Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur 1

Module
3
DCtoDCConverters
Lesson
24
C uK
and Sepic Converter
n
Instructional objective
On completion the student will be able to
Compare the advantages and disadvantages of
three basic converters
C
l
uK and !epic converters with those of
"raw the circuit diagrams and identif# the operating modes of
converters
C
l
uK and
!epic
"raw the waveforms of the circuit variables associated with C
l
uK and !epic converters
Calculate the capacitor voltage ripples and inductor current ripples in C
l
uK converter
24.1 Introduction
!witch $ode %ower !uppl# topologies follow a set of rules & ver# large number of converters
have been proposed, which however can be seen to be minor variations of a group of basic "C'
"C converters ( built on a set of rules $an# consider the basic group to consist of the three)
*+CK, *OO!T and *+CK'*OO!T converters The C+K, essentiall# a *OO!T'*+CK
converter, ma# not be considered as basic converter along with its variations) the !E%IC and the
,eta converters
The Canonical Cell forms the basis of anal#,ing switching circuits, but the energ#
transport mechanism forms the foundation of the building bloc-s of such converters The *uc-
converter ma# conse.uentl# be seen as a Voltage to Current converter, the *oost as a Current to
Voltage converter, the *uc-'*oost as a Voltage'Current'Voltage and the C+K as a Current'
Voltage'Current converter &ll other switching converter $+!T fall into one of these
configurations if it does not increase the switching stages further for e/ample into a V'I'V'I
converter which is difficult to reali,e through a single controlled switch It does not re.uire an
e/planation that a current source must be made to deliver its energ# into a voltage sink and vice'
versa & voltage source cannot discharge into a voltage sin- and neither can a current source
discharge into a current sin- The first would cause current stresses while the latter results in
voltage surges This rule is analogous to the energ# e/change between a source of %otential
Energ# 0Voltage of a Capacitor1 and a sink of Kinetic Energ# 0Current in an Inductor1 and vice'
versa *oth can however discharge into a dissipative load, without causing an# voltage or current
amplification The resonant converters also have to agree to some of these basic rules
24.2 Analysis of C
l
uK converter
The advantages and disadvantages of three basic non'isolated converters can be summerised as
given below
0i1 *uc- converter
V
in
1
L
2
S
1
i
B
C
Fig. 24.1: Circuit schematic of a buck converter
2eatures of a buc- converter are
%ulsed input current, re.uires input filter
Continuous output current results in lower output voltage ripple
Output voltage is alwa#s less than input voltage
0ii1 *oost converter
L
1
S
1
2
R
V
in
C
Fig. 24.2: Circuit schematic of a boost
converter
2eatures of a boost converter are
Continuous input current, eliminates input filter
%ulsed output current increases output voltage ripple
Output voltage is alwa#s greater than input voltage
0iii1 *uc- ' *oost converter
1
2
S
1
V
in
L
C
Fig. 24.3: Circuit schematic of a buck boost
converter
2eatures of a buc- ' boost converter are
%ulsed input current, re.uires input filter
%ulsed output current increases output voltage ripple
Output voltage can be either greater or smaller than
input voltage
It will be desirable to combine the advantages of these basic
converters into one converter
C
l
uK converter is one such converter It has the following advantages
Continuous input current
Continuous output current
Output voltage can be either greater or less than input voltage
C
l
uK converter is actuall# the cascade combination of a boost and a
buc- converter
V
in
L
1
2
S
1
R
1

C
!
S
2
1"
L
2

2"
C
2
!
Fig.
24.4
:
Circ
uit
sche
mati
c of
a
boos
t!
buc
k
con
vert
er
!
1
and !
2
operate s#nchronousl# with same dut# ratio Therefore there are onl# two switching
states
0i1 3 4 t 5 "T
!
1
to 011
6 !
2
to 0171
The circuit configuration is given below
L
1
L
2 L
1
C
1
R R
V
in
C
1
C
2
C
2
#a$
0ii1 "T 4 t 4 T8 !
1
to 021 6 !
2
to 0271
L
1
L
1
L
2
R R
V
in
C
2
C
2
#b$
Fig. 24.%: Circuit to&o'og( of a boost!buck converter )uring )ifferent
s*itching interva's
#a$ + , t - ./0 #b$ ./ , t - /
These two topologies can also be obtained from the following circuit which is the so called
C
l
uK converter
L
1
C
1 L
2
V
in
1
S
2
R
C
2
#a$
v
c1
L
1
C
1
!
L
2
i
c2
i
0
iL
1 iL
2
1
V
in
i
B
2

R
V
+
C
2
!
#b$
Fig. 24.1: Schematic an) Circuit re&resentation of C
9
u2
converter. #a$ Schematic )iagram0 #b$ Circuit )iagram
24.2.1 Expression for average output voltage and inductor
currents
L
1 L
2
i
c1

i
c2
i
+
iL
1 iL
2
!

