu, Choren Yamakawa, Moden Yabiku, Choshin
Chibana, Anbun Tokuda, Choujyo Oshiro, Kanken Toyama, Kenwa Mabuni, Shinpan
Gusukuma (Shiroma)

Although Itosu already used the name "Shorin-style" to refer to the Shaolin style of
Chinese boxing that was at the origin of his karate, the first person to use Shorin-ryu
specifically as the name of a style was his student Choshin Chibana. Later others
would also use this name, hence a certain diversity on the island regarding this
school (or group of schools).

Chibana's style is also referred to as Kobayashi Shorin-ryu and is the origin of the
major streams of Shorin-ryu in modern day Okinawa.
From this came the Shido-kan branch (not to be confused with mainland Shidokan),
based upon the name of the dojo of Katsuya Miyahira (one of the most senior
students of Chibana). Another of Chibana's students, Shugoro Nakazato, created
Shorinkan Shorin-ryu and Higa Yuchoku (who also had trained with Chojun Miyagi)
started his Shorin-ryu Kyudokan school.

Another Shuri-te development can be found in Shorinji-ryu, established by Jyoen Nakazato,
who studied under Chotoku Kyan, himself a student of Sokon Matsumura..

Jyoen Nakazato, named his school 'Shorinji-ryu', with the idea of remaining close to
the original art of Matsumura in contrast to other schools where kata have been
changing in the course of time.

Also Naha-te and its derived school, Goju-ryu, continued to be developed in Okinawa.

The founder of Goju-ryu, Chojun Miyagi, had both student on mainland Japan (Gogen
Yamaguchi) and in Okinawa (Seko Higa, Miyazato Ei'ichi, Meitoku Yagi, Seikichi
Toguchi, Shuichi Aragaki).
Okinawa Goju-ryu has become popular due to the efforts of The International
Okinawan Goju-Ryu Karate-Do Federation (IOGKF), established by Morio Higaonna
Sensei. The IOGKF is a member of the Nihon Kobudo Kyokai (Japan Traditional
Martial Arts Association).

Although the influence on Shuri-te masters is recognized, little has been preserved from the
famous Tomari-te school, as thought by master Kosaku Matsumora. His student Kotatsu Iha
did pass his knowledge to Seiyu Nakasano who opened a dojo to try and preserve
Matsumora-ha karate.

Nakasanos student, Iken Tokashiki founded the Gohaku-kai, an association based
on both Goju-ryu and Tomari style.

Shoshin Nagamine, student of Chotoku Kyan (Shuri-te) and Choki Motobu (Tomari-te and
Shuri-te), created Matsubayashi-ryu.

The name Matsubayashi-ryu, uses the Chinese character matsu (pine), to honor both
Sokon Matsumura (Shuri-te) and Kosaku Matsumora (Tomari-te). Although
Matsubayashi-Ryu is sometimes also referred to as a Shorin-Ryu, it should not be
confused with the schools that originated from Choshin Chibana and his students.

Uechi-ryu is another traditional style of karate

The founder, Kanbun Uechi went to Fuzhou in Fukien Province, China at the end of
the 19th century and returnedto Okinawa in the early 20th century. Although he would
later move to Wakayama and would call his style Pangainun-ryu (half-hard half-soft)
Todi-jutsu, his students in Okinawa later renamed his system Uechi-ryu.

Ryuei Ryu, another typical Okinawa development, remains a relatively unknown school of
Chinese origin.

The system was created in the 19th century by Kenri Nakaima who was allowed to
become a disciple of the Chinese Master Ru Ru Ko ( at the time was the lead
instructor at the Military Academy in Beijing). Ryuei Ryu was originally a family style
of the Nakaima family of Naha and became only recently one of the internationally
known Okinawan karate styles. The relatively unknown schoolteacher, Tsuguo
Sakumoto, has been one of the first fortunate people to study this mysterious Karate
style but he subsequently became famous through his brilliant performances of the
kata Anan (winning the World Karate Championships several times). However, the
kata had to be adopted (and modified) under Teruo Hayashi (Hayashi-ha Shito-ryu) in
order to be accepted in competition (Ryuei Ryu not being a recognized style).

In respect to the development of Shito-ryu, it is worth mentioning Shinpan Gusukuma (also
called Shiroma).