R
V
+
V
in
C
1

C
2
!
!
#a$
L
1
+ - t , ./
L
2

iL
1
iL
2
i
c2
i
+
V
in

V
C1
C
1
!
L
2

R
V
C
2
!
!
#b$ ./ - t , /
Fig. 24.3: 45uiva'ent Circuit of a C
9
u2 converter )uring
)ifferent con)uction mo)es.
#a$ + - t , ./ #b$ ./ - t , /
i
c1
+
&ppl#ing Volt'sec balance across :
1
V
in
DT +
(
V
in
V
C 1
) (
1 D
)
T = 3 02;11
V
in
(1 D )V
C 1
= 3
or V =
V
in
C1
1 D
02;21
&ppl#ing Volt'sec balance across :
2
(
V
3
+ V
C 1
)
DT + V
3
(
1 D
)
T
= 3
02;<1
or V
3
+ DV
C1
=
3
02;;1
V = DV =
DV
in
02;=1
or
3 C1
1 D
E/pression for average inductor current can be obtained from charge balance of C
2
I
L 2
+ I
3
= 3 02;>1
I = I
V
3
=
D
V
in
02;?1
L 2 3
=
R 1 D R
2rom power balance
v
2
2
V
2
V I = V I =
3
=
D in
02;@1
in L1 3 3
2
R
(
1 D
)
R
2
V
D
in
L1
2
02;A1
(
1 D
)
R
24.2.2 Current ripple and voltage ripple calculations
The waveforms of different circuit variables of 2ig 2;? are given in 2ig 2;@
= I
i
B
./
/
t
6
L1 789
6
L1
i
L1
6
L1 76:
t
6
L2 789
6
L2
i
L2
6
L2 76:
i
c1
6
L2 76:
t
1
! 6
L1 789
t
2
6
L2 789
t
t
! 6
L1 76:
v
c1
V
C1 789
V
C1
V
C1 76:
t
i
c2
1;2 6
9
L2 &!&
t
1
V
c2
t
2
!1;2 6
9
t
L2 &!&
t
V
c2
Fig. 24.<: =aveforms of circuit variab'es in a C
9
u2 converter.
2rom the waveforms of 2ig 2;@
I
L1MAX
= I
L1MIN
+
DV
in
T L
1
02;131
I
9
L1
p p
= I
L1MAX
I
L1MIN
=
V
in
DT
L
1
02;111
2rom e.uation 2;A
I
+ I = 2
I
=
2 D
2
V
in
02;121
L1MAX L1MIN L1
01 D1
2
R
I =

D
+
RT
DV
in

L1MAX
2

02;1<1

01 D1
2 L
1
R
I =

D

RT
DV
in
L1MIN
2

02;1;1

01 D1
2 L
1
R
I
L 2 MAX
= I
L 2
MIN

V
3
01 D1T =
I L
L 2 MIN
+
V
in
DT
L
02;1=1
2 2
I = I
I =
V
in
DT
02;1>1
9
2 2 2 L
p p
L MAX L MIN
2
2rom e.uation 2;?
I
L 2 MAX
+ I
L 2
MIN
= 2 I
3
=
2 D
V
in
1 D R
02;1?1
I =

1
+
RT

DV
in
02;1@1

L 2 MAX

1 D 2 L

R
2
I =

1

RT

DV
in
02;1A1
L 2 MIN

1 D 2 L

R
2

L
2or calculating voltage ripples it is noted that
1
DT
v
c1
=
c1

3
i
c1
dt 02;231
but for 3 4 t 5 "T i
c1
B i
:2
02;211
1
DT
1
DT
c1

3
i
c1
dt =
c1

3
i
L 2
dt 02;221
or v9 =
DT

I
L 2 MAX
+ I
L 2
MIN
+
RT

=
DTI
L 2
I
3
DT
c1
C1

2
=
c1c1
;

o
r
v

=
1
t
2
i
v
=

in
c1
RC
1
D
dt whic h is the hatc hed area unde r ic
waveform
in
2i
;2 ;1
c 2
c 2