Shinpan Gusukuma was, like Chibana Choshin, a student of Itosu , known to be close
with his other fellow student of Itosu, Kenwa Mabuni, with whom he also trained under
Higaonna (Kanryu) in Naha-te. As known, Mabuni would later create Shito-ryu and
move to mainland Japan, but Shinpan Gusukuma remained on the island and
established an organization called the Shinpan Shiroma Shito-ryu Preservation
Society. Nevertheless some people will consider him to be a student of Itosu, who
started to teach Shorin-ryu in Okinawa, after WWII.

That some students of Mabuni (like his student Ryusho Sakagami, later to become
successor of Itosu-ryu) and Shinpan Gusukuma (like his student Yoshio Nakamura,
author of the book Shuri Shorin-Ryu Karate-Do) are considered as representatives of
Shuri-te styles is not surprising since the original Shito-ryu is sometimes considered
to be a Shuri-te school that incorporated a lot of Naha-te techniques, rather than a
true hybrid school. Of course some contemporary members of Shito-ryu would not
agree with this view.

Karates lineage:

Origin of some of the major karate styles and their relationship to Shito-Ryu




Karate today


Karate is organised in style organizations, the
most important being: Shotokan, Goju-ryu,
Shito-ryu, Wado-ryu, Shorin-ryu, Uechi-ryu
and Kyokushinkai.

There are also non-style specific sport karate
organizations or federations. The World Karate
Federation (WKF) is the largest sport karate
organization and is recognized by the
International Olympic Committee (IOC),
however Karate doesnt have the Olympic
status. The WKF has common rules governing all styles, allowing non-style specific sport
karate tournaments.

Currently there are 2 tendencies in Karate, one a more sports oriented approach (less style
influenced) to Karate, the other a more traditional revival of the older forms within the distinct
schools.


Kenwa Mabuni

KENWA MABUNI (1889-1954) was a student of Anko
Itosu.

In 1909, encouraged by master Itosu to further
expand his knowledge of the martial arts, and on the
advice of his best friend Chojun Miyagi, Kenwa
Mabuni, began taking lessons from master Kanryo
Higashionna (Higaonna) of Naha, until the great
master's death in 1915.

During this period, Kenwa Mabuni was also receiving
instruction from master Seisho Aragaki of Naha, who
taught a similar style to master Higaonna.

Master Aragaki was an accomplished Kobujutsu
teacher and taught Kenwa Mabuni BO and SAI
techniques.

More-over, Mabini Kenwa was also influenced by a Fukien, 'White-Crane-Fist' master named
WU XIAN GUI (pronounced GO KENKI in Japanese).





In 1929, Mabuni moved to Osaka (mainland Japan), and became a full-time karate teacher.
He originally called his style Hanko-ryu (half-hard style) but later renamed it in Shito-ryu.

Kenwa Mabuni died in 1952, he had several students including Sakagami, but the family line
was succeeded by his sons Kenei (1918- ) and Kenzo (1927-2005).

Mabuni Kenwa can also be considered as the successor of Itosu, and his art can be referred
to as Itosu-ha Shito Ryu. The Itosu-ha lineage has been passed to his student Ryusho
Sakagami (1915-1993), who became the 3rd soke of Itosu-ha. Later he would rename his
style and call it Itosu Ryu.



Mabuni Sensei: the words of the master:











Shito-Ryu: from father to son

Shito-ryu is the Karate style created by Kenwa Mabuni (1889-1954).

Kenwa Mabuni () who studied Karate with Anko Yasutsune Itosu () and
later Kanryo Higashionna (), named his style of karate, Shito-Ryu, the Shito (
) style, taking the first characters of each of his teacher's names:

(SHI): another Japanese readings for the first character of Master Itosus
name
(TO): another Japanese readings for the first character of Master
Higashionna's name
(RYU): school






The SHITO RYU emblem is the emblem that has been the Mabuni family crest for many
centuries:

The circle can be interpreted as symbolizing peace and harmony (Wa),
while the two inner vertical lines and two horizontal lines represent the
Japanese caligraphy for the word 'person' or 'people'.

The emblem therefore symbolizes 'people working in peace and
harmony'.



Kenwa Mabuni eldest son is Kenei Mabuni.
First born of 3 children of Master Mabuni Kenwa, on February 13, 1918 in Shuri Okinawa,
Kenei Mabuni started karate at an early age and received personal instruction from his father
throughout his childhood. Shortly after Mabuni Kenwa's sudden death from a heart attack on
May 23, 1952, Mabuni Kenei succeeded his father as the Second 2nd designated
Grandmaster (soke) of Shito Ryu.