t1
c 2
2

v
=
1
~
1
~
T
~
V
in
DT
=
0
2
2
=1
c1
2
2
2 L
@L
2
C
2
E.uations 2;11,
2;1>, 2;2;
and 2;2= can
be utili,ed to
design a
specification
C
l
uK
conve
rter
of
given
Te !E"IC Converter
The previous chapter discussed the single stage conversion *uc- and *oost converters
along with the two'stage *uc-'*oost converter This chapter offers a few additional topologies
Fig. 24.>#a$: 8 basic converter: B?C2 converter
2ig 2;A0a1 is that of a basic *uc- converter 2rom the voltage source C
1
, the converter charges
the current sin- constituted b# the inductor'diode 0:'"1 The current is further converted into
voltage without a switching stage 0amplification1 at C
2
The canonical switching cell is
approached if the capacitors C
1
and C
2
are combined to be represented b# a single capacitor C
The cell includes T'C':'", the basic building bloc- of "C'"C converters The *oost converter
is reali,ed if the positions of " and T are interchanged in 2ig2;A 0a1 Cow power flows in from
the right Dere, the energ# stored in the inductor during each OC period of switch T is
transferred to the Capacitor during its O22 period
The C+K converter as the dual of the *uc-'*oost converter has current input and current
output stages The basic !E%IC is a modification of the basic *oost and the CuK topologies
Consider the *oost converter in 2ig 2;A0b1 &t stead# state, the average voltage across the input
inductor is ,ero E.uating the inductor voltages for the period when the switch T is OC with that
when it is O22,
V
in
T
OC
= ( V
out
V
in
)T
O22
or, V
= 0
1
1V
02;2>1
out
1
in
where, is the dut# ratio of the switch
Fig. 24.>#b$: B@@S/ converter
Fig. 24.1+ 7o)ifie) Boost *ith 'oa) across .io)e for Boost!Buck
@&eration. #'eft$ *ithout out&ut fi'ter0 #right$ *ith fi'ter.
In the path, V
in
':'"'V
out
, in 2ig 2;A0b1, the average voltages across all the elements are
-nown Thus, that appearing across the diode " is V
out
( V
in
This voltage from E.n 1 is)
V
D
= E01 1 1
1FV
in
= 0

1
1V
in
& *oost'*uc- converter is thus reali,ed This is the voltage that would appear in an
unfiltered form at the load in 2ig 2;13 0left1 Cow, since the source is a current source, the
output stage must be capacitive 0voltage sin-1 which is ta-en care of b# C
2
'" The voltage across
" has high ripples, which can be filtered much li-e the *uc- converter with an : 0and a C
<
1 The
C+K converter is thus reali,ed It is a I'V'I converter
& glaring drawbac- of this derived converter topolog# is that the polarit# of the output is
reversed This is not acceptable for various reasons
Cow it is the turn of the "iode to be interchanged with the filter inductor The inductor is
thus converted to be part of the switching circuit and it not Gust a filter The !E%IC results ( not
an entirel# different one ' but easil# derivable from the previous topologies
The !E%IC officiall# stands for H!ingle'Ended %rimar# Inductance ConverterI Dowever,
the unofficial interpretation is more descriptive) H!econdar# %olarit# Inverted Cu-I
Fig. 24.11#a$: /he basic S4A6C to&o'og(
&gain, the basic input(output relation can be derived b# considering the two inductors to
have average null voltage across themselves
If the lin- capacitor has a voltage Vc across itself 0consider it to be reasonabl# constant1,
then for the input inductor, the volt'secs during the OC and O22 periods of the switch are)
V
in
T
OC
= 0V
C
V
out
V
in
1T
O22
02;2?1
or , V = V V 0
1
T
1
C out in
2or the output inductor,
V
C
T
OC
= V
out
T
O22
O22
02;2@1
Eliminating, V
c
and writing T
OC
B T,
V
out
= 0

1
1V
02;2A1
Thus the !E%IC is also basicall# a *OO!T'*+CK converter a-in to the C+K converter
0The *oost stage comes first followed b# the *uc- stage and it is also I'V'I converter1
In the practical !E%IC converter, the two inductors are coupled with the polarities as
indicated b# dots in 2ig 2;110a1 The turns ratio is and the coupling is ver# tight 2or such a
in