In October 1996, Mabuni Kenei opened the private dojo in Guy Buyens house:








The following addenda are included:


I. About the author

II. A list of kata of Shito Ryu

III. A progress table for kata and the principle of Yo Riu Bi

IV. Rules of the dojo and the fist of a wise man by Mabuni

V. About defense and directions

The five rules of defense
o Rakka ()
o Ryusui ()
o Kuushin ()
o Teni ()
o Hangeki ()

The 8 directions of movement (tenshin happo)

VI. The 5 practices, 5 learnings

VII. Rules of the dojo and the fist of a wise man

VIII. More wisdom from Mabuni:

The 3 weaknesses of martial disciplines

5 way spirit

Addendum I : About the author



Guy Buyens began training in karate in 1971 at
the age of ten. In his youth, he was active in
kumite and kata competitions as a member of the
Belgian National Team (he was selected to
compete at the European Championships in
Paris in 1984).

At the age of 17 he met Nakahashi Sensei and
from then on he would concentrate on Shito-ryu.

After finishing medical school and working for
some time at the University of Brussels (exercise
physiology and sports medicine), he took a one-
year sabbatical in 1989 and went to Japan
specifically to further his studies in Shito-ryu
karate with Mabuni Sensei and to start studying
Hontai Yoshin Ryu, a Japanese classical martial
art.

Although he now lives with his family in Belgium,
Guy regularly travels to Japan to study. He
participated in several demonstrations,
including the 30 and 32 Zen Nippon Kobudo
Embu, organized by the Nippon Budokan and
Nihon Kobudo Kyokai.

Guy has been mentioned in several articles
published in Budo, the official magazine of the
Nihon Budokan (in Japanese). For their April
2006 issue he wrote an article reflecting on his
participation in the 16th Isukushima Enbu Takai
in Miyajima. Guy has been writing several articles
for kory.com.

Although Guy certainly had some interest in
Okninawa Kobudo, it is his friend Alain
Berckmans (now heading the Karate dojo in
Brussels) who invested considerable time with
Mashiro Nakamoto in Okinawa to study this
aspect in detail.

Guys son, Nick is a karate student of Alain since
Guy himself is mainly devoting his time to Hontai
Yoshin Ryu (Guy is heading the Belgian Branch).

Guys current rank in Shito Ryu is 6th dan.
Addendum II : The kata from Shito Ryu

Mabuni Kenwa considered Kata as the most important part of Karate. Nevertheless he also
recognized the need to practice parts of these kata in kumite situations, often refered to as bunkai.

Shito-ryu is probably the Karate style with most kata. Mabuni studied as much as possible the existing
kata on the Island. Here are the most important ones:


Kata associated with
Sakugawa (1733-1851):
Kosokun

Kata associated with
sokon Matsumura (1797-1899):
Bassai
Seisan
Chinto
Channan
Kosokun
Chinsu
Naihanchi
Gojushiho

Kata associated with
Anko Itosu (1831-1951):
Heian (Pinan) 1-5
Naihanchi(Tekki) 1 - 3
Rohai (Itosu no Rohai)
Itosu-Wanshu (Empi)
Jion
Jitte
Ji'in
Bassai Dai
Bassai Sho
Kosokun Dai
Kosokun Sho
Shihokosokun
Chintei
Gojushiho
Chinto

Kata associated with
Kosaku Matsumora (1829-1928):
Jion
Jitte
Ji'in
Matsumora no Rohai
Tomari Bassai
Wanshu
Chinto

Kata associated with
Aragaki (1840-1918):
Niseishi
Sochin
Unsu
Kata associated with
Kanryu Higaonna (1853-1915)
Sanshin
Saifa
Seiyunchin
Shisochin
Sanseiru
Sepai
Sesan
Kururunfa
Suparinpei

Kata associated with
Chojuin Miyagi (1888-1953):
Gekisai dai ichi
Gekisai dai ni
Tensho

Kata associated with
Wu Xian Gui (Go Ken Ki):
Nipaipo
Hakucho
Paipuren
Hakutsuru

In addition to these kata, Mabuni created
some kata of his own:
Shinsei
Juroku
Shimpa
Aoyagi
Myojo

Not all kata have been included (missing kata:
Chinsei, Tomari no Bassai, Ishimine no bassai,
Haffa,) but are also trained within the system.
Addendum III: Progress table (kata from Shito Ryu)





Addendum IV: Rules of the dojo and the fist of a wise man by Mabuni






Addendum V: About defense and directions

The five rules of defense:



The 8 directions of movement (tenshin happo)

Addendum VI: The 5 practices, 5 learnings



Addendum VII: Rules of the dojo and the fist of a wise man by Mabuni





Addendum VIII: More wisdom