coupled'transformer !E%IC, e.uating the positive and negative volt'secs for the two inductors,
0V
in
KV
C
1T
ON
= 0V
out
+ V
C
V
in
KV
out
1T
OFF
for the input inductor, and
02;<31
0V K
7
V
1T =
EV
K
7
0V + V
V
1FT 02;<11
C in ON out out C
in OFF
E.uations 02;2@1 and 02;2A1 can be obtained
from the above two b# substituting both K and
KJ
to ,ero to have no coupling between the two
coils
Fig. 24.11#b$ /he &ractica'
S4A6C to&o'og( *ith cou&'e)
in)uctors
The above two e.uations result in an
identit# to indicate that such a s#stem
cannot wor- This can be e/plained
b# e/amining the operation of the
circuit Initiall# when the
transistor is O22, the capacitor C
2
charges to
the suppl# voltage V
in
Khen the transistor is
switched OC, the resulting active circuit is
shown in 2ig 2;12
Fig. 24.12:
8ctive &art of
the circuit *hen
transistor is
s*itche) *ith
C
2
charge) toV
in
The circuits to the left and right of the
transistor are identical and both the windings
are induced with the suppl# voltages,
resulting in null emfs on either side, which
e/plains wh# the ideal circuit will not wor-
Dowever, neither the coupling between the
inductors nor the effective turns ratio can be
unit# This
results in a
circuit with the
features of the
uncoupled
circuit and the
circuit performs
The second
voltage source,
V
C
, induces
N.V
C
into the
primar#, where
C is the turns
ratio 2or the
interesting case,
Vin B V
C
B V
1
, if
the turns ratio, n,
is increased
slightl# from
unit#, b# 1Lk
0where k 4 1 is
the coupling
coefficient
between
windings1, then
the voltage
induced b# V
in
will increase the
voltage at the
"rain of the
transistor to N.
V
1
, thereb#
"ootstr!ppin""
the lea-age
inductance of
the input
inductor
*ecause the
voltage at each
end of this
lea-age
inductance is the
same, its
inductance is
effectivel#
infinite
Conse.uentl#,
all variations in
magneti,ing
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
,
0
t
h
r
o
u
g
h

M
1

d
u
e

t
o

a

v
a
r
#
i
n
g

V
1

i
s

s
u
p
p
l
i
e
d
fr
o
m
th
e
se
c
o
n
d
ar
#
w
in
di
n
g
s
o
ur
c
e
*
#
s
#
m
m
et
r#
,
se
tti
n
g
n
#
k
c
a
u
se
s
th
e
se
c
o
n
dar#
'
win
ding
curr
ent
to
beco
me
cons
tant
whil
e
the
prim
ar#
sour
ce
supp
lies
the
mag
neti
,ing
'
curr
ent
vari
atio
ns
This
effe
ct
can
be
desi
rabl
e
beca
use,
for
n #
1Lk,
it
resu
lts
in
cons
tant
0"C1
prima
r#
curre
nt
Cois#
switc
hing
curre
nt
does
not
appea
r at
the
conve
rter
input
but is
divert
ed
instea
d to
the
secon
dar#
windi
ng
Dowe
ver,
t#pic
al
value
s of k
are
slight
l#
less
than
one,
and
turns
ratios
of
ne!r$
% 1)1
ma#
not
be
eas#
to wind One simplification is to use a 1)1
transformer, such as a low' cost, commodit#,
common'mode power'line input'filter cho-e,
and add a small additional inductance in series
with the primar# winding This effectivel#
increases the lea-age inductance so that the
same secondar#'winding dominance of
magneti,ing current is obtained with n # 1
The circuit is an alternative to the *oost converter and outputs an range which includes
the input range also being a *oost'*uc- converter It is superior to the other converters both in
terms of the input current purit# and efficienc#
Fig. 24.13: .rain vo'tages of FLBB8C2 an) S4A6C converters
The waveforms in 2ig 2;1< show the voltage at the transistor "rain present on the fl#
bac- 0*oost1 and !E%IC circuits The fl# bac- transformer lea-age inductance produces a
voltage spi-e that adds an additional level to the Mflat'topM voltage This level is about 1= times
the suppl# voltage for inputs around 23 V In comparison, the !E%IC 2ET switching waveform
is clamped, and shows ver# little overshoot, or ringing This clamping results in less switching'
loss, output voltage noise and a power stage that can be operated at a much higher fre.uenc#
than that of the fl# bac-
&gain, the fl# bac- transformer lea-age inductance also produces a significant voltage
spi-e relative to the !E%IC at the output diode & relativel# high voltage 0N233V1 output diode is
re.uired for the fl# bac- to handle the large negative ringing compared to the !E%ICJs >3V
!chott-# diode The 3= volt forward drop of the !E%ICJs !chott-# diode relative to the one volt
forward drop of the fl#bac-7s ultra'fast diode, results in significant power savings for the !E%IC